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Fourth, the identification of the main orders and families of insects
(1) Classification system of insects
The classification of insects is based on the presence or absence of wings, the type of metamorphosis, the structure of the mouth organs, the shape of the antennae, the number of tarsal segments, etc., but the number of specific purposes and their classification systems are not consistent among taxonomists.
The orders closely related to garden plants are Orthoptera, Isoptera, Hemiptera, Homoptera, Tauroptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, and Hymenoptera.
Insecta suborders:
Insects are divided into 34 orders
A. Wingless suborder Apterygota
(1) Anametabola
1. Proto-tail protura
(b) Epimetabola of the table metamorphism class Epimetabola
2. Bullet tail collembola
3. Diplura
4. Thysanura
Ii. The winged suborder Pterygota
(c) Proto-metamorphic ptometabola
5. Ephemerida
(iv) Incomplete metamorphosis Class Hemimetabola
6 . Dragonfly Odonata
7 . Cockroach Blattaria
8 . Mantodea
9 . Isoptera
10. Zoraptera
11. Plecoptera
12. Stickworms Phasmida
13. Grylloblattodea
14. Orthoptera
15. Embioptera
16. Diploglossata
17. Dermaptera
18. Homoptera homoptera
19. Hemiptera
20. Rodenter psocoptera
21. Mullein Mallophaga
22. Lice Anoptera
23. Taemona Thysanoptera
(v) Holometabola of the all-metamorphic class
24. Coleoptera
25. Twisted-winged order Strepsiptera
26. Broad-winged megaloptera
27. Neuroptera
28. Raphidioptera
29. Mecoptera longifolia
30. Trichoptera
31. Lepidoptera
32. Diptera
33. Flea Siphonaptera
34. Hymenoptera
Comparison of common insect orders:
<col>
Mouthpiece type
Type of wing
Metamorphic type
Represent species
Orthoptera
Chewable
Forewing compound wing, hindwing membranous wing
Not all perverted
Locusts, crickets
Isoptera
The anterior and posterior wings are hymenoptera and are of equal shape and size
termite
Hemiptera
Stinging type
Forewings are half-elytra, hindwings
Bugs
Homoptera
The forewings are uniform in texture and the hindwings are membranous
Cicadas, aphids, mesozoans
Tamarinds
Filed suction
The anterior and posterior wings are tasseled wings
Total perversion
Thrips
Neuroptera
The anterior and posterior wings are all hymenoptera
green lacewing
Lepidoptera
Larval chewing, adult siphoning
The anterior and posterior wings are lepidons
Moths, butterflies
Coleoptera
Forewing elytra, hindwing membrane wing
Scarab beetles, ladybugs
Hymenoptera
Bees, ants
Diptera
Chewable, sucking
Only a pair of forewings, membranous
Mosquitoes, flies, flies
(2) Insect classification search table
Bi-item
1. Mouthpiece chewing or chewing suction -------------------------------- 2
Non-chewing, chewable suction ---------------------------- 5
2. The same texture of the anterior and posterior wings is membranous ---------------------------3
The forewings are leathery or, and the hindwings are membranous----------------------4
3. The shape, size and veining of the anterior and posterior wings are very similar, with winged scales, no chains - etc
The forewings are large and the hindwings are small, interlocked with ------------------------ hymenoptera
4. The forewings are leathery, the hindwings are membranous, the forefoot excavation foot or the hindfoot jumping foot --- orthoptera
forewings, hindwing membranous --------------------------------- Coleoptera
5. The mouthpiece is suction type ------------------------------------------- 6
The mouthpiece is siphon or file suction or lick suction-------------------------7
6. The texture of the forewings is uniform, and the mouthparts give birth to --------------------- the same wing order from the back of the head
The forewings are half membranous at the end of the forewings, and the mouthparts give birth to ------ hemiptera from the front of the head
7. The mouthpart is siphon type, and the anterior and posterior fins are lepidoptera ------------------------ lepidoptera
The mouthpiece is filed or licked----------------------------------8
8. The anterior and posterior wings are tasseled wings, and the mouthparts are filed------------------------ tamarinds
The forewings are membranous , and the hindwings are specialized as balance rods ------------------------ diptera
monomial
1 (8) Mouthpiece chewing or chewing suction
2 (5) The anterior and posterior fin textures are the same as those of the membranous
3 (4) The shape, size, and veining of the anterior and posterior wings are very similar, with winged scales and no chains - etc
4 (3) The forewings are large and the hindwings are small, with hooks interlocked -------------------------------- Hymenoptera
5 (2) Leather or forewings, membranous hindwings
6 (7) The forewings are leathery, the hindwings are membranous, the forefoot is excavated or the hindfoot jumping foot ----- orthoptera
7 (6) forewings, Hindwing membranous ----------------------------------------- Coleoptera
8 (1) Mouthpieces are non-chewing, chewy suction
9 (12) mouthpiece is suction type
10 (11) The forewings are uniform in texture, and the mouthparts produce -------------------------- the same wing order from the back of the head
11 (10) The forewings are half-membranous at the base of the end, and the mouthparts give birth to ----------- hemiptera from the front of the head
12(9) mouthpieces are siphon or scraping or licking
13 (14) Mouthparts are siphoned, and the anterior and posterior fins are Lepidoptera -----------------------------
14 (13) Mouthpieces are filed or licked
15 (16) The anterior and posterior wings are tasseled wings, and the mouthparts are filed----------------------------- tamarinds
16 (15) Forewings are membranous, and the hindwings are specialized as balance rods---------------------------- diptera
(3) Overview of the main headings
1. Orthoptera
Medium to large insects.
Mouthpiece chewing type. Antennae filamentous or sword-shaped, 2 or 3 single eyes.
The forewings are narrow and long, compound-winged and leathery, often covered on the hindwings, the hindwings are membranous, can be fan-folded, and the wing veins are mostly straight. Some species are short or wingless. The hind feet are more developed and suitable for jumping, or the forefoot is a digging foot.
Females have developed ovipositors. The tenth segment of the abdomen has a pair of tail whiskers. Most males can pronounce, and all kinds of pronunciation have auditors.
Not completely perverted.
Most of the insects of this order live on the ground, but also in the soil (such as the scorpion). Adults mostly lay eggs in the soil (e.g., locusts, caddisflies, crickets) or in plant tissues (e.g., crickets). Most of them are plant-feeding, many of which are important pests of crops, common locusts, slugs, crickets and so on.
1.1. Locustidae
Stout.
The antennae are short, generally no longer than the body length, mostly filamentous and sword-like.
Saddle type of dorsal plate forethia, tarsal segment 3 segments. There are many pairs of well-developed wings, but also short and wingless, and the hindwings often have bright colors.
Males can rub the hind foot and leg segments to pronounce the sound, and the auditors are located on either side of the first segment of the abdomen.
The ovipositor is stubby and lobulate.
1.2. Gryllotalpidae
The antennae are significantly shorter than the body.
The forefoot is excavated.
The forewings are very small. The hindwing protrudes from under the forewings and is caudal.
No auditor.
There are no ovipositors on the surface of the body.
This type of insect is mainly earth-dwelling, has strong phototropism, is nocturnal, bites the rhizomes of plants, and is an important agricultural pest.
Oriental caddisflies (as shown in the figure below):
1.3. Tettigonliidae
The antennae are filamentous and longer than the body.
Tarsal section 4, auditor in the tibia segment of the forefoot.
The tail whiskers are short. The spawner is knife-shaped or sword-shaped.
Ants are both carnivorous and plant-eating. Females often lay eggs in plant branches, causing wilting or leaf loss.
1.4． Cricketaceae
Stout, dark in color.
The antennae are longer than the body.
Tarsus 3.
The tail whiskers are long and undisected. The ovipositilator is slender, sword-shaped or sickle-shaped.
The male pronouncer is near the base of the forefoot, and the auditor is on the tibia segment of the forefoot. Nocturnal insects.
Eating habits, eating more of the tender parts of plants near the ground, harming seedlings. A few species are carnivorous. Many species of male insects are ferocious, often fighting, and killing each other.
2. Isoptera
2.1. Morphological characteristics:
Small to medium-sized insects are white and soft. Polymorphic.
Large head, front mouth. The palate of the mouthpiece chewer is well developed; the antennae are rosary-shaped.
There are long wings, short wings, no wings, etc., the wings are narrow and long, the front and back wings are not used when flat on the abdomen, and the characteristic transverse slit at the base falls off. The tarsal segment of the foot is 4 or 5 and has 2 claws.
Tail whiskers 1-8 knots.
2.2 Biological characteristics
Insects of this order usually live in groups, with more complex "social" organizations and divisions of labor. In a nest there is usually a pair of "royal clans", that is, "wang" and "hou", who are responsible for reproduction, and there are countless "workers" and "soldiers" who are responsible for various tasks and protection. Sometimes there are "complementary royals" with long-winged, short-winged or wingless wings, and "workers" and "soldiers" of different sizes.
Not (complete) fully metamorphosed, the eggs are ovate or oblong.-shaped. Larvae are similar to adults. In the summer, a large number of winged "workers" flock out of the nest, fly in groups, and when they fall to the ground to mate, the ground falls off, but burrows into the soil and creates a new community. The "Workers" and "Soldiers" have a shorter lifespan, while female termite queens can live for 6 to 15 years and lay millions of eggs in their lifetime.
According to the habits, it is mainly divided into three categories: soil habitat, wood habitat, and civil amphibian.
2.3 Rhinotermitidae
There is a fontanelle.
The dorsal plate of the forebreast of the soldier ant is flattened and narrower than the head; the forewing scales of winged adults are larger than the scales of the hindwings, and their apex extends to the scales of the hindwings.
Native habitat.
2.4 Termitidae
The head has a fontanelle.
The adult forewing scales are only slightly larger than the hindwing scales, and the distance between the two is still far away; the anterior midpart of the dorsal plate of the soldier ant's forethia is raised.
It is predominantly earth-dwelling.
3. Hemi Ptera
Commonly known as bugs.
Small to medium-sized, slightly flattened.
A sucking mouthpiece, the beak emerges from the front and bottom of the head. Antennae 3 to 5 sections. The compound eye is significant, with or without one eye.
The dorsal plate of the anterior chest is very large, and the small shield of the middle chest is well developed. The tarsal section is generally three. Most have 2 pairs of wings, the forewing is a semi-elytra, the hardened part of the basal half can be divided into leather, claw, edge and wedge, and the membranous part of the end, called the diaphragm, often has wing veins. The wings are placed flat on the back of the body when stationary, with the ends partially overlapping. There are often stink glands on the ventral surface of the chest that can emit a foul odor.
Gradual metamorphosis.
Most of the insects of this order are plant-eating, harmful to crops, fruit trees, forests, sucking the sap of stems and leaves or fruits, and are important horticultural pests; some species can prey on pests, and are natural enemies of insects, such as hunting bugs, some species of long bugs.
Examples of hemiptera body patterns and forewings:
1． Back view of the bug 2. Head, chest and ventral view 3. The end of the posterior foot
3.1. Pentatomidae of the family Pterophoridae
3.2. Coreidae of the family Crestidae
The body is generally narrower, with slightly parallel margins on both sides.
Antennae 4 sections, beak 4 sections. The small shield of the mid-chest is small and shorter than the claw piece.
The forewings are divided into three parts: leather, claw and diaphragm, and multiple forked wing veins are divided from a base transverse vein.
The family is plant-feeding, and common species can harm melons, beans and fruit trees.
3.3 Reduviidae of the family Reduviidae
Medium or large.
Antennae 4 or 5 segments. The beak is hard, only 3 segments, and the base is not pressed under the head, but is curved into an arc.
The forewings are divided into three parts: claws, leather and diaphragms, and there are two wing chambers at the base of the diaphragm, from which 2 longitudinal veins emanate.
3.4 Miridae of the family Hagfish
Small or medium-sized insects.
Antennae 4 segments, no monocular, beak 4 segments. The forewings are divided into leather flakes, claw flakes, wedges and diaphragms, and there are 1 or 2 small wing chambers at the base of the diaphragm, and the rest of the wing veins disappear. The same species often has long-winged, short-winged, and wingless types.
The family is plant-feeding and predatory.
3.5 Anthocoridae
Small species with a flattened, long, ovate body. Similar to the blind bug.
In addition to leather flakes, claw flakes, and diaphragms, the forewings also have wedges, but there are single eyes, and there are few wing veins on the diaphragm. Antennae 4 segments, beak 3 or 4 segments.
It is generally predatory, feeding on aphids, thrips, psyllids, mesquiteratans, whiteflies and mites, and is a beneficial insect.
3.6 Tingidae
Small species, flattened body.
No single eye. Antennae 4 segments, section 3 is the longest, and section 4 is expanded. Beak 4 section.
The dorsal plate of the forethia extends backwards to cover the small shield, and there is a reticulated pattern, and the forewings are not divided into leather and diaphragms, and there are also reticulated patterns.
Adults and nymphs live on the back of the leaf, often on both sides of the main vein, and often accumulate spots of brownish-black secretions and molting shells in the affected areas.
4. Homoptera
for small or medium-sized insects,
The posterior mouth of the head, the stinging mouthpiece, the beak 3 segment, the base of which is born on the ventral surface of the head, appears to come from between the basal segments of the forefoot.
The anterior and posterior wing membranous or forewing cortex of the winged species are roof ridged at rest. There are also wingless species, most commonly females and aphids.
Except for whiteflies and male shell worms, which are overvoluted metamorphosis, they are all progressive metamorphosis.
Insects of this order vary greatly in body shape and generally feed on the sap of plants.
There are various breeding methods, including hermaphroditic reproduction, parthenogenesis, and alternating between hermaphroditic reproduction and parthenogenesis. There are oviparous births, and there are oviparous births.
Many species in this order are important pests of crops and can transmit many diseases of plants, such as aphids, leafhoppers, psyllids, etc. can transmit viruses. There are also many species such as aphids, mesozoans, whiteflies, etc., which secrete honeydew and induce coal pollution.
4.1 Cicada family Cicadidae
Mostly large insects.
The compound eye is developed, with 3 single eyes. The antennae are short and bristle-shaped.
The forefoot leg segments are enlarged and have teeth underneath. The male has a pronouncer and is located on either side of the abdomen.
Adults suck sap and lay eggs to harm fruit trees and tree branches, and nymphs suck up root sap.
4.2. Cicadellidae
Small to medium-sized.
There are more than 2 one eye, and there are many tentacle whip sections.
There are 2 columns of short spines below the tibial segment of the posterior foot, a feature that distinguishes it from that of closely related insects.
Females have tooth-shaped oviducts that lay eggs in plant tissue.
4.3. Fulgoridae of the wax cicada family
Medium to large insects, good at jumping, the body color is as beautiful as a butterfly moth. Some species have elongated foreheads such as elephant trunks, and others secrete cotton-like white wax.
The antennae are short, with 1 bristle at the end, located under the compound eye.
The fin veins in the anterior and posterior ends are networked, with many bifurcations and transverse veins.
4.4 Psyllidae
Small in stature, able to fly and jump.
Antennae 10 segments, 2 bristles of varying lengths at the end, 3 for one eye.
The forewings are often more solid than the hindwings, the forewings have no transverse veins, and there is a basal vein at the base, which is synthesized by the three veins of R, M and Cu, which is one of the distinctive features of this family.
Adults and nymphs often secrete waxy substances that cover the body.
4.5 Aleyrodidae of the whitefly family
Adults are slender and small. The body and wings are often covered with white wax powder.
Antennae 7 sections.
The wing veins are simple, with only 1 or 2 longitudinal veins.
Adults and larvae have dish-shaped holes in the ventral surface, which are the largest features of insects in this family.
4.6 Aphididae
Small and soft body.
The antennae are long, usually 6 segments, rarely 5 segments, and the middle of the terminal segment suddenly becomes thinner, so it is divided into two parts: the base and the whip; the base of the 3rd to 6th section often has a circular or oval sensory circle, and its number and distribution can be used as the basis for classification.
Most aphids have a pair of "abdominal tubes" on the back of the sixth segment of the abdomen, and the protrusions at the end of the abdomen are called tail plates, and the shape of the abdominal tubes and tail patches is an important feature of classification.
Aphids have winged or wingless individuals, and their reproductive methods include parthenogenesis and hermaphroditic reproduction, oviparous and oviparous, so named because they occur mostly in the buds, young stems or young leaves of plants, and because they often secrete a large amount of honeydew, they are called "greasy worms". Not only does it directly stab at food-damaging plants, but it is also a transmitter of many viral diseases.
4.7. Coccoidea, general family of mesophores
The morphology is very specialized.
Generally small insects, body length 0. 5 ～7 m m 。
Most mesozoans are harmed by inhaling plant sap immobilely, and the surface of the body is often covered with a shell or various waxy secretions such as powder and cotton.
The appearance of female adults and male adults varies greatly from each other. The female body has no obvious distinction between the head, thorax and abdomen, no wings, most of which are covered by various waxy secretions, which is a gradual metamorphosis; the male is long, with only a pair of thin forewings, with bifurcated wing veins, and the hind wings are specialized into balance rods. Males have a short lifespan and die after mating.
For over-metamorphosis, the true larval stage is generally only 2 years old, followed by "pre-pupae", "pupae", and then feathered into adult worms.
Most of them are pests, mainly harmful to woody plants, and many species are important pests of fruit trees and forest trees, such as the citrus-damaging Ikerya Purchasi Mask. But there are also some species of beneficial insects, such as lac worms and ash worms.
Family Ophidae:
5. Taemonidae Thysanoptera
Commonly known as thrips, it is a class of micro-small insects.
The adults are slightly elongated and slightly flattened, only 1 to 2 m long. Most are black, brown or yellow.
The antennae are short, 6 to 9 segments, filamentous, slightly rosary. Filed suction mouthpiece, left upper jaw developed, right upper jaw degenerate.
The anterior and posterior wings are narrow and long, the wing veins are sparse or even disappear, and the periphery of the wings has long tassels, so it is called taenidae. Some species are wingless (wingless people do not have one eye). The tarsal segments are 1 or 2 segments, with 1 or 2 claws, and the middle cushion is vesicular. 10 or 11 segments of the abdomen.
No tail whiskers. The female has a conical ventral end, and the ovipositor is sawn, columnar or absent.
Overvoluted metamorphosis. Nymphs resemble adults, but have fewer antennae than adults, and are usually white, yellow or red.
Insects of this order, most of which are plant-eating, harm to the flowers, leaves, branches, shoots, etc. of crops, and the flowers are the most numerous. Such as the smoke thrips Trips tabaci Linde man; a few are predatory, can prey on aphids, whiteflies, mites or other species of thrips (such as the tower six-point thrips)
5.1. Thrips Family Tripidae
Flattened body.
Antennae 6 to 8 segments, the two terminal segments form end spines, and the 3rd or 4th segment has sensory organs.
The wings are long and narrow, with pointed ends, and the forewings often have 2 longitudinal veins.
The female has a saw-shaped ovipositor at the ventral end that curves downwards.
5.2 Phloeothripidae
The body is black or dark brown , with white wings , smoky grey , or markings.
Antennae 8 sections.
The abdomen is tubular in the terminal segment, with long hairs and no spawners.
The surface of the wing is smooth and glabrous, and the forewings are veined and have no wing veins.