The green production mode of tea covers tea varieties, cultivation, soil, plant protection, processing, marketing, branding and other fields. Adhering to the human-centered rational ecological ethics as the guiding ideology, integrating biotechnology, and striving to revitalize the national tea industry.
Weeds are a long-standing and important component of the agroforestry ecosystem, and according to statistics, there are about 250,000 plant species recorded worldwide, of which 1100 species are considered invasive alien plants (weeds). Qiangsheng et al. surveys found that there are 108 species of exotic weeds in China, belonging to 23 families and 76 genera, of which 15 species are considered to be national or regional. For a long time, various methods (biological, chemical, physical, manual and mechanical weeding methods) have been tried to control weeds in different occurrence areas such as agriculture, forestry, pastoralism, and water areas, especially the use of chemical herbicides. However, chemical weeding has led to a series of headaches in ecological problems, and biodiversity conservation is seriously threatened.
Foreign research on the use of insect predators to control weeds
The use of insect predators to control weeds has been used in the world for more than 200 years.
In 1795, India mistakenly introduced the cochineal mealybug from Brazil as a magenta dye cochineal, which unexpectedly controlled the damage of the overlord tree cactus.
In 1836 and 1865, D. Ceylonicus was introduced to India and Sri Lanka respectively, which is the earliest record of the conscious introduction of insect predators to control weeds.
In 855, the American entomologist AsaFith found that there are many European weeds growing in the United States, and there are no insects to feed on, such as willow puckers, and suggested that insects be introduced from Europe to solve the weed problem, which is the earliest record in the world to recommend the use of insects to control weeds.
The success of early weed biological control has effectively promoted and promoted the development of modern weed biological control. Since the beginning of the 20th century, weed prevention and control has developed rapidly, and there have been many examples of successful control of weeds using insect predators.
In 1902, entomologist Koebele introduced 23 species of natural enemy insects from Mexico to Hawaii to control the weed Ma YingDan, and by 1905, 8 species had established populations, which inhibited the spread of Ma Ying Dan on the island of Hawaii, which was the first traditional biological control program of great significance for foreign weeds to search for natural enemy insects in their place of origin. From 1920 to 1953, five countries, including the United States and Canada, used double gold leaf nails to successfully control the spread of hypericum perforatum. In 1964, the United States introduced lotus grass straight-breasted jumping armor from Argentina to control the harm of hollow lotus grass.
In the 1970s, the former Soviet Union introduced natural enemies of the insect ragweed striped leaf beetle and ragweed nocturnal moth from North and South America to control American ragweed and triple-lobed ragweed. In the 1980s and 1990s, a total of 31 countries in the world introduced and released 6 species of insect predators to control water hyacinth, becoming one of the most influential weed biocontrol projects in the world.
In 1992, the United States introduced small fluorescent leaf beetles and yellow-brown hairy fireflies from Europe to control the thousand-sod vegetable, and by 2001 the two worms had established populations in more than 30 states in the United States and 10 provinces in Canada.
More than 70 countries around the world have carried out weed biocontrol work, of which the United States, Australia, Canada, South Africa and New Zealand are the most active weed biocontrol countries. Weeding with insects has become the most promising field in weed control work, and has been valued by many countries in the world.
There are 70 countries in the world that have carried out biological control of 133 target weeds in 39 families, using as many as 369 species of natural enemies and releasing nearly 1,000 times, of which 344 species of insects, accounting for 93.2% of the total number of natural enemies used. In recent years, insect weed control has broken through the limitation of simply introducing insects from the place of origin to control weeds, and has conducted in-depth and extensive research on the use of local insects to control local weeds and foreign weeds, while using a variety of insects to control the same weed, and the object of control has also developed from perennial weeds to annual and biennial weeds.
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