She was born into a famous family and was the great-granddaughter of Zeng Guofan's brother; she also stayed in the West, and was the first female archaeologist in China to study abroad; after returning to China, she achieved great achievements and participated in several famous archaeological excavations; and later became the president of the Nanjing Museum, where she served as a deputy to the National People's Congress and a member of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. However, in the end, she chose to jump down from the most familiar Linggu Temple North Tower when she was in her golden age.
She jumped in the heart of many people, stirring up waves, and the literary scholar Chen Yinke sighed: "Gao Cai short life who is sorry!" Mr. Hu Shi also sighed: "Unfortunately, she is really a talent!" ”
She is Zeng Zhaoyi, a person who is not remembered by people but should be remembered.
<h1 class="pgc-h-decimal" data-index="01" > deep in the clouds, listen to the rain</h1>
In XiaShi Village, Heye Town, Xiang County, Hunan Province, when mentioning the children of the Zeng family's "Wanyitang", everyone will unconsciously give a thumbs up.
The three sons and four daughters of the Zeng family are all elites: the eldest son, Zeng Zhaocheng, is a master's degree from Harvard University in the United States; the second son, Zeng Zhaocheng, is a doctorate from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the United States, and was later elected as the first academician of the Academia Sinica, and also served as the provost of Peking University and the deputy director of the Ministry of Higher Education; the younger son is a bachelor of Shanghai Daxia University; the eldest daughter, Zeng Zhaoyi, is a master's degree from the University of London, and later the dean of the Nanjing Museum; the second daughter, Zeng Zhaoyi, is a doctor of medicine and is the "mother of all babies" Lin Qiaozhi' Gaozu; and the third daughter, Zeng Zhaoyi, is a bachelor of economics at Southwest United University The youngest daughter, Zeng Zhaolinxi, is a bachelor of biology at Southern Union University.
The Zeng family is an elite, and several daughters do not let Su Mei, of which the eldest daughter Zeng Zhaoyi is an outstanding representative.
On January 27, 1909, Zeng Zhaoyi, the eldest daughter of the Zeng family, was born. She began to watch "Zuo Chuan" at the age of 6, and was admitted to Changsha Yifang Girls' School at the age of 14. Her cousin Zeng Baosun is the founder of the school and the leader of her life. Zeng Baosun devoted himself to education and never married. In that era, such "aliens" were really rare, and the young Zeng Zhaoyi also asked her cousin why she did not have a family, and she replied: "If you marry someone, you can only help a few people in a family, if you don't marry someone, you can serve tens of millions of people." ”
Such ambition, such arrogance, such a heart, rare in the world, the family style of the Zeng family, can be seen here. The young Zeng Zhaoyi did not understand very well, but he vaguely felt that this was a very great act.
As the eldest daughter, Zeng Zhaoyi was deeply loved by her brother, but at the same time, her homework was also tightly grasped. In 1929, Zeng Zhaoyi was admitted to the Department of Foreign Languages of Chuo University, and later transferred to the Department of Chinese. Here, she met the teacher who had the most profound influence on her, Hu Xiaoshi, a master of traditional Chinese studies. Zeng Zhaoyi described the teacher Hu Xiaoshi's class this way: "The teacher taught the history of Chinese literature, Chu Ci, Tao Xie poetry and other lessons, not only incisive insights, but also deeply impressed by its divine flavor, and the listener was full of people..."
Zeng Zhaoyi most liked the poetry between teachers and students, and remembered it deeply: "Teachers and students recited Wu Mengxiao's "Dotted Lips" the words 'The moon is vast, and the night should be illuminated by Nanqiao Road...', using its rhyme to the third, the group of disciples also harmonized. Yu He said: "The small pavilion flies in the air, and a pool of blue reflects the Yang Road; in the depths of the clouds, listen to the XiaoXiao rain." '”
Under the nourishment of the teacher Hu Xiaoshi's sinology culture, Zeng Zhaoyi's sinology cultivation became more and more profound, and even gradually began to be interested in archaeology.
<h1 class="pgc-h-decimal" data-index="02" > open your eyes to the world</h1>
In 1934, Zeng Zhaoyi graduated from the department of Chinese. With the encouragement of her second brother Zeng Zhao, she decided to study abroad.
The second brother's brother-in-law, Fu Si Nian, suggested that she go to England to study the best field archaeology of the time. Although this is a very hard profession, Zeng Zhaoyi resolutely set foot on the territory of Great Britain and became the first female archaeologist in China to study abroad.
In the British museum, Zeng Zhaoyi saw thousands of precious cultural relics from China, which crossed the ocean to come here and then were locked into cabinets, which deeply stung Zeng Zhaoyi's heart. She told herself over and over again in her heart that when she returned to China after completing her studies, she would definitely develop the museum business of the motherland and would never let such a tragedy repeat itself.
At the beginning of 1937, Li Ji, director of the Archaeology Group of the Institute of History and Language of the Academia Sinica and director of the Preparatory Department of the Academia Sinica, was invited to give a lecture in Europe. He was enthusiastically followed by several Chinese students studying archaeology at the University of London, in addition to Zeng Zhaoyi, Xia Nai, Yu Dajian, wu Jinding and his wife Wang Jiechen.
Several international students admired Li Ji, a teacher and friend from the motherland, and often dined in the apartment rented by Li Ji. Zeng Zhaoyi and her in-laws Yu Dajian are often compared. When Yu Dajian talked about "Zhao Yuanren's grace and elegance, Xu Zhimo's literary style, and Chen Yinke's dazed head" at the dinner table, Zeng Zhaoyi was silently cooking in the kitchen, although she was not very talkative, but her low-key and practical style won the favor of everyone.
During his time in London, Li Ji was hospitalized for osteoarthritis, but fortunately, Wang Jiechen and Zeng Zhaoyi, two girls, saddled up and took good care of them, and they were able to recover and be discharged from the hospital. In the interaction with several international students, Li Ji still showed the kindness of an elder, he was very concerned about the academic and future development direction of several international students, and he also very sincerely urged them to return to China after completing their studies and serve the archaeology cause of the motherland.
Figure | Mr. Li Ji
In early June 1937, Zeng Zhaoyi received a Master of Arts degree in ancient Chinese bronze inscriptions and patterns, ending his studies in Britain. This text is a huge work and was appreciated by his mentor Yeats. The 600 emblems on the ancient bronzes listed in the text are all compiled from 2,082 bronzes, which is a huge workload, which shows Zeng Zhaoyi's rigorous academic attitude.
Later, Li Ji established the National Central Museum in China, and in the early days of Britain, he had a good impression of Zeng Zhaoyi, so he sent her to Germany for further study in the name of the Chinese Museum. Li Ji once inspected the Deutsches Museum in Munich and sighed: "It is like entering the treasure mountain!" After ten days of watching, I haven't had the best of it."
He was impressed by the Deutsches Museum's use of cultural relics to popularize scientific knowledge, and Li Ji was determined to follow germany's example and promote science to take root in China, and Zeng Zhaoyi was Li Ji's future work partner. Facts have proved that Li Ji's vision of people is very accurate.
On July 7, 1937, japan invaded China in an all-round way, and Li Ji was busy with the westward relocation of the Nationalist government, and she had no time to take care of Zeng Zhaoyi, and she lost financial support. But what makes her most sad is not that she has no funds, but that she has a body of knowledge, but she cannot serve the country, and can only watch the motherland step by step into the war. Since the beginning of the war, she was useless as a student, and she regretted learning this major for the first time: "Why should I study history and archaeology, and I think how good it would be if I had studied chemistry with Zeng Zhao!" ”
In September 1938, Zeng Zhaoyi resolutely gave up the superior working conditions of the assistant professor at the School of Archaeology of the University of London and returned to China by boat.
Figure | In 1938, Zeng Zhaoyi interned at the Berlin Museum in Germany
<h1 class="pgc-h-decimal" data-index="03" > the golden song is unique</h1>
In January 1939, Zeng Zhaoyi arrived in Kunming with his mother and served as a special design committee member at the China Museum in Longquan Town on the outskirts of the city. In addition to Li Ji, dr. Wu Jinding and his wife Wang Jiechen, who studied together at the University of London.
Li Ji was very pleased with their arrival, and confidently customized a southwest archaeology plan: "Over the past ten years, the results of archaeology in North China have proved that some of the ancient Chinese culture is indeed from the southwest, and I intend to engage in southwest archaeology in accordance with the following plan in order to understand the origins of all Chinese culture." Li Ji first sent Wu Jinding to western Yunnan to find out the truth, and when he sent back the news that a large number of prehistoric sites had been found in Dali, Li Ji organized an archaeological excavation team and went to Dali to carry out work.
In the cold spring, on the shore of the Erhai Sea and at the foot of Cangshan Mountain, the excavation team recruited young and middle-aged Bai people to participate in the excavation work on the spot, excavated the sites such as Malong and Buddha Peak, and achieved preliminary results in archaeological work. The harsh conditions did not reduce Zeng Zhaoyi's enthusiasm for work, and she often made music in pain, giving poetry and affection: "The golden song is incomparable, and the towering carved pillar is also majestic." A city of herbs is green all year round, and there is no sorrow and no poetry. ”
At that time, Zeng Zhaoyi was only concerned about immersing herself in the magnificent and brilliant towering pillars of Dali, but she did not know that she was about to usher in a major pain in her life.
On November 23, at the archaeological site, Zeng Zhaoyi was shocked to hear that his mother had died of illness, as if Tianling gai had suddenly been hit and instantly lost its direction. She sighed, "Hurt! As a motherless person, what fun is there in this life! She hurriedly asked for leave and rushed to Kunming for funerals, and several brothers and sisters, except for Zhaoyi, who was far away in Beiping, could not come for some reason, and everyone else arrived. On January 2, the brothers and sisters buried their mother on the right hill in Wayao Village, Longquan Town.
Her parents are here, and there is still a place in life, after that, she only has the way back.
Figure | In 1932, Zeng Zhaoyi's family took a group photo, and the middle one was his mother
On January 14, Zeng Zhaoyi, who had not yet come out of the severe pain of bereavement, returned to the archaeological site and continued to participate in the excavation work. It was not until February 15 that the excavation team roughly completed the investigation of many sites in Dali. A total of 38 cultural sites from the Neolithic period to the Han, Jin and Nanzhao Dali periods were found, as well as seventeen ancient tombs since the Nanzhao Dali Kingdom, "which proves that they have considerable relations with other ancient Chinese cultures".
This archaeological cultural discovery was later named "Cang'er Culture".
Unfortunately, before all the archaeological results were taken away, the war had spread to Dali and the archaeological team was forced to move. However, many archaeological achievements could not be taken away for a time, so they had to be buried on the spot, zeng Zhaoyi buried together on the stone slab wrote: "Posterity has excavators, fortunately cherished and supported, or reburied, or moved to a good place, Shu lived up to the difficulties of the ancestors' creation, and the fistula protected the antiquities." ”
Zeng Zhaoyi regarded cultural relics as a child's heart, how could he not be moved!
Figure | Zeng Zhaoyi took a group photo with the staff
At the end of November 1940, the Academy of Sciences moved to Lizhuang, and Zeng Zhaoyi was appointed as the director general, responsible for daily work. She is still not good at talking, and is even considered "arrogant", but those who know her know that there is a fiery soul under her high-cold appearance, a heart of tireless sincerity to archaeology.
Suo Yuming, a draftsman at the China Academy of Art, once recalled: "Miss Zeng I knew: competent, ambitious, good in foreign languages, serious and serious in work. We respected her and feared her, and worked with her in an office, except for running the toilet, almost all sitting in our seats and working, not daring to be lazy at all. ”
Zeng Zhaoyi never cared about the evaluation of outsiders, and only focused on the archaeological cause in front of him. During the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, she also participated in the excavation of the most famous Pengshan Han Dynasty cliff tomb. Zeng Zhaoyi climbed the entrance of the cave in the mountain every day, identifying the stone fragments and the carved stones in the inner chamber of the tomb, and one person was responsible for all the field archaeological notes. This note is considered to have "gone beyond the scope of traditional Chinese epigraphy" and truly "represents the advanced level of Britain and even the world at that time".
In July 1943, Zeng Zhaoyi co-authored and published the book "Museum". This book condenses her years of experience, in addition to the results of the investigation of museums in Germany, but also combined with the actual situation in China, the principles and requirements of the organization, management, construction equipment and collection, display, research, education and other work of domestic museums have been concisely and concisely explained. This book also reflects Li Ji's long-cherished wish to educate the people and promote the development of science in China through the display of museums and science museums.
In the second half of 1943, Zeng Zhaoyi assisted Li Ji and overcame many difficulties to hold the "Ancient Stone Tool Exhibition", which was full of exhibitors and praised.
Figure | Mr. Tsang's books are old
<h1 class="pgc-h-decimal" data-index="04" > "I've been married to the museum for many years!" </h1>
In 1948, the Nationalist government defeated Taiwan and decided to select cultural relics, pack them in batches, and transport them to Taiwan, which Zeng Zhaoyi was very opposed to.
On December 6, Zeng Zhaoyi sent a letter to Hang Liwu: "All the objects selected in accordance with the resolution of the Council this time are national treasures, and if the cultural relics in Beijing are safe and sound, and the cultural relics are transported on the way or after arriving in Taiwan, in case of any loss, those who preside over this matter will always be national sinners." However, her opinion was not taken into account, and on December 22, the Navy dispatched the Zhongding Ship, which was supervised by Li Ji, to transport the selected cultural relics to Taiwan.
Zeng Zhaoyi did not give up, and published articles in newspapers several times, calling for all the cultural relics shipped to Taiwan to be shipped back, and even used the excuse of "too big and too heavy to be packaged." In the end, some were really recovered, including China's treasure of the town and the country, the heaviest bronze ware known in ancient China, the Houmu Pengding.
If it were not for Zeng Zhaoyi's vigorous persistence and unremitting efforts, we might not even have the opportunity to see it in textbooks.
Originally, Zeng Zhaoyi had the opportunity to go to Taiwan, but she was determined to stick to the mainland. She even persuaded Gao Renjun, a scholar who went to Taiwan alone, to stick to the mainland together, but without success. According to the comrades of the Nanjing Museum, after they arrived in Taiwan, Hu Shi once asked, "Is Miss Zeng here?" Is Miss Zeng here? After getting a negative answer, he couldn't stop sighing: "What a pity! This man is truly a talent! ”
In 1955, Zeng Zhaoyi was appointed president of the Nanjing Museum, and together with Xia Nai, a leading figure in the northern archaeological field, he was known as "Southern Zengbei Xia". These two classmates, who studied together at the School of Archaeology at the University of London, finally broke through their own world in the Chinese archaeological community.
Zeng Zhaoyi was full of enthusiasm for the cultural and cultural undertakings in New China, and she wrote in her diary: "Here is the new life of the museum with unlimited future, and it is also the beginning of my own career." The energetic Zeng Zhaoyi successively presided over the excavation of the Southern Tang Erling Tombs and the Han Dynasty Portrait Stone Tombs in Shandong Yinan, adding a strong touch to the history of Chinese archaeology.
Zeng Zhaoyi, who became the dean, treated his work diligently and devoted himself to the management of the hospital. She made an unwritten rule in the courtyard: all those engaged in cultural relics work, especially those who do archaeological work, are absolutely not allowed to collect antiques privately. She led by example and donated the porcelain tea set she collected and used during the Qing Dynasty to the state, and since then, the courtyard has been working upwards and downwards, and the discipline is strict.
Zeng Zhaoyi was successively elected as a member of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference and a deputy to the National People's Congress, and in 1956 he accepted a banquet from the chairman, leaving a deep impression on the chairman: "The descendants of Zeng Guofan, there is also a man named Zeng Zhaoyi. ”
Although Zeng Zhaoyi is already in a high position, she is still very frugal, and the writing fees she receives are either used for official entertainment or to help employees, and she hardly thinks much about herself. Even the lifelong events have never been planned for themselves. One Soviet expert who once cared about her life's events simply smiled and said, "I've been married to the museum for many years!" ”
Figure | Zeng Zhaoyi at the Nanjing Museum
<h1 class="pgc-h-decimal" data-index="05" > high life is short</h1>
Although Zeng Zhaoyi has made great achievements and holds an important position, in that special era, even she must always be vigilant against the "family tiredness", especially if she is still from a family. She took the initiative to participate in the land reform, took the lead in writing a review, and even self-examined herself for a whole day at the all-staff meeting, "recalling the past, and it was very painful."
These complicated affairs made Zeng Zhaoyi anxious and had no time to take care of him, and even once erased her enthusiasm for work.
For a long time, Zeng Zhaoyi had to constantly write various reports, explanations and proofs.
On March and 3, 1955, she "wrote the work plan of the History Group of the Committee for Criticizing Hu Shi Thought", and at 7:30 p.m. on May 16, she made a report to all the cadres of the Nanjing Museum on the "Incident of the Robbery of Cultural Relics by the United States and Chiang Kai-shek" and held a discussion... Such things, countless things, made Zeng Zhaoyi exhausted and exhausted, her mental pressure was getting bigger and bigger, but there was nowhere to solve it.
What fate wants to give you, even if you are careful, cannot be avoided, whether good or bad.
In June 1957, several professors, including Zeng Zhaoyi, zeng Zhaoyi's second brother, whom Zeng Zhaoyi had always revered, were put on the right hat; in August, his sister Zeng Zhaoyi became delirious; at the same time, Zeng Zhaoyi's nephew Zeng Xianluo was also wearing a top hat, expelled from public office, and re-educated through labor. The heavy situation of the people around him made Zeng Zhaoyi, who had been thinking too much, even more worried, and his mental condition was getting worse and worse.
But what caused Zeng Zhaoyi's spirit to suffer a heavy blow was the departure of his mentor Hu Xiaoshi. A day as a teacher, a lifelong father, remembering that when the young song slowly recited "Dotted Lips" spirited division commander, now she can only lie motionless here, and she can not do anything, Zeng Zhaoyi is extremely sad, and feels very powerless. The state of mind that had been curled up under high pressure for several days had been fully released at this moment, and her inner defense line had finally been broken.
All human suffering is essentially anger at one's own incompetence.
Figure | Zeng Zhaoyi took a group photo with his colleagues and directors of the museum
In 1964, on the eve of the next wave of wind, she was admitted to the Nanjing Dingshan Sanatorium due to depression.
On December 22, 1964, Zeng Zhaoyi, who was in the hospital, suddenly told the driver that he was going to go for a walk, and he was distracted, asking the driver to park the car in front of the Linggu Temple, and gave him a bag of apples before leaving. The driver did not find Zeng Zhaoyi's abnormality, what he did not know was that dean Zeng had gone, and there was no return date.
Half an hour later, on the north tower of the Linggu Temple, a figure floated and fell, like an autumn wind sweeping away the leaves, instantly returning to the earth. This fall has drawn an end to China's archaeological cause.
Zeng Zhaoyi's death has splashed a big wave in this not peaceful world, and some people are afraid that this wave will affect themselves, choose to ignore it, choose to calm down; and some people can't hide their horror, they sigh, sad. Her friend Chen Yinke sighed for her departure: "Who is sorry for the short-lived people of high talent, the white bi green fly is a pity." The Spirit Valley should cry at night, and the rain and rain will wet the end of the world. ”
Fang's soul has passed away, but he regrets that there is no good name left in the world. What was right and wrong at that time is now impossible to comment on. And Zeng Zhaoyi has also been lost in the rolling wheels of history, and few people know her now.
However, the author believes that Zeng Zhaoyi should be remembered, her contributions to the cause of Chinese archaeology should be remembered, and her sincere heart for the cause of Chinese archaeology should be remembered. Don't forget the past, the teacher of the future. Only by constantly introspecting, reflecting, and remembering the lessons can we avoid repeating the mistakes of the past.
Text | Cloud return
The image reference comes from the network