Although the Shu Han Dynasty did not have a historical official, and it was difficult for Chen Shou to collect historical materials of his homeland, we can still find a large number of Shu Han civilian officials and military generals from other historical materials. There are three rough sources, one is the "Ji Han Fuchen Zanzhong" attached to the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms, ShuShu, Yang Xi Biography", the second is Pei Songzhi's notes, and the third is the "Huayang Guozhi" compiled by chang Xuan, a person from the Eastern Jin Dynasty.
The "Ji Han Fuchen Zanzhong", which is attached to the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms, ShuShu, and Yang Xi Biography", mentions the biographies of more than thirty officials that are not recorded in the history of the Zhengshi, including many official first-line figures, such as Chen Zhi, Wu Yi, Fei Guan, Li Fu and others.
In the Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms, Shushu, and Li Yan's Biography, there is a commentary by Pei Song in the Gongwen Shangshu, and in this table of impeachment of Li Yan, many Shu Han officials are mentioned that are not recorded in the history, such as the former general Yuan, the right general Gao Xiang, the Zhengnan general Liu Ba (the same name as Liu Zichu) the partial general Xu Yun, the Duxin Zhonglang general Ding Xian, the General Shangguan Yong, the Jianyi general Yan Yan, the General Du Yi of The Yu General, the Wuluo Zhonglang General Du Qi, and the Suirong Lieutenant Sheng Bo.
A large number of Shu Han officials are mentioned in the Huayang Guozhi, and from the perspective of their positions, they belong to the first and second lines of Guanghan Taishou He, Taichang Chengcheng, Wuguan Zhonglang Wuliang, Shangshu Lang Wenli, Hanzhong Golden Governor Liu Yin, Yizhou Engaged in Liu Shen, Padang Supervisor Liu Chun, LiangZhou Governor Du Zhen, Shangshu Zuoxuan Lang Sima Shengzhi, Governor ChangXun, Changshui Junjun Changji, Guanglu Langzhong ChiefTain He Sui, Shang Shu Lang Wang Hua, Badong Taishou Wang Zhen, General Li Mi (author of the "Chen Qing Table"), Shu County Gong Cao Du Yun, Huangmen Waiter Lang Shou Liang, Guanghan Taishou Zhang Wei (Son of Zhang Yi) and others, plus Chen Shou himself, the author of the Romance of the Three Kingdoms.
The reason why he tirelessly listed so many Shu Han officials was just to illustrate the point that Shu Han had a large number of high-end talents, whether they were military generals, civilian ministers, or doctors. Moreover, it should be noted that most of the officials mentioned in the Huayang Guozhi lived in the middle and late Shu Han Dynasty, and many of them later entered the Jin Dynasty as officials.
At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Wang Fuzhi put forward the view that "shu han has no one" in the famous historical commentary "Reading through the Three Kingdoms", and Wang Fuzhi believes that "When Jiang Huan dies, Fei Yi stabs, the death of Shu Han will also be, and no one will die." He who is the king of the land will have his land. To gain his land, he must also get his wealth and wealth, and he must also get his people; he must get his people, he must also get his soldiers, and he must also get his virtuous. The land of Bashu and Hanzhong is passed, and if it is widowed, then its sages are only there. Therefore, Jiang Huan died, Fei Yi stabbed, and Shu Han had no one. ”
Wang Fuzhi believed that the territory of the Shu Han Was small, so there were few talents, and this argument has already been mentioned above. The fact that there are few talents in the Shu Han Kingdom does not mean that there are no talents except for Jiang Huan and Fei Yi. Wang Fuzhi's argument is based on absolute quantities, while we are talking about relative quantities.
Of course, Wang Fuzhi is a talent who believes that Shu Han lacks the ability of a specific chief consul, and from this point of view, wang Fuzhi's statement has a certain truth. However, the fact that there are no more Jiang Huan and Fei Yi among the large number of civilian officials mentioned above does not mean that their abilities are worse than those of Jiang Huan and Fei Yi.
What these non-mainstream civilian officials lack is not ability, but opportunity, and the highest ruling level does not give them the space to show their talents, so how can they spread their wings and fly high? Talent needs to be discovered, and talent cannot be allowed to go to the Supreme Archon, proudly saying: "Ru can take his place!" You are not as capable as me, so let me be the prime minister. "It's just a joke.
Leaving aside the issue of Zaifu's selection of talents, let's return to the famous saying mentioned in this article: "There is no general in Shuzhong and Liao hua is a pioneer." It is also not objective to think that Shu Han has no great generals since the Five Tiger Generals and Wei Yan. In fact, there are still quite a few military talents in the Shu Han Dynasty, and a few Shu Han military generals who have not been found at all in the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" and the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" are introduced to see if they are really all-round generals.
First of all, talking about Liu Yin, Chang Xuan's evaluation of Liu Yin is quite high, "straight and honest, thick in making friends, and up to politics." Good character, good popularity, high political intelligence. Liu Yin was not a pure civilian general, but an all-rounder who could be both a civilian and martial artist.
Liu Yin had followed the Shu Han general Jiang Wei several times in the Northern Expedition to the Central Plains, and on the one hand, he could give Advice to Jiang Wei; on the other hand, he could also carry a knife to the battlefield to cut people, "when the enemy was trapped, brave champion". As a military general, it is already quite rare to be able to get the evaluation of these eight words.
Liu Yin's position was not low, first as a tooth gatekeeper, and later as the Taishou of Ba County, an important town in Central Shu. However, what really made Liu Yin stand out was when he was serving as the Governor of Hanzhong. In the sixth year of the Shu Han Dynasty (263 AD), Sima Zhaobing, the King of Jin, divided into three routes and launched a large-scale attack on Shu, of which the main attack on Hanzhong was the Zhenxi general Zhong Hui.
At this time, Zhong Hui has long been famous all over the world, but Liu Yin does not care whether you are Zhong Hui or Deng Zhi, he knows that he will stick to the bottom line of his soldiers, that is, to fight to the end, and use iron blood and hegemony to prove to Zhong Hui that Shuzhong is not without a general!
Zhong Hui was a very dragged person, he usually had a very high self-esteem, and he had heavy troops, coupled with Jiang Wei's disastrous layout of The Hanzhong military defense, zhong hui easily entered the hinterland of Hanzhong. The Shu Han generals who guarded the military defense fortresses in Hanzhong saw that the Wei army was real this time, and no one was willing to give lao Ah Dou a life anymore, so they all became heroes and good men and surrendered.
Zhong Hui had a smooth ride along the way and was in a good mood, but Zhong Hui did not expect to encounter a big nail in front of Liu Yin. Liu Yin stubbornly guarded the fortress, allowing the Wei army to do all kinds of offensive means, preferring to die rather than surrender, and the banner of the Great Han still flew high in the lofty mountains.
Liu Yin knew that he had openly picked up the tiger whiskers of the Bell Society, and once the city was destroyed, it might burn the jade. But Liu Yin didn't care about these things, he just wanted Zhong Hui to know that men are dignified. Wei Jun's wild attack on Liu Yin was fruitless, Zhong Hui really couldn't afford it, and now he was dragged by Liu Yin, in case he wanted to be robbed by Deng Zhi to advance to Chengdu, he would lose a lot. Zhong Hui no longer paid attention to Liu Yin, and sent his generals to continue to besiege Liu Yin, and he rushed south out of Hanzhong to grab food with Deng Zhi.
Later, Liu Chan was frightened by Deng Zhi's lone army and made a prisoner of the fallen country in a hurry, and then Liu Chan gave Liu Yin an edict for the last time in the name of the emperor, ordering Liu Yin to surrender to the Wei army on the spot. Liu Yin went to see Zhong Hui with a big swing, and when Liu Yin of the old Dragon Bell stood proudly in front of Zhong Hui, he didn't know what Zhong Hui was thinking in his heart, and maybe he would admire the old man's stiffness.
Sima Zhao, the King of Jin, knew that Liu Yin insisted on not surrendering, and he also admired it very much, and men must have bones. Liu Yin was already in his seventies when the Shu Han fell, and he did not know when Liu Yin entered the official field, but Liu Yin was very well-known in his hometown of Chengdu when he was a child, and he should also be regarded as an old jianghu. A martial artist of this rank and level like Liu Yin is not worse than Liao Hua, who is almost the same era.
After talking about Liu Yin, let's talk about another tough man, Chang Xun, the reason why he chose Chang Xun to talk about it is because Liu Yin and Chang Xun have a lot of comparisons. Chang Xun was also a native of Chengdu, and the same teenager was well-known in the township, and later Liu Yin and Zhong would face each other, and Chang Xun and Deng Zhi would fight each other. However, compared with Liu Yin's more emphasis on the military, Chang Xun was a standard civilian official. Chang Xun's career was basically not related to the military, and he was all civilian.
Judging from Chang Xun's resume, Chang Xun is more like a hermit who is poor and happy, a polymath and an intellectual. During his period of seclusion, Chang Xun specialized in Mao Shi and Shang Shu, and read a lot of books and poured a stomach full of ink. It is a pity that a talent like Chang Xun did not go out of the mountains to do things for the imperial court.
After the Yizhou shogunate learned of ChangXun's skill, He went out of the mountain and became the chief of Guanglu Langzhong. Later, he became a Shang Shu Zuo Xuanlang, the level is not high, but the talent to exert ability, the initial platform is still not too high, the talent needs a process of continuous experience from low to high. I don't know how long it took, but Chang Xun was reappointed as the overseer of Yizhou, mainly focusing on criminal trial work. He is a man of integrity and integrity and a fair disposition, so when he breaks prison, "the rule of law is fair" is praised by the people of the time.
However, what really made Chang Xun famous was not his prison break, but his iron backbone when the Shu Han Dynasty fell. History is most likely to remember the four kinds of officials: meritorious, traitorous, straight, and strong, and Changxun should be regarded as the fourth kind of person. When the Shu Han Dynasty was about to perish, Chang Xun was reappointed as the county commander of Pi County, and during his tenure, Chang Xun "did not bother with the government" and was a good official who could sincerely do things for the common people.
In 263, the Wei general Deng Zhi smuggled through Yinguan and penetrated deep into the hinterland of Central Shu, especially the Battle of Mianzhu, eliminating the main force of the Shu army led by Zhuge Zhan, and Shu Han had basically lost the ability to resist. The local officials of the Shu Han Dynasty saw that Liu Chan was really going to die, and they reported to Deng Zhi in droves, and as for what the lord insulted and died, he had already been thrown out of the cloud of nine clouds.
Deng Zhi looked at the roster and found that all the governors of the counties around Chengdu could come, but only Pi County Changxun did not come. Deng Zhi sent someone to see, good fellow, ChangXian Ling was leading the army and civilians to build fortifications on the city, and it seemed that he was going to fight the Wei army to the end. Although the historical data did not mention whether the Wei army had attacked Pi County, deng Zhi also had a reason to look up at Chang Xun with this bone that would rather die than surrender.
Like Liu Yin, Chang Xun only went to see Deng Zhi after receiving Liu Chan's edict. Chang Xun earned enough face for himself, and also told Deng Zhi with practical actions: There is no one in Shu! Heroes have always respected heroes, if men want to get the respect of others, they do not necessarily have to succeed, at least to defend the dignity of men with blood, such failures can win more respect from the heart than success.
The above said that Wang Fuzhi believes that since Jiang Huan and Fei Yi, Shu Han has no more strategic talents. It depends on whether there is a chance to show your talents. At the time of the fall of the Shu Han Dynasty, there was a strategic talent worth talking about, that is, Shang Shulang Huang Chong.
Huang Chong, the son of Huang Quan, a famous minister in the early Shu Han Dynasty, was defeated by Liu Bei when Wu was defeated, and Huang Quan, who was overseering the army on the north bank of the river, "could not surrender Wu, and there was no way back to Shu". He surrendered to Cao Wei and was deeply influenced by the Wei state. Although Huang Quan surrendered to Wei, he left his son Huang Chong in Yizhou.
Huang Chong did not know which year he was born, but in 263 AD, he was at least forty years old. Shang Shu Lang belongs to the middle-level position of Shang Shu Tai, not high or low. After Deng Zhi smuggled yin ping successfully, he went straight down to Jiangyou, and Chengdu was greatly shaken. The Shu Han court immediately sent Zhuge Liang's son, the Wei general Zhuge Zhan, to lead an army north to meet the wandering ghostly Wei army.
Originally, the situation was very favorable to the Shu army, the Wei army was a long-distance mobile operation, far away from the mainland, and logistics supplies could only rely on war to feed the war. The Shu army was fighting on the mainland, familiar with the terrain and sufficient logistics, in this case, the Shu army should fight the Wei army as soon as possible, but Zhuge Zhan refused to go north when he arrived in Fu County. Looking at Zhuge Zhan's meaning, he planned to let the Wei army enter the plains and then surround and annihilate them.
Zhuge Zhan's use of soldiers is simply a pirated version of ma Chen's paper talk about soldiers, and he doesn't understand the reason why the tiger returns to the mountain? Later, Liu Yufa Southern Yan, Gongsun Fifth Floor advised Murong Chao not to let the Jin army cross the Da Da Shan Mountain into the plain, Murong Chao wanted to surround and annihilate the Jin army in the plain area, did not listen to Gongsun Fifth Floor's advice, and as a result was defeated by the Jin army, the country was destroyed in World War I.
Huang Chong, who had followed Zhuge Zhan north, saw this, and he advised Zhuge Zhan more than once: We must occupy the mountain fortress before Deng Zhi and prevent the Wei army from entering the plains. Zhuge Zhan may have been possessed by Ma Chen, ignoring the correct suggestion of Huang Chong, who was possessed by Wang Ping, and he firmly believed that his choice was correct. Huang Chong's persuasion was unsuccessful, he knew that the general trend was coming, and the miserable Huang Chongyang looked up to the sky and cried for a long time, perhaps the time had come for him to serve the country.
The Wei army entered the plain smoothly, and the morale of the Wei army defeated the forward troops of the Shu army, and Zhuge Zhan had no danger to defend, so he had to retreat sharply. At this time, the Shu army had lost its morale, plus the Wei army was the best at plains combat, the Battle of Mianzhu, Zhuge Zhan, Zhuge Shang father and son died. Huang Chong, already holding the determination to die, fought a bloody battle between the Overseers and the Wei army, and finally lost all their strength and martyred the country.
Zhuge Zhan's troops were annihilated by the Wei army, which directly led to Liu Chan's surrender, and if Zhuge Zhan listened to Huang Chong's advice to defend according to danger, it would be difficult for Deng Zhi to enter the hinterland of Shu, and Shu Han might not perish so quickly. Zhuge Zhan's pedantic use of troops precisely set off Huang Chong's strategic vision, but it was a pity for Huang Chong and Shu Han, if it was Huang Chong who led the army north, would Deng Zhi still have a chance to become famous in one battle?
The main reason for the demise of the Shu Han was that a strategic short circuit occurred at the most critical time, such as Jiang Wei's disastrous military defense layout in Hanzhong, and The Zhongzhong would enter Hanzhong; Zhuge Zhan missed the opportunity to enter the plains of Deng Zhi. Although the strength of the Shu Han state was weaker than that of Wei, as long as the defensive strategy was appropriate, even if it was as strong as the State of Wei, it could not be easily destroyed. From this point of view, Shu Han himself pushed himself into the grave of history.
As for saying that the Shu Han Dynasty had no one to use, leading to the fall of the country, this argument is not sufficient. The Shu Han had talents, but none of them seemed to be of great use, and they could only sit back and watch the country fall.
![Chen Xun's reading notes Liu Yin (see picture)[fig]](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///wAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=)