This article is a series of 158 intensive readings of Chinese history, and the history of the Two Jin Dynasties and the Southern and Northern Dynasties is serialized in 01, welcome to watch.
The establishment of the Western Jin Dynasty was obtained by Sima Yan from Cao Wei in the form of "Zen Concession".
Why is it so easy? This is because from his grandfather Sima Yi, the power had effectively fallen into the hands of the Sima family.
01. Sima usurped Wei
Sima Yi (179-251), courtesy name Zhongda, was a native of Wen County, Hanoi (present-day southwest of Wen County, Henan), from a family of officials who had been officials for generations. Great-grandfathers, grandfathers and fathers all served as high officials in the Han Dynasty. He was talented and strategic.
During the reign of Cao Wei, Sima Yi resisted Sun Wu in the east, Shu Han in the west, and Gongsun in Liaodong in Beiping, establishing prestige and seizing military power during the war. In the third year of the Jing Dynasty (239), the Wei Ming Emperor Cao Rui died, and he and the emperor Cao Shuang were sent to assist the 8-year-old Cao Fang the Prince of Qi.
Cao Shuang was jealous and ostracized Sima Yi, and transferred him from a lieutenant in charge of military power to a noble but powerless eunuch. Sima Yi was not satisfied with this. He pretended to be sick at home, secretly spying on the direction and plotting.
In the first year of Jiaping (249), Sima Yi and his son Sima Shi took advantage of the opportunity of Cao Fang and Cao Shuang to sacrifice the tomb of Emperor Wei Ming at Gaoping Tomb in the south of Luoyang City, suddenly closed the city gates, occupied the arsenal, and staged a coup d'état to force Cao Shuang to surrender his military power, and then killEd Cao Shuang and his henchmen.
From then on, the Wei state fell into the hands of Sima Shi. After Sima Yi's death, Sima Shi succeeded to power. He deposed Cao Fang and created the 14-year-old Cao Fang emperor.
In 255, Sima Shi died, and his younger brother Sima Zhao took power. Sima Zhao flew high, and everything in the imperial court had to be done with his nod. Emperor Cao of Wei grew up year by year, and he was very unhappy about this. He said to the left and right: "Sima Zhao's heart, passers-by know it, I can't sit and be humiliated." ”
Therefore, on the night of May 7, the fifth year of Wei Ganlu (260), he ordered the guards and attendants of the palace to take up arms and go out to sima Zhao, and he also raised his sword and stood on the car to command.
The sergeants rushed out of the palace and went straight to Xiangfu to kill them, and halfway along the way, they encountered a group of soldiers, led by Jia Chong, a close confidant of Sima Zhao and the middle protector who controlled the forbidden army. The two sides fought, and Cheng Ji, the crown prince who followed Jia Chong, saw that the emperor himself had come and asked Jia Chong, "What should I do?" ”
Jia Chong shouted loudly, "Sima Gong is raising you, just for today." What's there to ask! Cheng Ji listened, waved his long go, and stabbed straight at Cao Xian, only to hear the sound of "Ah", and died under the car.
After Cao Xian's death, Sima Zhaoli made Cao Huan emperor, and in the fourth year of Jing Yuan (263), he mobilized 180,000 troops to attack Shu in three ways, Deng Ai's army to Chengdu, Liu Chan surrendered, and Shu fell. Sima Zhao, believing himself to be highly meritorious, asked Emperor Wei to add "nine tins" to him and prepare to usurp the throne as emperor. At this moment, he suddenly fell ill and cried out for his life.
As soon as Sima Zhao died, the usurpation of the throne fell to his son Sima Yan. In the second year of Xianxi (265), Sima Yan asked the Wei Yuan Emperor Cao Huan to issue an edict "Zen Concession", while he himself pretended to be a concession, and finally under the repeated "persuasion" of his close ministers, he finally ascended to the emperor's throne.
02. Destroy Eastern Wu
At that time, there was also a Wu state in the lower Yangtze River region in the south. In the fifth year of Xianning (279), Emperor Wu of Jin sent troops to attack Wu. He was led by Sima Ling, Wang Hun, Wang Rong, Hu Fen, Du Xian, and Wang Jun. The Six Roads Army has more than 200,000 horses, east and west, and advances on land and water. Wu Guo hastily ordered the blockade of the dangerous points in the middle of the river, crossed the river with thick iron chains, and made an iron cone up to a mile long to secretly place it in the middle of the river, hoping to block the Jin army.
Wang Jun built dozens of large rafts in a tit-for-tat manner, tied straw men to them, and wore armor and staffs, so he was suspicious. He also selected soldiers who understood water to put the raft first, and went down the river, and the iron cone in the river was all tied to the raft and was taken away.
Wang Jun pierced a long and thick torch, poured oil on it, and when he encountered the chain, he lit it on fire, and after a while he burned the chain. Wang Jun thus broke through the Blockade of the Wu Army and captured many cities.
Soon, the Jin army conquered Jiangling, and many states and counties east of the Yangtze River surrendered one after another. In order to hasten the final victory and deploy a new advance, Du Pre convened a military conference. Jia Chong and other conservatives came out to obstruct it, saying that it was impossible to eliminate a strong enemy that had existed for a hundred years at once, and that at present the spring water is rising and diseases will arise, so it is better to wait for the next winter to continue the attack.
Du Xuan retorted: "The morale of today's warriors is high, just like a knife splitting a bamboo barrel, splitting the first few sections, the following will be solved, there is no obstacle, what else to wait for?" ＂
Du Pre said exactly what the idiom meant "like a broken bamboo", and the generals listened to this metaphor and were full of confidence and determined to take advantage of the victory.
What Du Xian said was indeed true, in February of this year, Wang Jun attacked Xiakou and Wuchang, and broke the waves to the east. In March, it arrived under Jianye City, and the flag covered the sun, and the killing sound was tremendous. Seeing that the general trend had gone, Lord Wu had to tie his hands and bring the coffin to Wang Junjun's gate to surrender.
Wang Jun personally untied him, ordered the coffin to be burned, treated him with courtesy, and received the Wu state map on behalf of the Western Jin dynasty. At that time, there were 4 states, 43 counties, 523,000 households, 230,000 soldiers and 2.3 million men and women. As a result, the Western Jin Dynasty unified the whole country.
03, the rule of Taikang
After the establishment of the Western Jin Dynasty, it was urgent to heal the wounds of war and restore and develop the social economy. Therefore, in the first year of Taikang (280), the Western Jin government issued decrees on occupying fields, school fields, and household transfers.
The occupation system and the school field system evolved on the basis of the Cao Wei tun field system. When Cao Cao came to power, in order to solve the problem of military food, the Tun tian system implemented by the Han Dynasty in the border areas was implemented on a large scale in the Central Plains. At that time, due to the chaos of the war, there were many empty wastelands and many displaced people, so Cao Cao combined land and labor force, let those who did not have land to plant the empty wasteland owned by the state, and stipulated that after receiving grain, the private cattle should be divided in half with the state, and the official cattle themselves would get 40% and the state would get 60%.
The laborers on the tun tian are called tun tian ke, which is actually the government's sharecroppers, which is the min tun. In areas with frequent military activities, soldier tun tian is also practiced, called military tun. The Tuntian system laid the material foundation for Cao Cao's unification of the north and played a positive role.
However, in the later period of Cao Wei, due to the insatiable greed and increasing corruption of the rulers, the exploitation of Tuntianke and Tuntianbing was greatly aggravated. Not only were they forced to expand their cultivated areas, but they were often requisitioned for various kinds of servitude. The laborers in the fields continued to flee, and the yields became lower and lower, and even the seeds could not be recovered.
On the other hand, the bureaucratic aristocracy often divided and encroached on the land of Tuntian and turned Tuntianke into their private tenants.
After Sima Shi took control of Cao Wei's real power, in order to gain the support of officials at all levels and the clans, he simply rewarded them with tun tian households that rented official cattle, and gave them an unequal number according to the official products from the secretary of state below.
Since TunTianhu had been exempted from government conscription in the past, these people retained this right after becoming private tenants. Many self-employed peasants who were afraid of servitude also threw themselves under the nobles and became tenants.
In the first year of the Xianxi Dynasty (264), Sima Shi ordered the dismissal of tun tian guan, and changed the canonical officials under the tun tian system to the county taishou or county commander, abolishing the mintun system. After Emperor Wu of Jin ascended the throne, he reiterated his former order: "Dismiss the peasant officials as counties." ”
Since then, most of the Tuntianke have become the government's households, and a small number of them have become tenants of the powerful clan.
On the one hand, the Western Jin Dynasty must take care of and protect the interests of the family clan. However, the excessive encroachment of the family clan on land and labor will also produce certain contradictions with the central government: fewer and fewer peasants serve and pay taxes, which will affect the income of the state' military service; the concentration of land will also cause sharp class contradictions and cause social instability. This was the main reason why the Western Jin Dynasty implemented the occupation system and the school field system.
The so-called occupation of the land is nominally allowed to be occupied by the people in the land stipulated in the decree, that is, a man (16-60 years old) can occupy 70 acres of land, and a woman can occupy 30 acres of land. As for the lack of occupation, the government does not guarantee it, nor does it ask questions.
The meaning of the school field is to supervise the cultivation of the land, in order to ensure the government's tax income, stipulating that every Ding man, regardless of whether he has land or not, the government must make you cultivate 50 acres, Ding women 20 acres, sub-Ding men (13-15 years old, 61-65 years old) 25 acres, sub-Ding women are exempt from class, which is mandatory, has the meaning of "driving the people to the peasants".
The government does not require all the 70 acres of land to be cultivated, but at least 50 acres must not be abandoned. Because there were still many wastelands at that time, and some people occupied the fields and did not cultivate them, they went to engage in speculation and trafficking, so the government had to supervise them. The magistrate must be responsible for the number of acres of land to be reclaimed by the number of schoolers in the county and the county, in order to pay the rent to the central government.
The system of occupying land and teaching fields enabled the government to win a part of the households from the hands of the powerful and powerful, and the labor force controlled by the government has increased significantly. The number of households in the third year of Taikang (282) increased by more than 1.3 million compared with the first year (280) of Taikang( 280), which promulgated the system of occupying fields and teaching fields. Although the burden of school fields and household adjustment was heavier than that of Cao Wei, because the peasants had a part of the land and had the enthusiasm for production, the system of occupying the field and the system of teaching the field still stimulated the development of production.
At the same time, in order to restore and develop social production, the Western Jin government also adopted a series of measures: At that time, due to the long-term war in the north, the land was barren, and the labor force was lacking, the Western Jin government recruited the population in Shu and Wu to move to the north, and announced that it would give preferential treatment to exempt them from 20 years of servitude; build water conservancy to prevent flooding; remove 35,000 cattle from being given to the generals and soldiers in the Yingchuan and Xiangcheng areas for spring ploughing; in order to increase the agricultural population, ordered the government to find a spouse for girls over 17 years old who did not marry; and repeatedly issued edicts to reward farming. Taishou Wang Hong of Ji Commandery (汲郡, in present-day Henan) grasped the agricultural well, rewarded 1,000 grain seeds, and promoted him to the rank of Grand Si Nong; after Pingwu, Xiazhao Prefecture County was exempted from military service to reduce the burden on the peasants, and so on.
In short, due to the reunification of the whole country after the Pingwu Dynasty, wars decreased and society tended to be stable. Therefore, during the Taikang period (280-290), there was a social and economic prosperity and a prosperous scene. The history books record the situation at that time: "There is nothing under the world, taxes are evenly paid, and people are happy with their work." "In taikang, the world is written in the same text, the car is on the same track (national unification), the cattle and horses are wild, the surplus grain is perched on the acre, the grass hut is traveled, and the outside is not closed." The people meet like relatives".
This means that after reunification, people live and work in peace and contentment, taxes are evenly paid, there is a surplus of grain, cattle and horses are scattered in the fields, and there is no need to close the door to prevent theft. Although these records are inevitably a bit exaggerated, it is a fact that the society was relatively stable and prosperous during this period.
Unfortunately, the "rule of Taikang" in the Western Jin Dynasty was only a flash in the pan. This is because the Western Jin Dynasty was a family power, a privileged class in this landlord class, corrupt and greedy, so soon after the establishment of the Western Jin Dynasty, social contradictions and internal contradictions within the ruling class soon became sharp.
04. The privileges of the Gatekeeper Clan
The Western Jin Dynasty was the regime of the Shijia clan. During this period, the door valve system representing the interests of the family clan was further established.
The so-called door valve is the valve reading door. There are two pillars outside the gate of the ancient aristocratic bureaucrats in our country, the left one is called "valve" and the right one is called "reading", which is often used to post the merits of the household. Valve reading has become a symbol of the homes of dignitaries and nobles, so the families of those who have been officials for generations are also called door valves.
The door valve system is a hierarchical system that strictly distinguishes the different political, economic, social and cultural positions of the scholar and the shu according to the portal hierarchy, so as to maintain the privileges of the high-gate nobles.
There is a process in the formation of the door valve system. After emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty, two far-reaching events appeared: one was the development of the large-scale land ownership system, and the other was that Confucianism was fixed in one statue; Confucian scriptures such as "Shang Shu" and "Spring and Autumn" became family studies studied by generations. Some large landowners combined with Confucianism could become officials for generations. They are called "warriors" or "clans".
"Shi clan" means that they have mastered Confucian and cultural knowledge, and "shi clan" means that they have been officials for generations.
After the Eastern Han Dynasty, "the selection of scholars and the discussion of surnames and clans", a number of family clans that have been officials for generations began to form. For example, the Hongnong Yang clan and the Runanyuan clan have all served as the "three dukes" for four consecutive generations. After the Wei and Jin dynasties, the hierarchical distinction between the Gaomen and the Hanmen in the landlord class was further established. The politics of that time was often referred to as "door valve politics."
In the process of the formation of the door valve system, the nine-pin Zhongzheng system implemented by Cao Pi when he established the State of Wei played an important role; "Nine Pins" means that the scholars are divided into nine grades, and "Zhongzheng" is the official who evaluates the scholars, mostly by the family clan. Therefore, the Jiupin Zhongzheng system became a powerful tool for the shi clan landlords to consolidate their political privileges.
At that time, family lineage was the only criterion for determining "quality", and the so-called "capital calculation and determination" was to use the door capital (the high and humble level of the door) and the official capital (the political status of the father and ancestor) as the basis for determining the character.
The family clan used this system to monopolize the important official positions of the government, forming a strictly hierarchical door valve system that was passed down from generation to generation and "there was a public gate and a secretary of state".
In addition to the main privilege of being an official for generations in politics, there are two kinds of privileges: one is the privilege of being economically exempted from military service according to the official goods of tian and himself and his family, clothing, food, clothing, tenants, etc., and the other is the right to go unpunished.
The Western Jin Dynasty set separate standards for each crime committed by the warriors, regardless of conviction and sentencing. According to the "Eight Opinions", that is, according to their special status and status, the crime of the scholar clan can be reduced or exempted, or the crime can be atonened with money. Therefore, xiongyuan of the Eastern Jin Dynasty later said: "The wise people do not produce the world, and the usage is not as good as that of the magnates." ”
After the formation of the door valve system, the Gaomen clan was considered to be the most noble special class, they were called "surname", "famous family" (famous for the past), "Wang clan" (with prestige), "crown family", "Yiguan clan" (family lineage), "Gaomen", "Shengmen", "Shiliu" (ancestral official positions), "County Wang", "County surname" (the family name is admired by the local people), "right surname" (in ancient times, the right is above), and so on.
Others who do not have privileges are called "Shou", "Second Gate", "Servant Gate", "Back Gate" and so on.
The social status and status between the scholar and the concubine are completely different, there are different household registrations, they cannot intermarry, and they sit at different seats.
In the fourth year of Xianning (278), when he was in the imperial court, Emperor Wu of Jin burned an extremely precious "Pheasant Head Qiu" in front of hundreds of officials. This was presented by Cheng Cheng, the medical officer of the Tai Hospital. This dress, all made of pheasant hair, was a rare treasure, and the hundred officials looked at it with both admiration and pity.
Emperor Wu of Jin was a very absurd and extravagant monarch. He was very, and twice ordered the beauty of the world to go to the harem. In the ninth year of the Tai Dynasty (273), the daughter of a civil and military official of the higher rank was elected to the palace. The following year, the daughters of lower-ranking civil and military officials and ordinary scholars were elected to the palace. After he has selected them, only those who are unqualified can marry, and those who conceal them will be killed on the charge of "great disrespect."
05. Shi Chongdoufu
Among the aristocratic bureaucrats of the Western Jin Dynasty, there was also a tendency to fight for wealth. The most famous is even Shi Chong and Wang Kai Doufu. Shi Chong, the founding father of the country and the younger son of Situ Shi Bao, was a wise man, scheming, and had the way to make money, and was given the title of Marquis of Anyang Township. When he was assassinating Jingzhou, he sent his loyal officers and soldiers disguised as robbers to rob rich merchants of their belongings, and even robbed foreign envoys of treasures given to the Jin dynasty court.
Later, Shi Chong, who entered the dynasty as a servant, was famous and wealthy in Luoyang. Wang Kai was the uncle of Emperor Wu of Jin and a wealthy man in the capital. Wang Kai and Shi Chong, unconvinced by each other, were determined to compare.
Wang Kai washed the pot with rice milk or wheat sugar water to indicate luxury, and Shi Chong used white wax as firewood.
Wang Kai went out and used purple silk cloth to make a 40-mile barrier (a barrier is a curtain on both sides of the road to cover the wind and cold and block dust); Shi Chong's brocade satin made a 50-mile barrier.
Wang Kai used red stone grease instead of clay to paint the wall, red stone grease is a valuable medicinal material, it painted the wall, red, as delicate and shiny as wax; Shi Chong's use of pepper and mud to paint the wall, pepper is a spice, used to paint the wall warmth is good, there is a fragrance, the original only queen lived in the room, called "pepper room".
In order to support Wang Kaidoufu, Emperor Wu of Jin gave him a coral tree, two feet high. Wang Kai took it to Shi Chong's face to show off, and Shi Chong, expressing disdain, casually picked up Tie Ruyi and smashed it to pieces. Wang Kai was very sad and was about to have a seizure, When Shi Chong sneered, "You don't need to be in a hurry, I will compensate you immediately." He asked the slave to take out six or seven corals, all three or four feet high, and the overlapping branches were countless layer by layer, and the colors were as bright as jade, and said: "There is nothing unusual about this, you can choose by yourself." “
Wang Kai looked at it, stunned, and after this contest, he was ashamed of himself.
These two people not only spend money like dirt, but also despise human life as a child's play. Both families had large numbers of slaves killed at will. Wang Kai once had a banquet, ordered a beautiful woman to play the flute to help entertain, and when he was out of tune, Wang Kai ordered someone to be pulled to the front of the steps and beaten to death.
Every time Shi Chong's wine banquet, there are always many beautiful women singing and dancing and persuading wine. If any guest drinks and does not toast, the beautiful woman who persuades the drink will be killed. Once, Wang Dun deliberately did not drink alcohol, and Shi Chong killed three beautiful women in a row. How ferocious and cruel it has reached!
A life of debauchery and luxury must cost a lot of money. The clans of the family unscrupulously obtained money, and from the beginning of the emperor, they sold officials and knights. One day, Emperor Wu of Jin asked his chancellor Liu Yi, "Qing see what emperor I can compare to the Han Dynasty?" ”
Liu Yi was a direct minister who dared to speak and dared to speak, and replied: "Comparable to Huan and Ling." "Emperor Huan and Emperor Ling were famous emperors at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty.
Emperor Wu of Jin was very upset and said, "It won't be like this." I pacified Eastern Wu, unified the whole country, and governed the country diligently, how can I compare with Emperor Huan and Emperor Ling? ”
Liu Yi did not budge and said: "Emperor Huan and Emperor Ling sell officials, money goes into the public treasury, Your Majesty sells officials, and money goes into the private treasury, so it seems that you are probably not as good as Huan and Ling." “
Although Emperor Wu of Jin was not happy to hear it, Liu Yi's statement was indeed a fact and could not be denied. He was still smart enough, and then he laughed and said, "Huan and Ling are alive, no one dares to talk like this, and there are direct ministers like you in my court, which shows that I am still smarter than them." ”
As soon as he said this, he got off the stage with dignity. The ministers who were frightened by Liu Yi's words and broke out in a cold sweat quickly praised in unison, and then held Emperor Wu of Jin in a daze.
For the love of money by the door valve nobles, a Nanyang man Lu Zhen wrote a satirical poem "The Theory of Money God", which said:
"Money is the body, there is the image of qiankun, the inside is its square, the outside is its circle... Relatives like brothers, the character is known as Kong Fang (there is a hole in the copper coin). If it is lost, it is poor and weak, and if it is gained, it is rich... No virtue and respect, no power and heat, rowing the golden door into Zi Min (the emperor's court), where the money is, danger can make peace, death can make life; where money goes, expensive can make it cheap, and life can make it kill. It is because of the indignation to argue (to fight a lawsuit), not to win the money; to be lonely and stagnant, not to pull out money (promotion); to resent hatred, not to understand money; to make people laugh and talk, and not to send money. Luo Zhongzhu Yi (prince and nobleman), when tu zhishi (courtier), love my brother, all have nothing, hold my hand, hold me forever, all people today, only money! ”
The worship and affection of the door valve nobles for money is portrayed so wonderfully! This is reminiscent of a similar passage by Shakespeare in The Gate of Athens:
"Gold, yellow, glowing, precious gold!" This little bit alone can make the black become white, the ugly become beautiful, the wrong become right, the lowly become noble, the old man become a teenager, and the coward become a warrior. ”
Although Shakespeare and Rubius lived in different times, the nature of the exploiting classes in ancient and modern times was the same in love with money and life.
Just when the door valve nobles of the Western Jin Dynasty were indulging in lust and drunkenness, a sober-minded minister, Fu Xianji, saw the seriousness of the problem. In his message to the emperor, he said: "The cost of luxury is worse than the natural disaster."
Yes, natural disasters are limited, but the harm caused by luxury is endless. The unrestricted oppression of the people's blood and sweat by the magnates will eventually be resisted by the people.
#pgc-card .pgc-card-href { text-decoration: none; outline: none; display: block; width: 100%; height: 100%; } #pgc-card .pgc-card-href:hover { text-decoration: none; } /*pc 样式*/ .pgc-card { box-sizing: border-box; height: 164px; border: 1px solid #e8e8e8; position: relative; padding: 20px 94px 12px 180px; overflow: hidden; } .pgc-card::after { content: " "; display: block; border-left: 1px solid #e8e8e8; height: 120px; position: absolute; right: 76px; top: 20px; } .pgc-cover { position: absolute; width: 162px; height: 162px; top: 0; left: 0; background-size: cover; } .pgc-content { overflow: hidden; position: relative; top: 50%; -webkit-transform: translateY(-50%); transform: translateY(-50%); } .pgc-content-title { font-size: 18px; color: #222; line-height: 1; font-weight: bold; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap; } .pgc-content-desc { font-size: 14px; color: #444; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; padding-top: 9px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 1.2em; display: -webkit-inline-box; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; } .pgc-content-price { font-size: 22px; color: #f85959; padding-top: 18px; line-height: 1em; } .pgc-card-buy { width: 75px; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 50px; color: #406599; font-size: 14px; text-align: center; } .pgc-buy-text { padding-top: 10px; } .pgc-icon-buy { height: 23px; width: 20px; display: inline-block; background: url(https://lf6-cdn-tos.bytescm.com/obj/cdn-static-resource/pgc/v2/pgc_tpl/static/image/commodity_buy_f2b4d1a.png); }
Classic General History of China (16 volumes) ¥168 purchase
The content of this article is compiled from the "History of the Two Jin Dynasties and the Southern and Northern Dynasties" of the China International Broadcasting Publishing House's China Reading Book "Classic Chinese General History".
There are 16 books in the complete set of "Classic Chinese General History", namely: "Xia Shang History", "Western Zhou History", "Spring and Autumn History", "Warring States History", "Qin and Han History (Part I)", "Qin and Han History (Part 2)", "Three Kingdoms History", "Two Jin And Northern And Southern Dynasties History", "Sui and Tang History (Part 1)", "Sui and Tang History (Part 2)", "Five Dynasties History", "Song Dynasty History", "Yuan Dynasty History", "Ming Dynasty History", "Early Qing Dynasty History", "Late Qing History".
The book was compiled by more than a dozen older historians, mostly born in the first half of the last century, over several years. From the historical migration of xia and shang to the late Qing dynasty, the panoramic depiction of 5,000 years of Chinese history is professional and authoritative, and it is easy to understand, suitable for all ages, passing down classics, and it is worth learning and cherishing.