The 2.8 billion guarantee case is too bizarre! Bank experts explain the pledge business in detail: internal and external collusion is risky

Per reporter: Zhang Shoulin Per editor: Liao Dan

The $2.8 billion deposit was pledged as a guarantee for banks to provide bill financing and loans to third-party companies, which claimed they were unaware.

At the same time as the public opinion was in an uproar, a question triggered many discussions and speculations: How is this pledge guarantee realized?

At present, the authoritative information that has been disclosed is still limited, the "2.8 billion guarantee" case still has unsolved puzzles, and the bill financing business has touched the "knowledge blind spot" of many people.

So, according to the formal process, how is deposit pledge bill financing operated? What are the key links in the "2.8 billion guarantee" case that deserve careful examination? The "Daily Economic News" reporter interviewed a number of senior bankers engaged in the bill business.

<h2>"The deposit pledge process is not complicated"</h2>

"There are two types of banker's acceptance bills, one is open and the other is pledged. Exposure is based on credit. A person from a rural commercial bank who has been engaged in the bill business for a long time told reporters, "Suppose Huawei opens a bank acceptance draft, no problem with any bank." I credit you with 1 billion, and you go and invoice yourself. It's a purely credit-based way, you go to the invoice first, I give you acceptance; another way is to issue a bank acceptance draft through deposit pledge. ”

In the person's view, the process of a certificate of deposit pledge banker's acceptance draft is very simple. "It's the certificate of deposit that comes out, and then I sign the pledge agreement, and then I lend money or open an acceptance draft."

The person used an analogy: "If he wants to issue a ticket in our house, deposit the deposit here in the morning, and then open a certificate of deposit, and finally he endorses the certificate of deposit, the endorsement is to promise to pledge, and then we sign a pledge agreement, and in the afternoon we can issue the ticket, which is actually very simple." ”

The person stressed that it is not necessary to go a day at all, but two or three hours if it is fast. However, if a large amount of money is involved, it needs to go through the Loan Review Committee.

"It's just that a few bosses sit there and hold a meeting, but in fact, there is no need for a meeting, and before the meeting, they all know that the result will pass." Because the risk of deposit pledge is very low. Simply because the amount is large, there is a formal meeting on it. The person added that, for example, if it is handed in in the morning, it must be passed at a meeting, and there is no need to communicate in advance.

As for which departments are needed to participate within the bank, the person said that credit, credit, operation, but also electronic banking. "For example, if you want to sign a ticket, if you want to use online banking, you have to go to electronic banking, and the other is the compliance risk, just these departments, others." He said.

<h2>You can pay attention to whether the principal and interest of the deposit are fully pledged</h2>

As for what the depositor needs to do, the above-mentioned person said: "If he wants to pledge, he must call the handling staff to be present, and the authorization letter and other things cannot be less." It also includes some basic licenses, legal person seals, and financial chapters. If such a large amount of money, there is a video at the time of the interview. ”

If only one department cheats, can this business be successfully completed? The person's response was that this was not operational. "This kind of business is essentially no risk to the bank, the business process is not complicated, and the key point is to see whether the bank has an interview at the scene at that time."

If it is a short-term loan, is there a difference in process and bill financing? The person said that on the review, one before and one after the fact. "For short-term loans, trade background checks are placed in the back, but if invoices are issued, the tax invoices that prove the trade background should be provided before invoicing. Of course, the loan must also be partially reviewed in advance, but it is not as strict as the prior review of the bill. ”

He noted that bill financing requires the sight of a transaction tax invoice before it can be invoiced. The loan, signed a loan contract, agreed on a clear intention to use, after two or three months of lending there will be an after-the-fact loan inspection, you can provide tax invoices at this time. "From the perspective of compliance review, the bill review is a little stricter than the loan." He stressed.

He further explained that the bill review is a trade background compliance review, and the so-called tax invoice is the VAT invoice of the buyer and the seller. Regulators prevent idling of funds from arbitrage and let everyone open bank acceptance drafts based on real trade backgrounds.

The person also revealed that for large deposits of enterprises, banks will issue statements to enterprises every month.

"Every month I will send a statement to the company, and I will reconcile with you how much money your company has in our family." He said that banks will take the initiative to contact each other to reconcile.

In addition, he added: "You only need to check one thing, whether his deposit pledge is a full pledge that includes the interest on the deposit due." If so, the depository enterprise may be aware of it, that is, conspiring to make a profit; if not, it may be that the enterprise is being pledged without its knowledge. ”

According to his own experience, the rural commercial banker also analyzed, "This incident does not rule out that it is just a small wave in the vigorous invoicing business of small and medium-sized banks under the background of arbitrage, rather than an isolated phenomenon." From the perspective of the entire industry, depository companies and banks have done a lot of arbitrage business. ”

He revealed, "Seeing this, we were discussing it in the group the other day. Because the details are not known much, for a more complete presentation of the original appearance of the event, there are still some questions to be clarified later. ”

<h2>Industry: Normal issuance of banker's acceptance drafts takes three steps</h2>

A senior person from a local joint-stock bank engaged in bill business in Jiangxi told reporters that the financing of this deposit pledge bill depends on whether it is fully pledged or not fully pledged.

Full pledge refers to the pledge of 1 yuan of deposits, corresponding to the opening of 1 yuan of tickets. If it is a non-full pledge, it is leveraged financing and the loan amount is enlarged.

The person who took the note said that if the depositor and the issuer do not know each other, in general, the depositor is certainly reluctant to make a guarantee. "Why risk him," the person said, unless the two sides understand each other and can reach an agreement.

Make a banker's acceptance draft, and there is a deposit pledge, how to carry out under normal circumstances? The bill person said that bank acceptance bills of exchange, which are essentially a credit granting business, can be divided into three steps.

The first step is due diligence. Due diligence targets include both the invoicer and the mortgagor. For the invoicer, it is necessary to investigate the qualifications of the subject, the credit status of the subject, the financial situation, the purpose of invoicing, etc., all the information of the invoicing enterprise must be read, and all the information of the invoicing enterprise is obtained through due diligence. "Including the people's bank credit report, it is to be queried, and after these data are collected, they must be handed over to the background approval department."

On the other hand, due diligence should also be carried out on the certificate of deposit as collateral. "Whose collateral is, whether the certificate of deposit is genuine, whether it is sufficient, whether it can be pledged, whether there is a flaw, whether there is any other dispute or risk of being seized, and whether the pledgee's intention is true, are all due diligence." The person said that not the certificate of deposit is safe, and may also face the risk of judicial seizure, which banks cannot oppose. These must be investigated, and after the due diligence is completed, the due diligence information will be used for credit approval.

The second is review. The approval department confirmed that there was nothing wrong with the first source of repayment, that is, the borrower, and the second source of repayment, that is, the certificate of deposit, was also true and reliable, and there was no risk of seizure. "No problem, this business has entered the lending process." The person said that there is a special examination and approval department for examination and approval, that is, the credit approval department.

If it is a full pledge, it can be approved at the branch department. "If it is not a full pledge, such a large amount may need to be approved by the head office." I guess he's the full amount, that's a deposit of 100 bucks, and give you a 100 bucks ticket to go out. In this case, the authority is delegated to the branch or sub-branch. The person said that the non-full pledge, which level of approval depends on the authority, there is an internal sub-authorization.

Devolution is prone to moral hazard. "For example, it may be internal and external collusion, or it may be a separate internal crime, but in general, internal and external collusion is more likely." The person speculated that if the company said that it was not authorized, it could not be ruled out that the company had internal ghosts.

The third step is the landing process. It is to sign the agreement, which must be signed on both sides. The person stressed that in the due diligence link and the signing of the agreement, in terms of materials, the company's official seal and financial seal need to be stamped, and also need to be signed by the legal representative.

<h2>Businesses and banks are required to reconcile their accounts on a monthly basis</h2>

"The headquarters of the company (Jimin Trusted Group) is here with us, and I saw one of their bosses send messages in the group every day, I didn't understand it at first, and then I read the report and realized that there was a problem with their company's deposits." The local bill source revealed to reporters that the company is very influential in Jiangxi.

According to public information, Jimin Trust Group was founded in 1999, the business covers medicine, energy, investment and other fields, the existing staff of more than 12,000 people, headquartered in Nanchang, China. In 2020, the Group's operating income exceeded 39 billion yuan.

According to the analysis of the local bill person, the company has to do reconciliation every month. "Now online banking can be found." Reconciliation, he says, is also about finding these issues. Changes in various information of the account, whether it is a change in the balance or a change in the frozen status of the account, or a change in the account name of the account, will be reflected in the statement.

"Reconciliation is not a simple balance reminder, it is a comprehensive reconciliation, including the change of account name, including your pledge, including your interest, which will be seen." The local bill person said.

The head of the bill business of the North China branch of another joint-stock bank said that there are many possibilities in similar incidents. "It is possible for a company to leave blank stamped vouchers in the bank before."

However, according to the formal process, an interview is required, including the presence of financial personnel. The North China Bills person said: "Internal control may also have problems, may have done a number of low-risk business before, in order to ensure efficiency, enterprises may cover several more form contracts." This is only one of the possibilities, and the possibility of collusion between corporate financial managers and bankers is not ruled out. ”

Many of the above-mentioned bankers said that the current authoritative information is limited and can only be analyzed based on the normal operation process of the pledge bill business. The truth of the incident itself remains to be determined by the investigation of the authorities.

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