The vacancy crisis in the last years of Zhengde was one of the most serious political crises in the history of the Ming Dynasty, and the relevant historical facts have a very obvious causal correlation with the far-reaching Great Ritual Debate. However, many details of the vacancy period were not fully valued by the Ming historians, and most scholars still agree with Professor Meng Sen's point of view: "Sejong did not arrive at the Beijing Division, Yang Ting and the General Dynasty rulers for thirty-seven days, and The Chinese and foreign countries relied on peace." (1) Therefore, scholars who study the Great Rites usually focus their research on Yang Tinghe, or portray him as a courtier who despises the emperor, or regards him as a representative of the Cheng Zhu school, or labels it as a conservative, thus interpreting the Jiajing Great Ceremony as a confrontation between cabinet power and imperial power, the conflict between Cheng Zhu Lixue and Wang Yangmingxin, and the struggle between conservatives and reformers. ②
However, Professor Monson's view is not easy. First, the time span of the vacancy period is not 37 days but 38 days. The "Yang Tinghe Xingzhi" clearly states: "From March 14 to yes, there are eight days in the 30th." (3) More importantly, Yang Tinghe's statement that he is in charge of the government and "China and foreign countries rely on peace" is also inevitably exaggerated. Yang Tinghe confessed in the "Records of the Aftermath of the Grass": "I have no power to be the prime minister in the cabinet, and it is difficult to give this appointment to the generations. (4) So, what exactly is the aspect of the power structure in the vacancy period?
Who played a decisive role in the major events of the special period? What is the connection between the relevant historical facts and the Great Gifts? Through the examination of the song, anthology, and notes written by historical parties and those who have seen and heard, as well as historical materials such as the Private History Books of the Ming Dynasty and the Records of the Ming Dynasty, the author has deeply explored the above issues, hoping to more accurately reveal the historical truth of the vacancy period and promote academic discussion on the Great Ceremony.
1. Redraw the power structure during the vacancy period
On March 14, 1521, in the sixteenth year of Zhengde (1521), Emperor Wuzong, who had neither children nor pre-established a crown prince, collapsed in the leopard house, and the crisis of vacancy broke out. At this time, Empress Zhang, who was entrusted with the posthumous order to preside over state affairs, Jiang Bin, who had long been angry, Zhang Yong, the eunuch of the imperial guard, and Yang Tinghe, the first assistant of the cabinet, became important figures who could change the trend of the political situation. Examining the past powers, deeds and positions of the above-mentioned four people in the power structure of the vacant period is undoubtedly a necessary prerequisite for examining major events in a special period. In view of the fact that there is still room for further discussion in the current relevant research, the author strives to make a more in-depth discussion in the form of an examination statement.
(1) A female queen with a well-known reputation
Empress Zhang (1471-1541) came from a Confucian family, and (5) Chenghua was made empress in October of the twenty-third year (1487). So far, the mother has been in the world for 35 years. Since the day he entered the palace, the Zhang clan has always enjoyed the grace of filial piety. History says: The upper and the latter "live together, have no other favorites, and so on." (6) Receiving this award is no easy task. As Professor Yang Liansheng said, obtaining and retaining the emperor's grace requires not only extraordinary charm and luck, but also strong comprehensive ability. (7) The power enjoyed by the Zhang clan in the Hongzhi and Zhengde dynasties was also extraordinary. His brothers Zhang Heling and Zhang Yanling "violently abused the capital (city) inside and outside the city, usurped the people's wealth, and forcibly took the children of people and the children of the farmhouse", and even sent household slaves to break into the officials' headquarters and beat the imperial court officials. Zhang also "counted and counted his intentions" in the palace. (8) The eunuch He Ding accused Zhang Yanling of entering the palace without permission and "bringing wine to pollute the palace people". Zhang Shi was furious, "Throw the body of Haizi to the end of the slaughter." (9) It is particularly worth mentioning that Empress Zhang played a key role in the major event of eradicating Liu Jin. Shi Zai: "Zhang Yongmi played: '(Liu) Jin is chaotic in the world, and the yin map is wrong, please punish it. 'Emperor Wuzong hesitated, and was always afraid of disaster, but he saw Cishou (according to the emblem of Empress Zhang, on emperor Wuzong), with words, Cishou Xuzhi ... So he went to Jinyi Prison. (10) Zhang's influence was not limited to the palace, and when Chen Hao plotted rebellion, he also wanted to use his prestige and falsely claimed: "The empress dowager has a secret will, so that I will rise up and supervise the country." (11) The space of Zhang's activities is also beyond the imagination of ordinary historians, and the history records: "Emperor Wuzongyi toured the south, Empress Dowager Cishou went north, and the supply of husbands and servants was heavy... Xian Li Zhu Gong (press: refers to Shen Jiao). ”(12)
After Emperor Wuzong's death, Empress Zhang became the heroine of the government during the vacant period. Emperor Wuzong's will decreed: "Er and Zhang Rui can summon the superintendent of ceremonies to come, so that the empress dowager, the world's affairs are serious, and she will discuss with the cabinet assistant ministers." (13) Emperor Wuzong's edict also reiterated: "On the day when the heir has not arrived in Beijing, whenever there is a major emergency, the yamen will be played by the empress dowager for the time being." (14) Accordingly, the legitimacy of Empress Zhang's appointment to preside over state affairs is beyond doubt. Yang Tinghe did not deny this: "Acting with Yi's will now, why not the female protagonist?" (15) He Liangjun also said: "When Emperor Wuzong was gradually gradually ,...... The people's hearts are undecided, the country has not yet been king, the party is welcomed to the foreign domain, and the female queen undertakes the system. ”(16)
(2) A long-term and strange general
Jiang Bin(?) –1521) was originally just a commander stationed in the border town, and was fortunate to be blessed by Emperor Wuzong for bribing Channing heavily. After that, Jiang Bin was repeatedly promoted to the post of Governor of the Rear Military Governor's Office, Fengping Rupp, and Admiral of the Military Affairs of the Battalions, and concurrently managed the East Factory and the Jinyi Guard. (17) Because Emperor Wuzong was hesitant to enjoy himself, Jiang Bin arbitrarily abused his power and was arrogant. Not only did ordinary bureaucrats "worship dust and beg for happiness and be willing to be concubines", (18) even Yang Tinghe, the head of the cabinet, had to "give way to a head" for Jiang Bin. (19) Jiang Bin also often persuaded Emperor Wuzong to patrol the country, and he plundered the women of the people, wantonly demanded bribes, and the people's grievances boiled over. Some officials with a sense of justice are worried about this. In March of the fourteenth year of Zhengde (1519), when Jiang Bin again wanted to seduce Emperor Wuzong in his southern tour, they went to the court to stop it, and even asked for orders, but did not dare to talk about Jiang Bin. Wei Huanggong, Lu Zhen, and others risked their lives to say: "(Jiang) Bin threatens the border marshal outside and the military power inside. Riding the tiger, not chaotic. ...... If you don't condemn it, the chaos under the world will begin with Bin. Why does His Majesty have a good time thanking the world? (20) Jiang Bin was furious when he heard the news, and wanted to put Huang Gong, Lu Zhen, and others to death, so he deliberately provoked Emperor Wuzong to severely punish the courtiers. Emperor Wuzong ordered Huang Gong and others to "be sent to the Zhenfu Division and strictly plundered", (21) after which he ordered him to kneel five days before que, the court staff fifty, and dismiss him from his post as a citizen. Lu Zhen was killed under the staff, Huang Gong was in danger of being unexpected, and Shu Fen and others who had stopped the southern tour were also punished to varying degrees. (22) In this political struggle, although Jiang Bin was raging for a while, he also realized the potential danger. Liu Jin's previous experience has made him more and more different. In the fifteenth year of Zhengde (1520), Jiang Bin was stationed in Nanjing with his car, "sneaking in", and forcibly demanding the "lock key" of the gates of Nanjing, which was rejected by Shangshu Qiao Yu of the Nanjing Military Department. (23) On August 15 of the same year, he lured Emperor Wuzong to visit Niushou Mountain, "Three Stays and No Return", with the intention of plotting rebellion, because the Janissaries often made noises and exclaimed in the middle of the night for no reason, and Jiang Bin was afraid that things would not succeed and did not dare to commit crimes. (24) In October, Jiang Bin returned to Tongzhou with his car, took the soldiers to respect themselves, and refused to enter the city "for more than forty days" for "staying for more than 40 days" and refusing to enter the city. He also "summoned the hundred officials of the Wen and Wu Dynasties to gather", at this time "the thief Hao (press: That is, Chen Hao) was still there, and the people were confused and did not know what to do." Yang Yiqing believes that the reason why Jiang Bin did not bear it was because he was jealous of the eunuch Zhang Yong. (25)
After entering the vacancy period, Jiang Bin lost the political capital to arbitrarily and chaotically govern, but still had the energy to violently change the existing political order. First of all, Jiang Bin has a military force with border troops as the main body. Wang Shizhen said: "When it was time, Jiang Bin, pingrubo, was surrounded by heavy troops between his elbows and armpits, and he knew that the evil of the world was bound to turn against him." (26) It is necessary to point out the following two points: First, the date of the return of the border soldiers to the border town is March 17 instead of March 14. On the day of Emperor Wuzong's death, the order for the border soldiers to return to the town was not carried out. According to the "Three Records of Yang Wenzhong", on the night of the fourteenth day, it was Jiang Bin's "ministry" that was responsible for the security of the capital. (27) And the West Garden Miscellaneous Records Yun: "Scattered armies returned to the side to receive rewards, the next day (press: March 18) ... That is, to grab the back door. (28) Second, after the Border Army returned to the town, the private armed forces controlled by Jiang Bin should not be underestimated. The "Outline of the History of the Emperor Ming" records that after Jiang Bin was captured, he said: "The trapper Yun: 'Bin has distributed his heart in the east, west, and north gates, and he is wrapped in grain and immediately waits for the rest. 'Non... Unexpectedly, the Beijing division shed millions of blood, and the disaster was indescribable. (29) Second, Jiang Bin has been at the heart of power for a decade, and his henchmen are numerous. For example, Xu Tai, Liu Hui, Li Chun, Shen Zhou, and Zhang Hong, who were also fortunate to be the generals, Zhang Rui, a eunuch who was also fortunate to be a general, Zhang Rui, a eunuch who oversaw the East Factory, and Zhang Zhong, a eunuch who called himself the "Ten Brothers of Heavenly Son", and others. (30) In addition, the officials Shangshu Wang Qiong and Bingbu Shangshu Wang Xian were also very close to them. (31)
(3) A different eunuch temple
Zhang Yong (1465-1528), at the age of 11, was elected to the inner court and served Emperor Xianzong at the Qianqing Palace. In the ninth year of Hongzhi (1496), Emperor Wuzong served in the Eastern Palace. After Emperor Wuzong ascended to the throne, he was promoted to the position of imperial eunuch, and was subsequently appointed as "the governor of the three thousand battalions, the second battalion of the Divine Machine, and the twelve regiment battalions, and the head of the Qing Palace and the supervisors.". (32) Although Zhang Yong was among the "Eight Parties" with Liu Jin, Gu Dayong, and others, his efforts in pacifying liu jin and eradicating Liu Jin were quite praised. (33) Zhang Yong was quite dissatisfied with Jiang Bin's perverse behavior, and the standing law was correct. Zhu Guozhenyun, who was familiar with the allusions of this dynasty: During Emperor Wuzong's southern tour, Jiang Bin asked for bribes from the "Zhuwei" in the name of entering the "Liao and Jin Ershu", and the prefecture wei experienced Tian Wei's independence and refused. "Angry, will be arrested. The eunuch Zhang Yong said, "An use this, the board is in the Guozi Prison, and the Naso Zhu Hai Ya? The crowd laughed and helped, and the voice went through the imperial court. Emperor Wu heard the news, and he also laughed and said: "Jiang Pingyu can't shoot this arrow, and he should be punished with two bowls of water." 'The servants of the inner servants filled it with water, and Jiang (Bin) dripped his crown and walked out with it. (34) While describing Zhang Yong's efforts to stop Jiang Bin from committing evil, the quotation also shows the open and secret struggle between eunuchs and border generals with details such as "all the internal servants are irrigated with water". According to the "Mingshan Zang", after Jiang Bin and others learned that Chenhao had been captured by Wang Shouren, in order to risk merit and invite rewards, they urged Emperor Wuzong to indulge Chenhao on the river and fight with him and then capture him; and they also slandered Wang Shouren in every way to seize merit and plunder the United States, and their plots were blocked by Zhang Yong. (35) Shen Defu said: "If it is not (Zhang) Yongmi who is in the middle of the seam, then Wang Shouren will be arrested and Chen Hao will go away, and the affairs of the world will go." (36) Because he held military power at a time of change, Zhang Yong also occupied a very important position in the power structure of the special period. Yang Yiqing said: "Gong Che Yan driving,...... Rest in peace at home and abroad. ”(37)
(4) Cabinet ministers who have held important positions for a long time
Yang Tinghe (1459-1529) was originally an old vassal of Emperor Wuzong's Eastern Palace, and entered the cabinet in the second year of Zhengde (1507), and became the first assistant to the cabinet after Li Dongyang in seven years. Although Yang Tinghe had held important positions for a long time, his actual power was very limited, and he was not enough to compete with the powerful ministers, nor was he enough to compete with the internal ministers. Wang Siyun: "During the Zhengde period, [political affairs] were first depressed by Liu Jin, then depressed by Channing, and three depressed by Jiang Bin. There are those who are not allowed to discuss and agree, and those who intend to do so but are not willing to change. Moreover, the large and small chapters are sparse or criticized from them, or they are immersed in obscurity. Cabinet reserve only. (38) Wang Shizhen cited Zhengde's fourteenth year of "staying in the edict" as an example, pointing out: "When it is time, the power is in the middle. Therefore, the middle people are heavy and the cabinet is light. (39) Not only that, but ministers also invaded the ranks of those who seized power in the cabinet. Shi Zai: "Before, the Bingbu Shangshu Wang Qiongcai was dangerous and dangerous, and he was in a state of affairs with the nobles and Channing and Jiang Bin. For the sake of chapter playing, rewarding, and promotion, the middle purpose is taken quickly, and the cabinet is not closed. And Qiong Jianjin was also at least a teacher, with Tinghe and (Liang) Chu Li. His cohabitation does not inhibit himself, and he benefits greatly from his extravagance. Tinghe hated it very much, and could not control it. (40) In terms of personnel relations, Yang Tinghe is good at being flexible, not only not relying on Liu Jin, Jiang Bin and other powerful ministers, but also being able to get along with them. For Emperor Wuzong's favored courtiers, he was also able to make a false offering. However, Wang Qiong, a minister who was fighting for power, did not hide his hatred for it. (41) Yang Tinghe's power during the vacant period was still not enough to suppress the internal ministers and border generals, but with his rich political experience and mature interpersonal skills, he still played a very important role in coordinating and appeasing the political forces of various factions.
To sum up, in the power structure during the vacant period, Empress Zhang, who is famous and famous, plays the role of the heroine of the government, while Jiang Bin, who has long been angry, has the energy to violently change the existing political order, and Zhang Yong, who holds military power, and Yang Tinghe, who is politically experienced, are also important figures that cannot be ignored. It should be pointed out that the following two points are: First, the political order of the Wuzong Dynasty was always in a state of chaos and disorder. The power of cabinet ministers, eunuchs, and generals did not depend on the state system's regulations on the positions they held, but on Emperor Wuzong's personal likes and dislikes. After the outbreak of the vacancy crisis, the power structure of the Ming Dynasty underwent corresponding changes, but the decisive factor was still not the operation mechanism of the state system, but the result of the struggle between the various political forces in differentiation and reorganization. Second, Empress Zhang and the other four all have their own interpersonal networks, thus forming different interest groups. Larger political alliances may be formed between groups because of common interests, and fission within groups may also occur as a result of the mentality of seeking advantage and avoiding harm. In short, the power structure during the vacant period is complex and full of variables.
2. Examine the major events of a special period
The right to write history in imperial China was in the hands of male scholars, and based on the moral ideals they believed in, these scholars were often prejudiced against heretical political forces such as female protagonists and eunuchs. This prejudice sometimes leads to the moral appeals of historians over their convictions to write straight. The Records of Seeing and Hearing contains: "Records of the Martial Temple and ,...... Zhongfeng Donggong (2017) said: "Yesterday I heard about the incident of Yingli or Yun Youzhong (press: referring to Empress Zhang), or Yun by the cabinet. Jie Thief Bin or Yun by Zhang Yong, or Yun by Yang Tinghe. Between the doubts, the death is rambling. ...... The court of stealing and the resignation of the will, and the eternal abolition of sin. Now the above comprehensive review of the name, the book into, the first two things will be listed in the second view. I am afraid that I will always be truly meritorious, and the court and the true are guilty. Do not wait for the left and right to draw the line, and the gentleman and the villain have the opportunity to advance and retreat. ...... (Therefore) credible and suspicious, it is advisable to strictly deal with those who are concerned with neglect. ’...... Dong Gong is the president of Bai Zhi Goose Lake Fei Gong (press: that is, Fei Hong), which can be. Shujin, the Son of Heaven is devoted to Zaifu, and the power of the eunuch temple is light. (42) The quotations such as "It is advisable to be strict about the treatment of neglect" and "the opportunity for gentlemen and villains to advance and retreat" clearly show the moral history concept and its utilitarian attitude of the author of the "Shilu", and at the same time prompt the historian to examine the relevant events with a critical eye. The more important question is, is the two things of "Yingli" and "Jiebin" really "rambling", and there is no way to verify it?
With regard to the election of a new monarch, the decisive role of Empress Zhang can be demonstrated from the following three aspects. First of all, Empress Zhang had the final decision-making power, while Yang Tinghe only had the deliberative power. Professor Li Xun pointed out that the "opinions submitted by the cabinet are only a reference for the emperor to make decisions, and the emperor can agree or disagree." (43) As mentioned earlier, Empress Zhang presided over state affairs at the behest of Emperor Wuzong and enjoyed the highest decision-making power during the vacant period, so she had the right to decide whether to accept Yang Tinghe's proposal.
Secondly, Empress Zhang played a key role in the major event of electing a new monarch, and Yang Tinghe only fulfilled the duties of a cabinet minister. According to the Ming Shilu, Emperor Wuzong collapsed in Bingyin, but the author of the "Record" set the time for Emperor Wuzong's oral testament to "the first night", and Yun: "Oh and, on the collapse." (Chen) Jing and (Su) went to inform Empress Dowager Cishou that they were moved to Ouchi. (44) The term "Russo" is crucial, implying that Emperor Wuzong died immediately after dictating his last words. There must be this premise, "Respect, enter and tell the Emperor Cishou Empress, but move the funeral to Ouchi" in line with the narrative logic. Therefore, if the date of Wuzong's death recorded by the author of the "Records of Reality" is correct, then the time of Wuzong's death should be the fourteenth day of March. The importance of this assertion for the restoration of historical situations is self-evident. Equally important, the quotation indicates that Empress Zhang, upon learning of Emperor Wuzong's death, immediately assumed the responsibility of presiding over the state. The first thing she did was not to immediately announce The death of Emperor Takejong, nor to send someone to seek the advice of the cabinet ministers, but to quickly move Emperor Takejong's body from the leopard room into Ouchi. This is significant. Because the leopard house where Emperor Wuzong lived was far outside the Forbidden City, (45) Jiang Bin could come and go as he pleased. Moreover, Jiang Bin had already secretly found his favorite heir to the throne, (46) the possibility of him establishing a new monarch existed. As Gai Jiemin said, as long as Jiang Bin was present when Emperor Wuzong died, "who can question the emperor's order as he said"? (47) More than that, Emperor Wuzong's will was only an edict and not an edict. As long as Jiang Bin was still alive when he arrived at the leopard room, he might be able to correct his intentions to meet the king of the clan who was in collusion with him. Therefore, Empress Zhang's decision to "move the funeral to The Great Interior" was the key to the smooth progress of the election of the new monarch.
Yang Tinghe learned of Emperor Wuzong's death a few hours later, and he proposed "brother to brother and brother" and wrote Emperor Wuzong's will and empress dowager's will. It should be emphasized that the edicts written by Yang Tinghe during the vacant period were sometimes the product of compromise with other political forces, and even some edicts did not require Yang Tinghe to draft at all. The "Three Records of Yang Wenzhong" says: "The dispatch of Gu (press: that is, Gu Dayong) is not desired. When he was in danger, he was afraid of his intentions, so he did not dare to change. He also said: "On that day, Zhang Heling, the Marquis of Shouning, ordered him to go to Anlu to give edicts and use treasures." Zhu Si li ordered Chen Yan and Wang Qin to come to the cabinet and ask them to be seen by the generations. (48) It can be seen that on the issue of Gu Dayong's participation in the appointment of the new king, Yang Tinghe obeyed the eunuch's proposal; and on the matter of Empress Zhang's ordering her brother Zhang Heling to "send a will to Anlu", Yang Tinghe only "looked at it together". Therefore, Yang Tinghe's role could not be exaggerated on the grounds that Empress Zhang accepted the proposal of "brother to brother and brother".
Third, Yang Tinghe and some of his ministers were also outspoken about Empress Zhang's decisive role in the "Yingli" incident. After Sejong ascended the throne, Yang Ting and Yun said: "Empress Dowager Cishou broke off from the Sacred Heart and made a great decision. I welcomed my emperor into the great unification of Shao, and the merits were very high. All services and offerings should be especially generous. (49) After the outbreak of the Great Ceremony, Zhang Xuan, Gui Cao, and others questioned the legitimacy of Empress Zhang's rule, and Xue Hui retorted: "Emperor Fuxian collapsed, and Zhaosheng (according to the emblem of Empress Zhang, on the throne of Emperor Sejong) Empress Dowager belongs to Her Majesty, who in the world does not know? When His Majesty has not yet arrived, the Empress Dowager shall not be despotic, so why should she be despotic? (50) What is intriguing is that after winning the victory in the debate, Zhang, Gui and others also advised Sejong to "recite the merits of Zhaosheng and Support Yiyi, honor Yilong, and always be endless." (51)
Regarding the arrest of Jiang Bin, lawsuits have been raging since the Ming Dynasty. (52) Due to space limitations, the author does not intend to list the relevant debates here, but only uses narrative logic as a preamble to examine the roles played by Yang Tinghe, Empress Zhang, Zhang Yong and others in this incident.
Yang Tinghe is the initiator. According to Yang Tinghe's own account, on March 18, Yang Tinghe and Jiang Mian lobbied the eunuchs to ask the empress dowager to order The arrest of Jiang Bin. Zhang Rui, who was the overseer of the factory guards, strongly opposed it, but the superintendent of ceremonies, Yin WeiBin, and others were unwilling to be implicated by Jiang Bin and decided to beg the empress dowager. Yang Tinghe repeatedly instructed: "Don't play the empress dowager's deeds, and cry after the thief." Subsequently, Yang Tinghe and Jiang Mian returned to the cabinet to wait for the news, and did not see the return for a long time. Yang Ting and Yun: "If the private thoughts of Giving and Respecting the House (Press: As Respect, Jiang Mian Zigzag) do not succeed, the disaster will precede my three families (Press: referring to Yang Tinghe, Jiang Mian and the three Families of Mao Ji who are also in the cabinet). How could my generation leave this place and be worse than a thief? But the sons can't escape when they're outside. And he thought of his weak grandson, and his heart ached. Reciprocation and consolation. At this point, can it be counted? If you die where you deserve it, you will regret it! ...... After a long time, Chen (Yan) came to the cloud: "Jiang Bin has been captured and almost escaped." (53) Since it is the self-account of the historical parties, the great value of this historical material is beyond doubt. The citation shows that in the arrest of Jiang Bin, Yang Tinghe and Jiang Mian were just waiting for news in anxiety, and Neither the decision-making process nor the specific actions Yang Tinghe had the opportunity to participate. Therefore, Yang Tinghe only has the merit of initiative.
Empress Zhang was the decision-maker. The Miscellaneous Records of the West Garden reads: "The lieutenant Zhang Yong received a secret order, that is, to capture (Jiang) Bin at the back gate. (54) The Yang Tinghe Xingzhi can also be used as evidence: "Gong (according to: Yang Tinghe) ... With Jiang Gong (press: i.e. Jiang Mian) Hou Yu in the cabinet, he did not fall for a long time. Gong Yue: 'Quan Huan (press: referring to Zhang Rui) is still trying to intercept my generation's words, and in the palace (press: referring to Empress Zhang) is not willing to approve? ...... If you die here, you will die. (55) This historical record highlights the decisive role played by Empress Zhang in the capture of Jiang Bin." The phrase "approve of it" is particularly crucial in the palace, which shows that Yang Tinghe was uncertain about whether Empress Zhang would approve of The capture of Jiang Bin, and was ready to die in the line of duty. At the same time, this statement also implied that although Wei Bin and other internal ministers had approved of Jiang Bin's arrest, Yang Tinghe and Jiang Mian's proposals could not be put into action without Empress Zhang's approval.
Zhang Yong is the executor. Because of Zhang Yong's status as a eunuch, some Ming gentry consciously reconstructed Zhang Yong's image. For example, Zhang Xuan, the author of "West Garden", portrayed Zhang Yong as a "negative character" who ventilated the news for Jiang Bin. (56) This theory originated from the "Yang Tinghe Xingzhi" and was already refuted by Wang Shizhen, but Zhang Zhen, who was deeply influenced by Wang Shizhen, turned a blind eye. (57) The author of the "Records of Reality" also deliberately obscures Zhang Yong's important role in this incident, but due to the tension between value judgments and the principle of "straight book", he still leaves important clues to examine relevant historical facts:
Gengwu ,...... Kun Ning kissed the beast, and sent (Jiang) Bin to perform the ceremony with Shangshu Li Tao of the Ministry of Works. Binji dressed early, and the family was not allowed to follow. After the sacrifice, the courtesy is out. The eunuch Zhang Yong was well aware of his plot, and Liu Bin and Suo dined together in the palace. Guy also wants to catch it.
The empress dowager had the intention of receiving Bin and (god) Zhou and (Li) Qun. Before the recipient arrived, Bin was already slightly aware and rushed to the North Anmen. Long followed more than a dozen people to chase and cling to it, pulling out their whiskers. (58)
The message intended to be conveyed by the author of the "Records of Facts" is as follows: First, the reason for Zhang Yong's presence is that he "knows a lot about his plot" rather than "the secret will of the empress"; second, he implies that Zhang Yong's participation is a personal act by "also wanting to catch it"; third, Zhang Yong's plan failed because of Jiang Bin's "micro-consciousness". However, with the important clues left by the Records of Emperor Wuzong and the examination of relevant historical records, it can be seen that: First, Zhang Yong presided over the arrest of Jiang Bin at the secret order of Empress Zhang. The arrest of Jiang Bin was a highly risky political action, and the relevant records of the Records of Emperor Wuzong show that in the process of arresting Jiang Bin, only Zhang Yong, who had long been trusted by Empress Zhang and had captured Liu Jin, was present. (59) From this, it can be seen that the above-quoted "Miscellaneous Records of the West Garden" Zhang Yong's arrest of Jiang Bin "under the secret will" is in line with historical logic. As for the so-called "quite aware of his plot" in the Records of Emperor Wuzong, it seems to imply that Zhang Yongnai secretly explored the relevant actions, which is not credible. According to Wang Shizhen's examination: "(Zhang) is never in Si Li (prison), and Wen Zhong's (press: yang Tinghe) is not foreseen. (60) Second, Zhang Yong's plan was to leave Jiang Bin to "share a meal" and wait for an opportunity to capture him. As mentioned above, Zhang Yong was arrested under the auspices of Empress Zhang's "secret will." Therefore, the "Records of Emperor Wuzong" recorded that Empress Zhang ordered Jiang Bin to enter the palace to "perform ceremonies" and Zhang Yongliu Jiang Bin "shared dinner" were key links in the "capture bin" plan. The "Outline of the History of the Emperor Ming" provides important information omitted from the Records of Emperor Wuzong: "Before it was issued, Zhang Rui sent someone to report it, so he rushed to Xi'an Gate." (61) It is worth noting that the Records of Emperor Wuzong say "rush to the Bei'an Gate", which "rushed to the Xi'an Gate", as evidenced by the "Three Records of Yang Wenzhong": "(Jiang) Bin rushed to the Xi'an Gate, taking the documents of the Western Official's Office as the words, and the middle road folded to the Bei'an Gate, and also returned to the clouds." (62) It can be known that there is no mistake in the Outline of the History of the Emperor and Ming. Third, Zhang Yong sent "Chang Sui" to capture Jiang Bin. The "Records of Emperor Wuzong" and other words such as "Chang Sui more than ten people chased after" revealed the historical fact that it was "Chang Sui" who captured Jiang Bin, not Jinyi Wei, but deliberately ignored who directed "Chang Sui" to act. The Four Drafts of Yizhou Yun: "The old castration of Yu's visit, (Jiang) Binyi, will come out, (Zhang) will always make people pursue it." (63) The Collection of The Beiji of The Yishan Temple says: "The university scholar Yang Yiqing and others (press: including Zhang Xuan) said: 'Eunuch Zhang Yong ... and WuMiao Yan drove, so he planned to capture Jiang Bin,...... The events of the last years of the Wu Temple were seen by Chen Xuan in Beijing. (64) Accordingly, Zhang Yong presided over the entire process of arresting Jiang Bin.
To sum up, Empress Zhang played a decisive role in the major events of the special period, and the so-called "Yingli" and "Jiebin" and "random death" of the author of the "Records of Emperor Wuzong" are not objective facts, but just an excuse to embed their value judgments in historical texts. It should be pointed out that the principle of "writing with straight writing" has not completely disappeared. Regarding Empress Zhang's important role in eliminating maladministration, the Records of Emperor Wuzong made a more objective description. After enumerating the specific reform measures, the author of the "Record" Yun: "Although the above several things, although the will is given, the assistant ministers of the real cabinet invite the empress dowager to walk, all of which are known as inconvenient in China and abroad, so the first cloud of the Li Revolution." ”(65)
Third, re-argue Jiajing's great ceremonial discussion
Empress Zhang eliminated maladministration and rebellion in the crisis of vacancy, and single-handedly helped Zhu Houxi to the emperor's throne. However, on the fifth day of Sejong's ascension to the throne, the Ministry of Rites was ordered to discuss the "lord ceremony" and "title" of his father, King Xingxian. (66) This was both the starting point of the controversy over ceremonies and the turning point of Empress Zhang's personal destiny. Scholars who have studied the Jiajing Great Ritual Discussion in the past have mistakenly believed the saying that "Yang Ting and the General Imperial Rulers have thirty-seven days", thus limiting the focus of their research to the contradiction between Yang Tinghe and Sejong. However, as mentioned earlier, it was Empress Zhang, not Yang Tinghe, who presided over state affairs during the vacancy period. Equally important, under the highly centralized political system of the Ming monarchs, cabinet power far inferior to that of the previous generations could not pose any threat to Sejong. However, the power of the empress dowager to establish a new monarch and depose the emperor under special circumstances was enough to make Sejong jealous. (67) Therefore, exploring the contradictions between Sejong and Empress Zhang is the key to interpreting the controversy over ceremonies.
Before discussing the root causes of the contradiction between Sejong and Empress Zhang, it should be emphasized that in Sejong's view, the opposite of the dispute over ceremonies was Empress Zhang. During the handling of Zhang Yanling's case, Sejong instructed Zhang Fujing (zhang Xuan): "Jinqing and other disciples knew that they were loyal to Emperor Xiaozong and were worried about Empress Dowager Zhaosheng. But he did not think of the same evil and was not loyal to Taizu. That is, the previous ceremony is general. (68) Youyun: "Now I have been repeatedly imprisoned by Qing Qing and others, and since ancient times, the strong ministers have ordered the Lord to die." ...... It is only those who are favored by the empress dowager's family on a daily basis, and they report their private backs. ...... How can the secretary of state set up a big gift person? Now QingFu respectfully wants to repent of himself in order to conform to the court and to reconcile with the court. (69) The quotation clearly expresses Sejong's view of the Great Ceremony Proposal: First, Empress Zhang is the antithesis of the dispute over the ceremony; second, "re-worrying for Empress Dowager Zhaosheng" that is, "repaying the private and betraying the king"; third, Yang Tinghe and others have been favored by Empress Zhang and her family on weekdays, so they vigorously safeguard the interests of Empress Zhang. Coincidentally, Zhi Dalun also regarded Yang Tinghe's advocacy of "Pu Yi" as the result of fear of Empress Zhang, thus implying that the real protagonists of the Great Ritual Discussion were Sejong and Empress Zhang. His book Yun: "Tinghe and shang fear Zhaosheng, fear people's words, and strongly advocate Pu discussion." ”(70)
The contradiction between Sejong and Empress Zhang is very closely related to the historical facts of the vacant period. First of all, Empress Zhang's attempt to change her patriarchal status to regain the title of Virgin Mary, which symbolizes orthodox status, is the source of the contradictions between the two sides. As mentioned above, the final decision-making power for the establishment of the new monarch was in the hands of Empress Zhang, and the patriarchal status of Sejong after her ascension to the throne directly affected whether Empress Zhang was able to maintain her orthodox status. Therefore, the theories of "Kao Xiaozong" and "Mother Zhaosheng" were not the passive reaction of Sejong after launching the Great Ceremony, but the consensus that Empress Zhang and the cabinet ministers had already formed. There are three proofs: First, the selection of Zhu Houxi was not a hasty move. Shi Zai: "The first month, the upper suburbs, vomiting blood." The public opinion returned, sought benefits, and died the prince, and the noble wei bin of the Si Li said: "The national medicine is exhausted, donate ten thousand gold and buy the grass, or someone should respond." 'Tinghe knew that the so-called was to be purchased by the list and the wind was slightly in the order of the lun, and the only thing was to be the only one. (71) The so-called "Micro-Order wind" is to welcome Zhu Houxi on the basis of "brother and brother". It can be seen that before Emperor Wuzong's death, the Ming court had already begun to consider the selection of a new monarch and had already proposed a plan of "brother and brother", but did not get the approval of Emperor Wuzong. Second, Empress Zhang and her courtiers did not have corresponding arrangements for matters related to Sejong's ascension to the throne. Yang Ting and Yun: "Before the beginning of April of the sixteenth year of Zhengde, the ministers had already tasted the invitation to Empress Dowager Zhaosheng Cishou. The inspector of ceremonies and ceremonies will select the four deacons, such as Shangguan and Shangyi, as well as the personnel of the dining room, the tea room, the palace promise, the palace guards, and the brand, one by one, to select the old and thick, careful and careful people to be appointed by His Majesty. He had previously forbidden to abuse the bad people who had served bad deeds, that is, he was ordered to carry out the work. (72) It can be seen that Empress Zhang and others, in order to avoid Sejong repeating the mistakes of Emperor Wuzong, made careful arrangements for the internal servants who were about to serve the new king. From this, it can be inferred that for the more important issue of patriarchal identity after Sejong ascended the throne, Empress Zhang and others could not have considered it in advance. Third, by the time the new monarch ascended to the pole, sejong should enter the throne of Filial Piety and make Empress Zhang the Virgin Mary had become the mainstream opinion in the court. Zhang Fu Jingyun: "Emperor Fu's heirs, cabinet ministers, etc. dare to test the emperor's filial piety and mother Zhaosheng, and all those who are in the dynasty are not obedient." (73) Since it takes a process for any idea to gain acceptance on a larger scale, the citation can also prove that the idea of acting according to the pu is formed during the vacancy period.
The proposition of Empress Zhang and others was originally very clear, that is, the succession of Emperor Xiaozong's heir was an inevitable prerequisite for the succession of Emperor Wuzong. Sejong should take Emperor Xiaozong as the imperial examination and Empress Zhang as the Virgin, and his parents should be renamed the emperor's uncle and the emperor's aunt. However, in view of the many misinterpretations of this question by scholars throughout the ages, (74) there is still a need to explain it. In September of the sixteenth year of Zhengde, Mao Cheng, the head of the Rebbe, expressed the collective opinion of the ministers of the day: "The pre-king system ceremony is based on human feelings. In the past, Emperor Wuzong had no children and no brothers of the same birth, and he was among the grandsons of the Xian Temple, and was the younger brother of Emperor Wuzong who regarded His Majesty as his compatriot. His Majesty used to be a king, and now he is a temple of filial piety, and the place of human affection is also at peace. Lady Ans is naturally reasonable, and if it is pushed, Then Your Majesty will know the relatives of this life. Kao Xiao Temple, mother Ci Shou, should not be restored to the parents' birth, by the side branch Shao orthodox, then not private emperor after the birth. This principle is easy to see, not difficult to know. (75) In February of the third year of Jiajing (1524), The Rebbe Shangshu Wang Jun and others said: "Zuxun 'brother and brother and' refers to the same production language. Emperor Wuzong was a brother, the emperor was a brother, and it was advisable for Emperor Xiaozong and his mother Zhaosheng to be a brother. (76) The above two quotations clearly show that the so-called "brother and brother" of "brother" refers to Wuzong and "brother" refers to Sejong. Since Sejong and Emperor Wuzong were not brothers, he had to succeed Emperor Xiaozong in order to be eligible to succeed Emperor Wuzong.
For Sejong, who had been familiar with the Filial Piety Sutra since childhood, (77) changing his natural ethical relationship with his parents was absolutely unacceptable. Therefore, although he once regarded Emperor Xiaozong as the imperial examination and Empress Zhang as the "Virgin", he refused to change his biological parents to the imperial uncle and the imperial aunt. Not only that, but in order to satisfy his mother Chiang's desire for power, Sejong continued to honor his biological parents, and the conflict between "orthodoxy" (including the deceased Emperor Xiaozong and the living Empress Zhang) and "Bunsheng" (including the deceased Xingxian King and the living Xingxian Princess) gradually became prominent. It should be emphasized that although the views of Empress Zhang and others seem impersonal today, they were natural in the patriarchal ethics and mental structure of that time, otherwise it would be impossible to explain why more than a hundred courtiers wept and sacrificed their lives to defend "orthodoxy". Modern scholars often interpret the texts of Sejong's supporters in isolation from the moral context of the time, ignoring the fact that the debates of Zhang Xuan and others cannot deny the fact that Sejong should take Filial Piety as the Imperial Examination and Empress Zhang as the Virgin. Now take the example of the song that made Sejong sigh, "Once this theory comes out, my father and son will eventually be finished." Its cloud clearance:
(1) The filial piety is greater than the respect for the relatives, and the respect for the relatives is greater than the cultivation of the world. His Majesty's heirs ascended to the throne and immediately agreed to honor the Holy Examination to correct his name, to welcome the Virgin Mary and her nurturing, and to be sincere and filial piety. The present court discussion is the story of Han Dingtao and King Pu of Song, saying that 'the son of the latter is a son of the latter, and he must not take care of his private relatives', is there a country without parents in the world? ...... (2) The edict is directly referred to as 'the eldest son of the king', and it has not tasted the righteousness of the human queen. Then His Majesty's prosperity is really the heart of the world that inherits the unity of the ancestors. Compared with those who are pre-established as heirs and raised in the palace, they are close and distant, and they are more similar and similar. ...... (3) The deliberators are all said to be 'filial piety temple Deze is in the people, not without a queen', if the holy examination still exists and has the throne, today's brother is afraid that there is no righteousness of the brother. ...... (4) Cheng Yiyou said: 'Li, the eldest son must not be a queen. If there is no brother, he who inherits the ancestor's ancestors should also be the heirs. 'This is what His Majesty is saying today. ...... (5) Husbands and wives are different from heirs, and it is not necessary for the father to die and the son to be established. ...... (6) It is said that today's ceremony should not set up a holy temple in the Capital Division, so that Long respects the filial piety of his relatives. And make the mother noble to the Son, and honor the Father. Then the Holy Examination shall not lose his Father, and the Virgin Mary shall not lose his motherhood. (78)
Citation (6) is Zhang Xuan's proposal, and citations (1) to (5) are the basis of his argument. The following is the analysis of the facts that are difficult to establish: First, etiquette is the core concept in Confucianism, and its function is to curb individual selfish desires in order to maintain patriarchal and social order. Quote (1) states that Sejong's personal "great filial piety" to his biological parents cannot be used as an excuse for trespassing on orthodoxy. Second, as mentioned above, Sejong is not a brother of Emperor Wuzong, and if he wants to follow the "brother and brother" and the ancestral precepts to inherit the unity of Emperor Wuzong, it must be premised on "Kao Xiaozong" and "Mother Zhaosheng", which is self-evident. Quote (2) Neither the so-called Wuzong Testament explicitly states that "he is the queen of men" and that Sejong is different from "those in the Yang palace" cannot deny the legitimacy of Emperor Kao Xiaozong. Third, Sejong's examination of filial piety is a prerequisite for the legitimacy of his throne, and is not necessarily related to the so-called "filial piety temple Deze" in quotation (3). And the hypothesis of "if the Holy Examination remains and the heir to the throne" cannot be used as a reason for Sejong not to examine Filial Piety. Fourth, in the imperial succession system of imperial China, "concubine" and "long" are two key principles, and it is in accordance with this principle that Empress Zhang selected Zhu Houxi. As Cui Milling said: "Today's "World and Ordinance", the great deal is absolute, and it will be taken from the side to be followed by its concubine, and its concubine must not be the first." Therefore, a unified order, anti-wrath also. (79) More importantly, the pre-Confucian doctrine cited in quotation (4) does not negate the stipulation that "brothers and brothers must be brothers" in the ancestral precepts of this dynasty. Fifth, the succession of the throne between Emperor Wuzong and Sejong is "brother and brother", and inheriting the unity of Emperor Wuzong and succeeding Emperor Xiaozong itself means that "unity is different from that of emperor", and the quotation (5) is really not targeted. It should be pointed out that although the debate between Zhang Xuan and others was full of loopholes, the ministers of the dynasty could also directly rebuke them, (80) but because their proposals to honor The King and the Princess of Xingxian as the Emperor Kao and the Virgin, and the change of Xiaozong and Empress Zhang to the Emperor Bokao and the Imperial Aunt catered to sejong's personal wishes, it played a very important role in the process of the Great Ceremony.
Secondly, Empress Zhang's further increased power during the vacant period was also one of the sources of the contradiction between Sejong and Zhang. This is mainly reflected in the following three aspects: First, when Empress Zhang received Sejong's mother and son, she was arrogant and domineering, which aroused Sejong's dissatisfaction. Shi Zai: "In the beginning, empress dowager Xingguo entered as a concubine, and the empress dowager met her with a story, and the emperor was quite displeased. and the imperial dynasty, the empress dowager treated him again. (81) Second, Empress Zhang tried to interfere with Sejong's behavior, and Sejong did not want to be subject to others. The "Memorabilia of the Emperor Ming" says: "Emperor Wuzong collapsed, and Crane Ling welcomed Emperor Shizong to Anlu. Whispering left and right to be summoned, Empress Shen's original intention should not be evil. (82) Empress Zhang's act of sending her brother Zhang Heling to "Empress Shen's original intention" was clearly beyond the norm, and "the upper should not be evil" reflected Sejong's defensive mentality. Needless to say, Sejong, who was at the beginning of his reign, had to make the necessary concessions. He not only performed a heavy funeral for Emperor Wuzong and gave Empress Zhang a great gift of "five prayers and three prostrations" (83) during the ascension ceremony, but also obeyed Empress Zhang's proposal in some important personnel arrangements. (84) Third, at the beginning of Sejong's reign, Empress Zhang's power made Sejong feel like a man. In September of the sixteenth year of Zhengde, Princess Xingxian went to Tongzhou and was furious when she learned that Sejong had changed her name to Empress Zhang as our Lady, saying, "Ann can make my son the son of man? He refused to enter Beijing for this reason. Sejong heard that "Shu Si" was rampant, "Empress Dowager QiCishou, willing to avoid the throne and return to her mother." (85) It can be seen that at that time, Empress Zhang's power did have a situation of overriding the imperial power.
The Great Ceremony Discussion began with the discussion in April of the sixteenth year of Zhengde and began to be conclusive in September of the third year of Jiajing. (86) The core issue is the question of the identity symbols that symbolize orthodoxy—the question of the belonging of the Imperial Examination and the Virgin. In the process of ceremony, Sejong was capricious and repeatedly changed his mind, until he deprived Emperor Xiaozong and Empress Zhang of the imperial examination and the title of Virgin. This battle for the title can be divided into three stages: First, the name of Xingxian Wang as Xingxian Emperor and Princess Xingxian as Empress Xingguo. Sejong soon wanted to honor his biological parents, but was unable to do so. After Chiang's arrival in Beijing, Sejong was agitated by his mother to avoid the throne and return to the domain, and Empress Zhang made major concessions in order to take care of the overall situation, and issued the Yi Decree ordering The Xingxian King to be called the Xingxian Emperor, and the Jiang clan to be called the Xingguo Empress. (87)
Second, he renamed Emperor Xingxian as Emperor Kaogong Muxian of Bunsheng and Empress Xingguo as Empress Dowager Zhangsheng. After his biological parents received the titles of "Emperor" and "Hou", Sejong was given the title of Long Wangshu and repeatedly reiterated in December of the sixteenth year of Zhengde that he must add another "Emperor" to his parents. Yang Tinghe and others strongly discouraged it, but Sejong insisted on not complying. In the first month of the first year of Jiajing, the apse of the Qingning Palace caught fire, and the courtiers spoke of disasters one after another. Or: "The Five Elements of Fire." Today's ceremony, the name is reversed, and the cathode is transformed. Although the subject is foolish, he knows that it should be abolished. Or Yun: "Meaning, the title of Emperor Xingxian and Hou zhi yu li cannot be doubted, and it is particularly excessive to repeat the word 'emperor'." Or: "Is it a matter of life?" Disaster is called! (88) Therefore, Sejong ordered the "revision of the province" and no longer insisted on adding the word "emperor" to his biological parents. On the surface, the looseness of the courtiers was the main reason why Sejong was no longer stubborn, but it was Empress Zhang who really made Sejong jealous. When the Qingning Harem was destroyed, Sejong had less than a year to ascend to the throne, the throne was unstable, and most of the ministers were former ministers of Emperor Xiaozong and Emperor Wuzong; while Empress Zhang's brothers Zhang Heling and Zhang Yanling "interacted with the courtiers" during the Hongzhi and Zhengde years, and Empress Zhang's own power once caused "internal and external shocks". (89) More importantly, in some special circumstances, the empress dowager not only had the right to proclaim the king of the domain, but also had the right to depose the emperor. This is evidenced by the restoration of the King of Changyi in the Western Han Dynasty. Therefore, the fear that Empress Zhang and others would depose them on the grounds of "natural change" was the deep reason why Sejong was forced to compromise. Needless to say, once Sejong had secured the emperor's throne, there was no longer any force of legitimacy that could change his personal will. In the first month of the third year of Jiajing, Gui Cai regained Zhang Xuan's old saying that Sejong's heart of honoring "Bunsen" was revived. He then ordered Zhang Xuan and Gui Cao to go to Beijing to discuss the ceremony, and approved Yang Tinghe, who had repeatedly violated Yan Zhi's advice, to return to his hometown. The courtiers were forced to make major concessions again: "The Great Ming Law of the present day is also the one decreed by the Holy Patriarch. Considering the name of its uniform, the latter is fixed as the parent, and the one born is also called the parent. If the word Bunsen is stamped with the title, then there is a difference after it, and there is still a righteousness of one book. (90) Therefore, Sejong issued an edict honoring his parents as Emperor Kao Gong Muxian of Bunsen and Empress Dowager Zhangsheng, the mother of Bunsen.
Third, it was renamed Emperor Xiaozong as Emperor Bokao, Empress Dowager Zhang as Imperial Auntie, Bunsen Imperial Examination as Imperial Examination, and Bunsheng Mother as Mother. After honoring his parents as Bunsen's imperial examination and Bunsheng's mother, Sejong was once satisfied, believing that "the great gift has been decided, and there is no need to come to Beijing." Zhang Xuan and Gui Caowen edicted the same as above: "For the parents of this birth, the parents of the descendants are ,...... The emperor did not urgently need to remove the word Bunsen, and although the emperor was called (Bunsen) The imperial examination was no different from the emperor's uncle. (91) Sejong then ordered Zhang Xuan and Gui Cao to come to Beijing, and decided to act according to the proposal of Zhang Xuan and others. As a result, public opinion was in an uproar, and officials of all sizes denounced Zhang Xuan and others as "dry" villains, and implored Sejong to maintain the original proposal. Zhu Xizhou, a servant of the Ceremonial Department, advised Sejong not to speak without faith: "The Emperor has been examining Emperor Xiaozong and His Mother Zhaosheng for more than three years. ...... If the edict of the present year is suddenly derived from it, then the edict is a false text, which is not enough to win the trust of the world in the hereafter; the sacrifice is a nuisance, and it cannot be felt in the Heaven and Earth Sect Society. The change of day and night, he is more important than this, not even the ceremony of the temple. (92) Hu Shi, the right young secretary of the Hongxu Temple, advised Sejong not to complain about morality and disorder: "The word Bunsen cannot go!" ...... His Majesty's mother's affair, Cishou, is of course ,...... (Zhang Xuan, etc.) to say that His Majesty obeyed the "Ancestral Precepts" and entered the succession, and had no pre-approval with Cishou. Whoops, this statement is out of heaven, and the program is often extinguished! ...... Although His Majesty is in order, would he rather not wait for Yi's will and practice Zuoye? Empress Dowager Fu personally granted Her Majesty the throne of heaven, and the merits of the society were like this, and Xuan and so on were said to have no interference in the despotism, so how could there be a heart for the people? (93) Due to the neglect of the group of courtiers, they did not report it. He Mengchun, the official attendant, Yang Shen, and others then proposed to ask for orders, and the largest crying operation in the history of the Ming Dynasty began. The "Memorabilia of the Emperor and Ming Dynasty" says: "When the dynasty is gone, xiangli zuo shun men kneel down." Or call emperor TaizuGao, or call emperor Xiaozong, the voice is deep inside. On that day, the Wenhua Hall of the Upper House of Worship was dispatched to the ceremonial officials and orders to retire, and the group of courtiers could not afford to lie down. At noon, the shang ordered the names of the ministers to be recorded, and eight people, including Feng Xi, who was the leader, were imprisoned. Therefore, he revised Yang Shen and reviewed Wang Yuanzheng and shook the door and cried. For a moment, the courtiers were crying, and the sound was shocking. Furious, he ordered the arrest of one hundred and thirty-four people, including Wai Ma Li, who were under the rank of five pins, and ordered them to be tortured. (94) After the Zuo Shunmen incident, the officials who insisted that Sejong should "kao Xiaozong" and "Mother Zhaosheng" were purged, and He Mengchun and other external transfers, Yang Shen and other Chongshu, AnPan and other officials were stripped of their citizenship for the people. Not only that, Sejong also repeatedly tortured the weeping officials with a court staff, and gave Zhang Yuan and sixteen other people a tragic death. At this point, the end of "Bunsen" usurping the "orthodoxy" is inevitable. In July of the third year of Jiajing, Sejong dedicated the emperor to the Guande Hall, and in September of the same year, Sejong changed his name to his biological parents as Emperor Kao and Our Lady, and the deceased Emperor Xiaozong and the living Empress Zhang were stripped of their orthodox identity symbols.
The conflict between Sejong and Empress Zhang did not ease with the end of the ceremony. First, the Zuo Shunmen incident led Sejong to believe that Empress Zhang still enjoyed strong influence in the dynasty and that corresponding measures must be taken to eliminate her. Therefore, he repeatedly went to jail to exclude dissidents. (95) The most typical example is the Zhang Yanling case mentioned above. It is worth noting the following three points: First, the use of heavy sentences is light. Regardless of whether the crimes of the persons involved are true or not, Sejong will be tortured by the Zhenfu Division. Cui Yuan, the Marquis of Jingshan, who had the merit of driving, was not spared. (96) Second, Sejong even suspected that zhang fujing and others who had advised the court to stop the actions of the clan were to repay the private favor of Empress Zhang's family and deceive the emperor. Third, Empress Zhang was deposed by Emperor Sejong for passing on a message for Empress Zhang. Zhu Guozhenyun: "The waste of Zhang Hou was actually by Zhang Yanling's brothers. Sejong Fang to show the saints... The cut and suppression of Zhang Sheng's anger were very strong, and Trillium was therefore resentful of his family, and he was praised by people and imprisoned. Zhao Sheng was anxious, because he had given birth to a son, he came to see him and gave his resignation. Say it again, and then resign it. Yi Huang was anxious, and he spoke after zhang. There is a grand favor in the rear, taking a night feast, and describing the empress dowager's intentions. And the empress dowager also sent someone to the clouds first: 'Trillium matters will be over.' 'The Lord has been angry, the courtier, the Empress Dowager, but it has not yet been sent. And after hearing the words of anger, that is, the official clothes and the staff. Ordered to be deposed tomorrow. (97) It can be seen that even if you are an empress, even if "Fang Mengsheng is favored", as long as she is slightly involved with Empress Zhang, she will soon be "stripped of official clothes and staffs" and become a deposed queen.
Secondly, Sejong's denial of "Kao Xiaozong" and "Mother Zhaosheng" shook the basis of legitimacy for his succession to the throne. He had to construct his father's status as emperor by means of Xiu Shilu, PeiMingtang, and Emperor Ruizong to strengthen his legitimacy to enjoy the imperial throne. The existence of Empress Zhang, who represented the orthodox lineage of Emperor Xiaozong and Emperor Wuzong, and the fact that she still received Sejong's biological mother, Empress Zhangsheng, as a concubine, (98) was undoubtedly a destructive factor in Sejong's process of reconstructing his imperial genealogy. Therefore, while continuing to honor his biological parents, Sejong tried to demean Empress Zhang in etiquette. This is mainly manifested in the following three aspects: First, the celebration of "Holy Day". In the tenth year of Jiajing, Sejong's biological mother, Empress Zhang Shenghuang," "Shengdan", and the Records of Sejong said that "Shangxian Bao was called Shou"; while in the same month, Empress Dowager Zhang was "Shengdan", and the Records of Sejong only contained "The Pilgrimage of The Lifeless Woman". (99) Second, place of residence. Residence in the royal ceremony is one of the most important status symbols, and the empress dowager Zhang has been living in the Renzhi Hall after the destruction of the Renshou Palace in March of the fourth year of Jiajing. (100) According to Shen Defu's examination, "There is no Renzhi Hall behind the Wuying Hall of this Dynasty, which is the place where the Middle Palace was congratulated by the dynasty and the emperors were buried in a big way. (101) III. Funeral Rites. In an era when Confucianism was the dominant ideology, funerals were one of the most valued ceremonies, but Empress Zhang, who had the grace to emperor Sejong, enjoyed the lowest standard funeral rites of the Jiajing Dynasty behind her. The Wan Li Ye Zhi Zhi (萬历野編) says: "In the early years of Sejong's reign, he received Shen Zhi's two relatives in Xingdi with a great gift, and then the honor was beyond his reach. Since then, he has personally fixed the canonical system, and has been generous and thin. The person who killed the most in the funeral was empress dowager Zhaosheng. ”(102)
In the same year of Empress Zhang's death (press: 20 years after Jiajing), the Zongmiao Temple caught fire, and "the temples were embered for a while". In November of the twenty-second year of Jiajing (1543), Sejong decided to change the ancestral temple regulations to a system of the same hall and different rooms. He also exhorted the Rites and the Second Ministry of Works: "The former is the Taimiao Temple, the latter is the Sleeping, and the latter is the Qi." Shi Yuan was sacrificed to emperor Taizu Gao on the throne, south. Chengzu and the Qunmiao, and the Lord of the Kaoli Sect of our Emperor, are all listed in the same hall. When the offerings are completed, they will be returned to bed with the Lord. In June 24, the Taimiao Temple was completed, the Emperor and God were offered to the temple, and the "series of projects" in which Sejong changed the "succession" to "usurpation" was also announced. (103) In October 25, Empress Zhang's brother Zhang Yanling was escorted to Xishi for execution, and (104) the last ripples of the aftermath of the ceremony tended to subside.
The controversy over the Jiajing Grand Rites has always been controversial. Scholars and deliberators in the imperial period enjoyed roughly the same mental structure and moral consciousness, and therefore tended to comment from the perspective of value judgments and patriarchal ethics. (105) The Qing Dynasty scholar Mao Qiling was unique, trying to "judge by etiquette" and "with scripture", so as to "identify the Great Ritual of Jiajing". He was bitterly rebuked by both sides of the ceremony, and even had the words that "the whole world has no education and harms the country". However, his argument that "the one who is the emperor of the world is a subject of Emperor Wuzong, and now he is the son of Emperor Wuzong" may not be able to convince the speakers. (106) Modern scholars have freed themselves from the shackles of traditional moral ideas and have come to realize that power struggles are also a very important aspect of great etiquette. However, due to the neglect of the critical analysis of the historical facts of the vacant period, the research perspective of the controversy of the ceremony is often limited to Yang Tinghe. Thus, the great ceremony is interpreted as a confrontation between the cabinet power and the imperial power, the conflict between Cheng Zhu Lixue and Wang Yangming's xinxue, and the struggle between conservatives and reformers. Through the investigation of the historical facts of the vacancy period, this paper finds that in the process of resolving the vacancy crisis in the Ming Dynasty, it was Empress Zhang who played a decisive role instead of Yang Tinghe. Relevant historical records show that Sejong also regarded Empress Zhang as the antithesis of the dispute over ceremonies. Therefore, exploring the contradiction between Sejong and Empress Zhang is the key to interpreting the controversy over ceremonies. The contradiction between Sejong and Empress Zhang stemmed from the major disagreement between the two sides over the reconstruction of the patriarchal identity of the former after his accession to the throne, and was also related to the fact that the latter's power, which was further strengthened during the vacant period, made Sejong feel like a man. The core issue of the controversy over ceremonies is the issue of the identity symbols that symbolize orthodoxy— the question of the belonging of the Imperial Examination and the Virgin. Sejong finally stripped Emperor Xiaozong and Empress Zhang of their imperial examinations and the titles of Virgin Mary through a three-year ceremonial discussion. However, the outcome of the controversy shook the legitimacy of Sejong's source of the throne, so he constructed his father's status as emperor by means of Shu Shilu, PeiMingtang, and Ruizong to strengthen his legitimacy to enjoy the throne. At the same time, for Empress Zhang, who represented the orthodox lineage of Emperor Xiaozong and Emperor Wuzong, Sejong not only repeatedly went to prison to eliminate her influence in the dynasty, but also tried to degrade Zhang in etiquette. In short, the Great Ceremony and the rest of the wave ended with Sejong's change of "succession" to "usurpation of reunification."
exegesis:
(1) Meng Sen: Lecture Notes on the History of Ming, Zhonghua Bookstore, 2006 edition, p. 225; Chen Jiexian: History of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Sanmin Bookstore, 2004 edition, p. 52; Nan Bingwen and Tang Gang: History of Ming, Shanghai People's Publishing House, 2003 edition, p. 353; Carney T. Fisher, The Chosen One: Succession and Adoption in the Court of Ming Shingzong, Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1990, p. 49.It is worth noting that some scholars have proposed the theory of "cooperation" between Empress Zhang and Yang Tinghe, but they are still happy to highlight Yang Tinghe's role in specific discussions. For example, "Yang Tinghe basically did three major things in order to achieve his goal at that time, the first was to make a decision to welcome Zhu Houxi; the second was to eliminate Jiang Bin and the rest of the party; and the third was to announce the abolition of Emperor Wuzong's maladministration. Similarly, scholars who put forward the theory of "the joint dictatorship of the empress dowager, eunuchs, and cabinet ministers" still believe that "Yang Tinghe and others took advantage of the vacancy period of the imperial throne to build the most powerful group of civil servants in the history of the Ming Dynasty." See Li Xun, "The Great Ritual Discussion" and the Politics of the Ming Dynasty, Journal of Northeast Normal University, No. 5, 1986; Tian Shu, "On the Trend of the Ming Dynasty's Political Situation During the Vacancy period of zhengde's sixteen-year imperial throne", Journal of Northwest Normal University, No. 2, 1997.
(2) See Tian Shu: "Zhang Xuan and the Jiajing Cabinet", Studies in Chinese History, No. 4, 2008; Zhang Liwen: "On the Conflict between the "Great Ritual Discussion" and Zhu Xi Wang Yangming's Thought", Journal of Nanchang University, No. 2, 1999; Luo Huiying: "On the Ming Dynasty", Ming History Research Office, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, ed., Ming History Research Series (Third Series), Zhejiang Ancient Books Publishing House, 1985 edition, pp. 167-188.
(3) Yang Zhiren's narration: "Special Jin Guanglu Doctor Zuo Zhu Guo Shaoshi and Crown Prince Taishi Official, Shang Shu Hua Gai Dian University Scholar Gift Taibao Yuwen Zhong Yang Gongting and Xingzhi", Jiao Zhen: Records of Dedication, vol. 15, Cabinet IV, Shanghai Bookstore Publishing House, 1987 photocopy, p. 496.
(4) Yang Tinghe: "Three Records of Yang Wenzhonggong", vol. 4, "Shicao Yulu", "Wenyuange Siku Quanshu", Taiwan Commercial Press, 1986 photocopy, vol. 428, p. 821. Press: For the convenience of writing, in the main text, this document is referred to as "Yang Tinghe Xingzhi".
(5) Zheng Xiao: "Wuxue Edited Yu", Zhonghua Bookstore, 1985 photocopy, p. 85.
(6) Zha Jizuo: Records of Crimes, Vol. 2, "Biography of the Empress", Zhejiang Ancient Books Publishing House, 1986 Punctuation, p. 1164.
⑦See, Lien—sheng Yang, Female Rulers in Imperial China, Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, Vol. 23(1960-1961), p.57.
(8) He Qiaoyuan: "Mingshan Collection", vol. 30, "Empress Zhang", "Continuation of the Four Libraries of The Complete Book", Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1999 photocopy, vol. 426, p. 190.
(9) Xu Xiangmei: Records of the Two Zhejiang Mingxian, vol. 8, Zhonglie, Continuation of the Siku Quanshu, vol. 542, p. 259.
(10) Jiao Zhu: "Yutang Congyu", vol. 2, "Planning", Zhonghua Bookstore, 1981 Punctuation, p. 61.
(11) Chen Jian, Qian Maowei Dian, "Huang Ming Tong Ji", Zhonghua Bookstore, 2008 Punctuation, p. 1160. Press: Chen Jian's account is not unfounded, and the "Question will ask Liu Dongshan and other courtiers" also says: "During the fourteen years of Zhengde, Jiangxi Chenhao plotted rebellion and falsely said that Empress Dowager Niangniang (press: that is, Empress Zhang) had secret instructions to raise troops and other words, and the executed prisoner Ma Jiju had been recruited in the Jiangxi Division of the Punishment Department. Unswritten: "The Question Will Ask Liu Dongshan and Other Dynasties", Wanbiao: Huangming Economic Records, vol. 14, "Punishment Department", "Siku Forbidden Destruction Book Series", Beijing Publishing House, 2000 photocopy, Jibu vol. 18, p. 723.
(12) Wang Rong: "The Right Deputy Governor of the Inspectorate, Yushi Shen Gongjiao", Jiao Zhen: "Records of Dedication", vol. 55, "Inspectorate II", p. 2347.
(13) Records of Wuzong, vol. 197, Zhengde 16 March Bingyin, Taiwan "Central" Research Institute photocopy, vol. 37, p. 3680.
(14) Records of Emperor Wuzong, vol. 197, Zhengde Sixteenth Year, March 16, Vol. 37, p. 3684.
(15) Yang Tinghe: The Three Records of Yang Wenzhong, vol. 4, "Records of the Aftermath of The Grass", p. 825.
(16) He Liangjun: "The Sayings of the Four Friends and Jai Cong", Zhonghua Bookstore, 1959 Punctuation, p. 55.
(17) Gu Qing: "Dongjiang Family Collection", vol. 32, "Daiping Yubo Xie'en Table", "Wenyuange Siku Quanshu", Taiwan Commercial Press, 1986 photocopy, vol. 1261, p. 745; Wang Shizhen: "Yishan Tang Beiji", vol. 9 "Wuchen and General Regiment Camp Factory Guard", Zhonghua Bookstore 1985 Punctuation, p. 166.
(18) Zhang Yuan: "Yupo Song Discussion", vol. 3, "Qing Officials Zhishu", "WenyuanGe Siku Quanshu", Taiwan Commercial Press, 1986 photocopy, vol. 429, p. 379.
(19) Zhang Dai: The Book of Shi Kui, vol. 124, "The Biography of Yang Tinghe, Jiang Mian, and Mao Jilie", Continuation of the Siku Quanshu, vol. 319, p. 310.
(20) Huang Gong: The Change of Jiang Bin, Huang Xun: The Economic Record of Emperor Ming's Famous Ministers, Wenhai Publishing House, 1984 photocopy, pp. 341-350.
(21) Records of Emperor Wuzong, vol. 172, Zhengde 14th March, vol. 37, p. 3341.
(22) History of the Ming Dynasty, vol. 189, "The Biography of Xia Liangsheng", Zhonghua Bookstore, 1974 Punctuation, p. 5022.
(23) Zhao Shanzheng: "The Record of Bin's Retirement", Zhonghua Bookstore, 1985 photocopy, p. 20.
(24) Zheng Xiao: "Biography of the Princes with Different Surnames of emperor Ming", "Siku Uncollected Book Series", Beijing Publishing House, 2000 photocopy, vol. 1, vol. 18, p. 662; Yun Shaofang: "Lin Juji • Shu Shizong Emperor Yuji Chuzheng", "Siku Uncollected Book Series", Beijing Publishing House 2000 photocopies, vol. 5, vol. 20, p. 767.
(25) Yang Yiqing: Epitaph of Zhang Gongyong, a eunuch of the Ming Dynasty, Edited by Gao Jingchun: Epitaph Unearthed in New China (Beijing Yishang), Cultural Relics Publishing House, 2003 edition, p. 220. Press: This stele is engraved with the author's place is broken, but according to the documents that have been handed down, the author is Yang Yiqing.
(26) Wang Shizhen: The First Auxiliary Biography since Jiajing, vol. 1 Yang Tinghe, Zhonghua Bookstore, 1991 photocopy, p. 4.
(27) Yang Tinghe: The Three Records of Yang Wenzhong, vol. 4, "Records of the Remaining Records of Shicao", p. 823.
(28) Xu Xian: Miscellaneous Records of the West Garden, Zhonghua Bookstore, 1985 photocopy, p. 50.
(29) Zhu Guozhen: "Outline of the History of the Emperor and Ming", "Memorabilia of the Emperor and Ming", vol. 26, "Jiang Bin's Chaotic Government", Wenhai Publishing House, 1984 photocopy, p. 5220. Press: Zhu Guozhen is regarded as Zhu Guozhen, in order to respect the original book, zhu Guozhen is still marked in the annotations, but Zhu Guozhen is always written in the main text.
(30) Records of Emperor Wuzong, vol. 197, Zhengde 16th Year March Gengwu, vol. 37, p. 3687; Shizong Shilu, vol. 3, Zhengde 16th June Jiachen, vol. 38, p. 148; Yang Tinghe: "Three Records of Yang Wenzhong", vol. 4, "Records of the Aftermath of The Grass", pp. 823, 827.
(31) Xia Yan: The Collected Works of Xia Guizhou, vol. 12, "On the Impeachment of Shangshu Wang Qiong and Wang Xianshu", Siku Quanshu Bibliography Series, Qilu Book Society, 1997 photocopy, jibu vol. 74, pp. 575-577.
(32) Yang Yiqing: "Epitaph of Zhang Gongyong, the Eunuch of the Ming Dynasty". Gao Jingchun, ed., Epitaph Unearthed in New China (Beijing Yishang), p. 220.
(33) Wang Shizhen: "The Collection of Yishan Tang", vol. 96, "Zhongguan Kao VI", Zhonghua Bookstore, 1985, p. 1820.
(34) Zhu Guozhen: "Chung Tung Sketches", vol. 11 "Penalty water", Zhonghua Bookstore, 1959 punctuation, p. 250.
(35) He Qiaoyuan: "Mingshan Zang", vol. 88, "Zhang Yongchuan", "Continuation of the Complete Book of the Four Libraries", vol. 427, p. 442.
(36) Shen Defu: Wan Liye, vol. 6, "Epitaph of Zhang Yong, Neiguan Zhang", Zhonghua Bookstore, 1959 punctuation, p. 164.
(37) Yang Yiqing: Epitaph of Zhang Gongyong, a eunuch of the Ming Dynasty, Edited by Gao Jingchun, Epitaph Unearthed in New China (Beijing Yishang), p. 220.
(38) Wang Si: "Gu Zheng Ben Yilong Shengzhi Shu", Jia Sanjin: "Huang Ming and Ming Dynasties Loose Copy", vol. 5, "Continuation of the Four Libraries Quanshu", vol. 465, p. 157.
(39) Wang Shizhen: The Collected Works of The Yishan Temple, vol. 13, Jushou Liuzhi, p. 240.
(40) Wang Shizhen: The First Auxiliary Biography since Jiajing, vol. 1 Yang Tinghe, p. 3.
(41) Wang Qiong: Miscellaneous Records of Sungai, Zhonghua Bookstore 1985 photocopy, p. 47.
(42) Chen Jiru: Records of Observations, vol. 1, Zhonghua Bookstore, 1991 photocopy, p. 4.
(43) Li Xun, "The Structural Relationship between the Cabinet of the Ming Dynasty and the Celebrant of Ceremonies: One of the Special Topics in the Study of Bureaucratic Politics in the Ming Dynasty", Li Xun: "The Collected Works of Xiaxue", China Social Science Press, 1995 edition, p. 139.
(44) Records of Emperor Wuzong, vol. 197, Zhengde Sixteenth Year, March Bingyin, vol. 37, p. 3680.
(45) Gai Jiemin, Zhu Honglin's translation of "Ming Wuzong and the Leopard Room", Journal of the Palace Museum, No. 3, 1988.
(46) Jiao Zhu: Records of Famous Ministers of the Xi Dynasty, vol. 12, Taishi Liang Wenkanggong, Continuation of the Siku Quanshu, vol. 532, p. 186.
(47) [English] Cui Ruide and [American] Mou Fuli, eds., Cambridge History of the Ming Dynasty of China, Vol. 1, translated by Yang Lüquan and Lü Zhaoyi, China Social Science Press, 1992, p. 423. Press: The seventh chapter of the book, "The Zhengde Period", was written by Gai Jiemin.
(48) Yang Tinghe: The Three Records of Yang Wenzhong, vol. 4, "Records of the Aftermath of The Grass", pp. 820, 826.
(49) Yang Tinghe: The Three Records of Yang Wenzhong, vol. 2, "Afterword", p. 783.
(50) Records of Sejong, vol. 40, Jiajing 3rd Year June Xinhai, vol. 39, p. 1018.
(51) Records of Sejong, vol. 43, Jiajing 3rd Year September Bingyin, vol. 39, p. 1113.
(52) Wang Shizhen: "The Collected Works of Yishan Tang", vol. 26, "Shi Chengkao Error VII", p. 472; Huang Jingfang: "The History of the State is Doubtful", vol. 6, "Continuation of the Four Libraries", vol. 432, p. 86; Tang Hezheng: "Huangming Fushi Edition", vol. 4 "Yang Wenzhongtinghe", "Continuation of the Four Libraries Quanshu", vol. 524, p. 613.
(53) Yang Tinghe: The Three Records of Yang Wenzhong, vol. 4, "Records of the Aftermath of The Grass", p. 827.
(54) Xu Xian: Miscellaneous Records of the West Garden, p. 50.
(55) Yang Zhiren's Narration: "Special Jin Guanglu Grand Master Zuo Zhu Guo Shaoshi and Crown Prince Taishi Official Department Shangshu Hua Gai Dian University Scholar Gift Taibao Yuwen Zhong Yang Gongting and Xingzhi", Jiao Gang: Records of Dedication, vol. 15, Cabinet IV, p. 495.
(56) Zhang Xuan: Records of Hearing and Seeing in the West Garden, vol. 27, Yang Tinghe, Wenhai Publishing House, 1984 photocopy, p. 2586.
(57) Wang Shizhen: The Collected Works of The Yishan Tang, vol. 29, "Shi Chengkao Errors", pp. 522-523. For the influence of Wang Shizhen on Zhang Zhen, see Sun Weiguo: A Study of Wang Shizhen's Historiography, People's Literature Publishing House, 2006, pp. 236-238.
(58) Records of Emperor Wuzong, vol. 197, Zhengde Sixteenth Year, March Gengwu, vol. 37, pp. 3685-3686.
(59) According to the Guochen Collection, it was Zhang Yong who killed He Ding on the orders of Empress Zhang; the Biography of the Ming Monk records that Zhang Yong was ordered by Empress Zhang to give the monk Shi Zhu "purple sangha clothes to symbolize his virtue". Tang Shu: The Second Volume of the Guochen Collection, Zhonghua Bookstore 1985 Photocopy, p. 159; Shi Ruyi: Biography of the Great Ming Monk, Vol. 4, Tiantai Ciyun Temple Shamen Shi zhen Qing Chuan IV, Continuation of the Four Libraries Quanshu, vol. 1285, p. 232.
(60) Wang Shizhen: "The Four Manuscripts of Yizhou", vol. 180, "The Wild Historian Takes the Examination error", the engraving of the Wang Shijing Hall in the fifth year of the Ming Wanli Calendar. What needs to be emphasized is that the risk of arresting Jiang Bin is extremely high, and if it fails, the people who discuss it will all risk their lives, so Yang Tinghe, Wei Bin, and others have no reason to pre-leak. According to Yang Tinghe's own account, his sons Yang Shen and Yang Heng did not expect it: "On the evening of the seventeenth day (according to the eightth day), The second son of Shen and Heng said: 'Foreign discussion is (Bin must be reversed), why didn't the father capture it earlier?'" Yu Man replied: "If the Festival of Rebellion has not been revealed, what will be the word of the Lord?" Carefully protect the leader and do not take the scourge of exterminating the clan. 'Gai worries that the descendants are not secret, so yunran. Yang Tinghe: The Three Records of Yang Wenzhong, vol. 4, "The Remaining Records of The Grass", p. 826.
(61) Zhu Guozhen: "Outline of the History of the Emperor and Ming", "Memorabilia of the Emperor and Ming", vol. 26, "Jiang Bin's Chaotic Government", p. 5220.
(62) Yang Tinghe: The Three Records of Yang Wenzhong, vol. 4, "The Remaining Records of The Grass", p. 828.
(63) Wang Shizhen: "The Four Drafts of Yizhou", vol. 180, "The Wild Historian Takes the Examination by Mistake".
(64) Wang Shizhen: The Collected Works of Yishan Tang, vol. 100, Zhongguan Examination XI, p. 1893.
(65) Records of Emperor Wuzong, vol. 197, Zhengde Sixteenth Year, March Bingyin, vol. 37, p. 3682.
(66) The Records of Sejong wrote "Three Days of Ascension to the Pole" in April, so the author here clouds: "Five Days of Fu". Records of Sejong, vol. 1, Zhengde 16 April, Pentagon, vol. 38, pp. 42, 47.
(67) See Lien—sheng Yang, Female Rulers in Imperial China, p. 58.
(68) Zhang Fujing: Records of the Commentaries, Zhonghua Bookstore, 1985 photocopy, pp. 24-25. Press: Zhang Yanling's case was originally a murder case, but Sejong insisted on judging it to be a conspiracy to rebel against the Zhang family. After repeated persuasion by Zhang Fujing and others, they reluctantly handled the murder case.
(69) Zhang Fujing: Commentaries, pp. 36-38.
(70) Zhi Dalun: The Chronicle of Yongling, vol. 2, 1970 photocopy of Taiwan Student Bookstore, p. 221.
(71) Wang Shizhen: The First Auxiliary Biography since Jiajing, vol. 1 Yang Tinghe, pp. 3-4.
(72) Yang Tinghe: "Three Records of Yang Wenzhong", vol. 2, "Afterword", p. 790.
(73) Zhang Fujing: Commentaries, pp. 14-15.
(74) For example, the Qing Dynasty scholar Mao Qiling accused the Ming Dynasty of "misunderstanding the brothers and the four characters, and vainly taking the Shu brothers as they deserved." ...... One resembles Later Xiaozong, and the other resembles Later Wuzong. So much so that father and son brothers, grandchildren and uncles are in constant conflict. The order of the lun is reversed, and nothing is too much! Some modern scholars were deeply influenced by Mao, and some scholars believed: "The Jiajing Emperor originally had no right to inherit the throne, and the problem was so serious." This is the fundamental reason why he did not hesitate to depose the elders, the ministers of punishment, and the officials of the court staff, but to carry out the ceremony to the end. Another scholar believes that "Sejong's ascension to the throne has a distinct feature, that is, he is not the legal crown prince but the prince of the local domain (press: wrong. Zhu Houxi entered the imperial lineage as a prince of the clan during Emperor Wuzong's lifetime. This raises the question of whether to succeed Emperor Xiaozong or Emperor Wuzong on the issue of succession. See Mao Qiling: "Identifying the Great Ritual Discussion of Jiajing", photocopy of zhonghua bookstore, 1985, p. 3; Zhang Xianqing: "The Causes, Nature and Consequences of the Ming Jiajing", Collected History, No. 4, 1988; Li Xun: "The Great Ritual Discussion" and the Politics of the Ming Dynasty.
(75) Records of Sejong, vol. 6, Zhengde 16 September Ding Ugly, vol. 38, p. 264.
(76) Records of Sejong, vol. 36, Jiajing 3rd Year February Pengshen, vol. 39, p. 901.
(77) Tan Qian: Guo Yu, vol. 52, Zhonghua Bookstore, 1958 Punctuation, p. 3219.
(78) Records of Sejong, vol. 4, Zhengdeok 16 July, vol. 38, pp. 162-165. Press: The number in the quotation is added by the author.
(79) Choi Milling: Huan Ci, vol. 4, Li You, Wenyuange Siku Quanshu, Taiwan Commercial Press, 1986 photocopy, vol. 1267, p. 467.
(80) He Mengchun has refuted the "Thirteen Articles" of Zhang Xuan's discussion article by article, see He Mengchun: "He Wenjian Discussion", vol. 10, "Defending Loyalty and Evil Neglect", "WenyuanGe Siku Quanshu", Taiwan Commercial Press, 1986 photocopy, vol. 429, pp. 231-259.
(81) History of Ming, vol. 114, Biography of Empress Zhang, p. 3529.
(82) Zhu Guozhen: "The Chronicles of the Emperor and Ming", vol. 32, "The Prison of Zhang Yanling", p. 5629.
(83) Records of Sejong, vol. 1, Zhengde 16th Year April, Vol. 38, p. 8.
(84) Xu Xian: Miscellaneous Records of the West Garden, p. 59.
(85) Lei Li, Fan Shouji, Tan Xisi: The Great Political Chronicle of the Emperor and Ming Dynasty, vol. 21, The Complete Book of the Four Libraries, Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1999 photocopy, vol. 354, p. 411.
(86) Records of Sejong, vol. 43, Jiajing 3rd Year September Bingyin, vol. 39, p. 1111.
(87) Zhu Guozhen: "The Chronicles of the Emperor and Ming", vol. 27, "Great Rites", pp. 5244-5245.
(88) Deng Yuanxi: Book of the Emperor Ming, vol. 10, Continuation of the Siku Quanshu, vol. 315, p. 619.
(89) Zhang Xuan: Commentaries on the Encyclicals, p. 14. Press: For the convenience of writing, the original text "internal and external earthquakes have been feared" is simplified to "internal and external earthquake fear".
(90) Records of Sejong, vol. 36, Jiajing 3rd Year February Yi Ugly, vol. 39, p. 915.
(91) Records of Sejong, vol. 37, Jiajing 3rd Year March Pengzi, vol. 39, pp. 933-937.
(92) Huang Guangsheng: The Canon of the Zhao Dynasty, vol. 26, The Complete Book of the Continuation of the Four Libraries, vol. 351, p. 770.
(93) Records of Sejong, vol. 40, Jiajing 3rd year, 39, pp. 1028-1029.
(94) Zhu Guozhen: "Outline of the History of the Emperor and Ming", "Memorabilia of the Emperor and Ming", vol. 27, pp. 5273-5274.
(95) Zhu Guozhen: "Outline of the History of the Emperor and Ming", "Memorabilia of the Emperor and Ming", vol. 27, "Discussion Ceremony", p. 5292; same book volume 32", "The Prison of Li Fuda", pp. 5595-5610.
(96) "Questioning Liu Dongshan and Other Dynasties" says: "Feng Qinyi will play a celebrity criminal Cui Yuan waiting for Jinyi Wei Ti Na to ask questions. Unswritten by: "The Question Will Ask Liu Dongshan and Other Dynasties", Wanbiao: Huangming Economic Records, vol. 14, "Punishment Department", p. 729.
(97) Zhu Guozhen: "Chung Tung Sketches", vol. 1, "Abolition of the Middle Palace", p. 15.
(98) Wang Shizhen: The First Auxiliary Biography since Jiajing, vol. 2 Zhang Fujing, p. 25.
(99) Records of Sejong, vol. 122, Jiajing 10 february, Peng Wu, Peng Chen, vol. 41, pp. 2913, 1918.
(100) Although Sejong said in the seventeenth year of Jiajing, "Serve the Holy Mother Zhangsheng Empress dowager in Cining Palace, and serve the Empress Dowager Zhaosheng with Ciqing." "But the 19th Year Ciqing Palace of Jiajing has not yet been completed. Not only that, but the "Notes on Funeral Rites" written by the Ministry of Rites on the day of Empress Dowager Xin You's death in August of the twentieth year of Jiajing designated the outside of the Renzhi Hall as a place of weeping, according to which Empress Zhang may have died in the Renzhi Hall. See Records of Sejong, vol. 49, Jiajing 4th Year March Nongchen, vol. 39, p. 244; Tongshu Vol. 231, Jiajing 17th June 壬寅, vol. 43, p. 4371; Tongshu Vol. 238, Jiajing 19th June Chengjiao, vol. 43, p. 4848; Tongshu vol. 252, Jiajing XXX August Xin You, vol. 44, p. 5044.
(101) Shen Defu: Wan Liye, vol. 9, Renzhi and Other Palaces, p. 249.
(102) Shen Defu: Wan Liye, vol. 3, "The Funeral of Jiajing and the Two Queens", p. 92. Press: It is worth mentioning that when Tan Qian recorded the death of Empress Zhang, he first relayed Sejong's edict "There is a fixed form for this funeral ceremony, and the tribute to the internal officials is performed", and then sighed: "Zhaosheng hand gave a golden charm to (Sejong) above the ninth and fifth levels." Enmo is generous. A slight gap between a film, the final involvement of obstruction. The lord's edict, though the pain of the heavens, is still a gap. The Great Tunnel of Yong, who is moving for Uncle Ying kao? "Talking about Migration: The State Of Nations," vol. 57, p. 3615.
(103) Zhu Guozhen: An Outline of the History of the Emperor and Ming Dynasty, Vol. 27, Rites of Discussion, pp. 5303-5305. Press: Sejong's change of "succession" to "usurpation" refers to Duan Yujie's theory. The Twelve Treatises of the Ming Dynasty says: "Sejong is not a usurper but a usurper." ...... Succession to the throne is not to succeed to the throne (according to the succession of Emperor Wuzong and not to the heir of Emperor Xiaozong), but still the son of The King, Emperor, and Emperor. Taking the example of the Spring and Autumn Period, it should be said: "Honor his father King Xingxian as the emperor of the emperor, and serve his father's lord into the Taimiao Temple, above emperor Wuzong, and several usurpers of the country." See Duan Yujie: The Theory of the Three Major Cases of the Twelve Treatises of the Ming Dynasty, The Complete Book of the Four Libraries, Vol. 450, pp. 707-708.
(104) Zheng Xiao: "Present Words", vol. 3, Zhonghua Bookstore, 1984 Punctuation, p. 129.
(105) Chen Jian: "Huangming Tongji", p. 1181; Cui Milling: "Huan Ci", vol. 4, "Li You", p. 468; Chen Ruzheng: "Ganluyuan Short Book", vol. 3 "Great Gift", "Siku Quanshu Bibliography Series", Qilu Book Society, 1995 photocopy, sub-volume 87, pp. 36, 37.
(106) Mao Qiling: "Identifying the Great Ceremony of Jiajing", pp. 1, 3, 6.
![Ming general Yang Yuchun painting Huachen | The story of the Ming Jiajing period | a Liaoning American comic strip[fig]](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///wAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=)