Revival and further expansion (300 AD – 390 AD)
Through the Second Crusade, Yiqiu Jian briefly stabilized the situation in Eastern Liaoning. For more than sixty years, Goguryeo was unable to expand into Liaodong and maintained a harmonious and stable situation with the Central Plains Dynasty for more than sixty years.
Yiqiu Jian took back the four counties of Han
However, Goguryeo did not perish, it slowly recovered, and only seventy years later Goguryeo rebuilt the maru capital city destroyed by Yuqiu Jian, and took advantage of the Yongjia Rebellion of the Western Jin Dynasty to launch an attack on the Central Plains. In 313 AD, King Mikawa of Goguryeo annexed the former HanSi County, (Goguryeo actually made its fortune after annexing and invading the Han Four Counties, and harvested a large number of people and property). The center of rule of Lelang County was in the area of present-day Pyongyang. At that time, the baekje state that had gradually grown up from many small countries in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula was in present-day Seoul. After Goguryeo entered the area around Pyongyang, it met Baekje, which was expanding northward, and the two countries were constantly at war. At that time, Silla at the southern tip of the peninsula was still a small country, and its strength could not be compared with these two countries. In the midst of a fierce military confrontation with Baekje, Goguryeo began to "march westward". But the expansion of Goguryeo was not smooth.
At the same time, with the fragmentation of the Western Jin Dynasty, just as Goguryeo began to stir. A Sinicized Xianbei Murong regime rose rapidly in western Liaoning and soon formed an indisputable confrontation with Goguryeo.
After Sima Shi replaced the Cao Wei regime, he established the Western Jin Dynasty, ending the division of the Three Kingdoms, and in the early Western Jin Dynasty, he paid more attention to the management of frontier nationalities. In the northeast, "open up the old land, but the land is thousands of miles, the Great Wall of Qin is plugged, from the wetland to the stone, the valley is stretched, and three thousand miles, the army is guarded, by the border is secured, no dog barking police." From the Han and Wei Zhengzhen ratios". At the end of the many ethnic groups in the north annexed to the Western Jin Dynasty, "more than twenty countries that have not been attached to the past, and envoys to the dynasty." Therefore, yuanyi binfu, the four realms are safe, the years are abundant, and the horses are strong." However, the Western Jin Dynasty soon fell into a competition within the royal family for general strategy, the Central Plains Dynasty fell into a long period of turmoil, the northern ethnic groups established their own political power, after the Western Jin Dynasty moved south to establish the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the northeastern ethnic regimes launched a fierce battle in Liaodong, especially Murong Xianbei and Goguryeo.
The war between Murong Xianbei and Goguryeo can be traced back to The Passage of the Second Eastern Expedition by Yuqiu Jian, in which Murong Xianbei also participated, and was given the title of "King of Zuoxian" by military merit. This was the beginning of the armed conflict between Murong Xianbei and Goguryeo. Although it is not an analogy-led war, it has opened the curtain of armed conflict between the two sides.
In contrast to Murong Xianbei, who had been fighting for a long time against murong Xianbei, who was emerging in the Liaohe River Valley, and for Liaodong Commandery and Xuanyu County, Murong Xianbei had the upper hand.
Since the Rebellion of Yongjia in Jin, the Pingzhou Assassin Shi and the Lieutenant of Dongyi no longer had the ability to rule Liaodong, and Murong Shi rose strongly. In 285 AD, Murong Xianbei established the state, known in history as Former Yan. At this time, Goguryeo was undoubtedly closer to the Central Plains system than Murong Xianbei, and Duan Xianbei and Yuwen Xianbei had always been stronger than Murong Xianbei. In order to suppress the rise of Murong Xianbei, Cui Yi, who was then the commander of Pingzhou and Dongyi, sent people to Goguryeo to conspire to unite with Goguryeo, Yuwen Xianbei, and Duan Xianbei to form a three-kingdom alliance to attack Murong Shi. Murong Shi encountered the biggest crisis since the founding of the country, but the famous generals seem to have written into Murong Shi's genes from this time on, and Murong Shi was about to shock the world with an epic war.
The Three-Kingdoms Alliance soon surrounded Murong Shi's capital, Dazhicheng (大棘城, in present-day Yi County, Liaoning), and Murong Xi (wei Sisheng) believed that the Three-Kingdoms alliance army was huge and vigorous, and if it was a quick battle, it would be right in their arms, but the three countries had different interests and did not trust each other, and they were a ragtag group that could be separated. Therefore, Murong Xi held firm at the city of Dazhi, refused to fight, and asked Murong Han, the eldest son of Shu, to command the reserve and defend the old capital of Qingshan (present-day Jinzhou, Liaoning).
After thwarting the vigor of the Three Kingdoms Alliance, Murong Xi again used a divisive strategy, sending people alone to treat Yuwen With cattle and wine, falsely claiming that he had reconciled with Cui Yi and lowering Yuwen's will to fight. Duan Xianbei and Goguryeo did suspect that Yuwen and Murong were secretly colluding, and for safety, they both withdrew.
Now Murong Xi's enemies were only the Yuwen clan, but the Yuwen clan alone had hundreds of thousands of troops, with a battalion of thirty miles, which was much stronger than murong shi. Murong Xi planned to summon Murong Han into the city and join forces to defend the city, but Murong Han thought it would be more advantageous to be a surprise soldier outside, and persuaded Murong Xi to let him stay in Qingshan.
Yuwen Xi's commander Yuwen Xi was also well aware of Murong Han's fierceness, and sent a group of soldiers and horses to attack Qingshan, but Murong Han set up an ambush, ate this army clean, and then took advantage of Yuwen's unconsciousness to come to raid Yuwen's base camp and contact Murong Han to cooperate with him.
Murong Xi sent his concubine Murong Hui (慕容皝) to lead an army out of the city and form a phalanx to engage yuwen. Yuwen Clan prided itself on having many soldiers, quite sluggish, the two armies fought to the bitter end, Murong Han led the odd troops suddenly appeared behind Yuwen Clan, under the attack on both sides, Yuwen Clan was defeated and lost, most of the troops were captured, and from then on declined, Murong Clan was greatly shaken and became the new hegemon of Northeast Asia.
After this battle, Murong Xi had become a well-deserved great power in Northeast Adam and was fully respected by the Eastern Jin Dynasty in exile in Jiangdong. The Eastern Jin Dynasty elevated Murong Xi to the position of a prince and ordered him to despotically rule Liaodong, and Murong Shi became the banner of the Han people in the northeast, and a steady stream of Han exiles turned to Murong Shi.
After Cui Yi's plan to use the Mao Shield between the four kingdoms and reap the benefits of the fishermen was shattered, Cui Yi also wanted to pretend not to know this and sent his nephew Cui Tao to pretend to give Murong Yi a congratulatory gift, but Murong Yu broke the truth and forced Cui Yi to surrender quickly or get out of the egg. Instead of defecting to Murong Yu, Cui Fled to Goguryeo and became the progenitor of today's Choe clan in Joseon.
It can be seen that until this time, goguryeo's status in the minds of the famous Chinese scholar Cui Yi was still higher than that of Murong Shi, Duan Shi, and Yu
Wen Shi and other Xianbei three parts.
At this time in Goguryeo, King Haochuan's new son Feng Shangwang took the throne, this person was "young and arrogant, suspicious and jealous", and the king of Fengshang
After ascending the throne, he was tyrannical and suspicious of the xianchen, and in 292 AD, he "killed the King of the An kingdom, Dajia, and Wang Yijia was talking about his father's deeds, and he had great merits, and was looked up to by the people, so he suspected it and murdered him." In 293 AD, "the king said that his brother had an inherently different heart and gave death", and the people of the country "mourned with impunity and innocence". Apparently dissatisfied with king Fengshang, Goguryeo was in another earthquake at this time. The domestic situation became even more turbulent, and Murong Xi took advantage of this opportunity to launch an attack on Goguryeo.
294 AD. In 296, there was another war against Goguryeo, "In the autumn and August of the second year (294), Murong Hui invaded, and Wang wanted to flee to the new city to hide from thieves. Marching to the Crane Forest, Murong Yu knew that the king was out, and led the army to pursue him, and the king was afraid. When the younger brother gao nuzi of the north of Xincheng Zai led five hundred horses to welcome the king, when he avoided the attack, the Army of Liao was defeated and retreated, and Wang Xi and The Viscount of Gao Ma were made the eldest brother, and the Hulin was also given to the Hulin as a food yi."
"In the autumn and August of the fifth year (296), Murong Xi invaded, went to his homeland, saw the tomb of king Xichuan, and made people send it, and the servants had violent deaths, and they also heard the music in the circle, and they were afraid that the gods were retreating, and the king said to the Qunchen: 'Murong Shi's soldiers and horses are strong, and they have repeatedly violated my territory, so why bother?' Xiangguo Cangsukeli said: "The eldest brother of the north, Gao Nuzi, is virtuous and courageous, and if the great king wants Kou Anmin, there is no one available for non-high slaves', and the king takes Gao Nuzi as the new city taishou, good governance has prestige, and Murong Xi will not come back to Kou.".
From the first documentary record, it can be seen that Murong Xi sent troops to Goguryeo for the first time, although the king of Fengshang fled before the battle, but the struggle of the younger brother Gao Nuzi in the north of the new city failed to resist Xiafeng, and although the second time the army was victorious, it went all the way to the homeland on the edge of the domestic city and hit the ruling center of Goguryeo, and then the end of the army was full of drama, and the retreat of the Xianbei soldiers was not due to military defeat, but the music from the tomb of the King of Xichuan frightened the Xianbei people. This is also the story of the Goguryeo tomb Xianle retiring from the xianle soldiers, which is widely spread in the folk, full of mythology. The tomb of King Nishikawa was exhumed by the Xianbei people and the body was historically revealed.
As can be seen from the above, although Murong Xianbei's strength was much stronger than Goguryeo at that time, it was not yet enough to annex Goguryeo.
Although Murong Xi did not achieve greater success in his conquest of Goguryeo, he still regarded himself as a Han Chinese, and once contacted the famous Eastern Jin general Tao Kan, wanting to attack from the north and south and eliminate the Later Zhao regime established by the Qi people.
Murong Shi, like the former Liang Zhang clan, had become a sub-base of the Huaxia regime, and its territory included most of present-day Liaoning
The Mongolian part is north of Hebei. Murong Xi proclaimed himself king of Yan and built the new capital Longcheng (龍城, in modern Japan) more than 100 miles west of the Great Thorn City
Liaoning Chaoyang), the next step is to go through the Central Plains and evolve into a new Central Plains Dynasty, at which time Goguryeo behind it will become a backshoe
In order to worry, Goguryeo must be beaten to the ground in order to go south with confidence.
Previously, in the southern Liaoning region adjacent to Murong Anduryeo, the generals of Zhenshou were all famous generals in the Murong family, such as Murong Hao's brother Murong Han and half-brother Murong Ren, which was enough to deter Goguryeo. Later, Murong Han was suspected of fleeing to YuwenBu, Murong Ren and Murong Han competed for the throne, the soldiers were defeated and killed, Murong Han's east side lacked good generals for a while, and Goguryeo wanted to move.
A few years later, Murong Han returned to the Yan kingdom with his homeland in mind, and in order to completely eliminate the Yuwen clan, he suggested that Goguryeo be defeated first. There were two roads to attack Goguryeo, the north road was flat and the south road was rough, and Murong Han expected that the main force of Goguryeo would be on the north road, and suggested that Murong Hao avoid the main force of Goguryeo and march from the south road to capture the Goguryeo capital of Marudu, causing its soldiers and horses to collapse, and Murong Hao completely adopted it.
In the seventh year of the Eastern Jin Dynasty (341 CE), Murong Hao sent Changshi Wang Yu to lead an army of 15,000 to contain the 50,000 main forces of The Commander of Goguryeo In northern Province, Commander Gao Wu, while he himself led 40,000 elite troops to the Southern Province to attack the old, weak, sick and disabled commander of goguryeo King Gao Zhao. Murong Han and Murong Chui (who was only thirteen years old at this time), murong Han's son Murong Hui(assuming the age of thirteen) who would later establish Later Yan, took the lead in breaking Gao Zhao and taking advantage of the victory to capture the capital of Maru.
The Yan army plundered the maru capital, and then burned the Goguryeo palace, abducted more than 50,000 Goguryeo people, and arrested them
The old wife of Gao Zhao, the king of Goguryeo, dug up the grave of King Mikawa, the father of Gao Zhao, and took away his father's body (only about a year after his death, it is estimated that it has not completely decayed), and waited until the following year when Gao Zhao was forced to pay tribute to Murong Xianbei, and then returned his father's body.
Because Goguryeo's main force of 50,000 people in Northern Province was not greatly damaged at that time, and the partial division of the Yan army Wang Yubu was eliminated, Murong Hao temporarily withdrew, but the core area of Goguryeo was seriously damaged. The Maru capital city, which was destroyed by Yuqiu Jian, was easily restored after a generation of efforts, and was destroyed again, and the Goguryeo civilization suffered a major blow.
Former Yan Dynasty Liaodong Form (Online Image)
In the first year of the Eastern Jin Dynasty (345), Murong Ke sent his son Murong Ke to attack Goguryeo, and the first general of the Sixteen Kingdoms in the future was easily victorious, and Goguryeo was no longer enough to become a descendant of Former Yan, and then Murong Ke broke the traditional state of FuYu and captured his king. At this point, the Former Yan Murong clan successively destroyed the Xianbei Duanbu and Xianbei Yuwenbu, severely damaged Goguryeo and Fuyu, and became the only power in the northeast, and a few years later, the Later Zhao tyrant Shi Hu fell ill and died, and his sons competed for the throne, and finally Shi Hu raised his grandson Ran Min to usurp the throne, established Ran Wei, and frantically slaughtered the Hu people, Murong Juan's son Murong Juan took advantage of the Chaos in the Central Plains, and led Murong Ke, Murong Chui and other famous generals to sweep across Northern China and enter the Central Plains.
Goguryeo not only suffered heavy damage to the core civilization area, but was beaten into barbarians by the Yan army, and its national strength also declined
pole. In the fourth year of the Eastern Jin Dynasty (369 AD), Baekje's lord King Kinshogu broke the attack on Goguryeo, and two years later (371 AD), the Prince of Baekje led an army to conquer Pyongyang and kill the former king of Goguryeo, Gao Zhao, and Baekje became the most powerful state on the Korean Peninsula for a time.
At this time, Goguryeo was in a struggle with the Xianbei Murong clan for the Liaodong region, and Goguryeo turned its main strategic direction to the Korean Peninsula, competing with Baekje, Xu Luohua (the predecessor of Silla), and Wunu, and gradually drifting away from Chinese civilization. It was only in the era of Gao Tande, the grandson of Gao Zhao and the king of Guangkai Tu, that it was fully revived.
Goguryeo won the opportunity to regain its strength when Murong Former Yan was working hard to open up the Central Plains. In 385, the king of Goguryeo sent 40,000 troops to attack Liaodong. At that time, Later Yan led Fang Wang Zuozhen to defend Longcheng, and after receiving the news, he sent Sima Haojing to lead troops to rescue him, but was defeated by Goguryeo, and the two counties of Liaodong and Xuanxuan fell to Goguryeo. In November of the same year, Murong Yi attacked and defeated Goguryeo, recapturing Liaodong and Xuanxuan Counties, and the displaced people of You and Ji Prefectures at that time surrendered to Goguryeo, and Murong Yi took measures against the displaced people with Pang Yuan as the Taishou of Liaodong. After that, Murong Houyan placed his main forces in the Central Plains, and it was difficult to free up his strength to contain Goguryeo, and nominally made the king of Goguryeo
Many titles. The two sides maintain a relatively peaceful relationship. After Goguryeo guangkai tuwang ascended the throne, Later Yan made him Pingzhou Mu. this
As Northern Wei grew stronger and Later Yan declined, Later Yan suffered heavy losses in repeated conflicts with Northern Wei and became increasingly defeated. Goguryeo took advantage of this opportunity to capture Liaodong County. In February of the following year, Murong Sheng, under the pretext of the arrogance and rudeness of the King of Goguryeo, personally led an army of 30,000 people, with the hussar general Murong Xi as the forward, to attack Goguryeo, allocate new cities and the second city of Southern Su, expand the land for more than 700 miles, and migrate more than 5,000 households. This halted goguryeo's westward expansion.
After succeeding to the throne, King Lin of Goguryeo adopted a strategy to avoid war as much as possible. Internally strengthen the stability and unity of Goguryeo. and enact new laws. In 372 AD, Buddhism introduced from the Central Plains was established as the state religion, and a national educational institution "Taixue" was established according to the Central Plains system. King Lin of the Little Beast also reformed the Goguryeo army. to restore goguryeo to its former strength.
After Baekje's great victory over Goguryeo in 371, it became a new power in Northeast Asia. King Xiao also maintained a good relationship with the Uighurs. Since Goguryeo was surrounded by Baekje to the south and west, Goguryeo avoided impulses with Baekje as much as possible and developed relations with Xianbei and Rouran to curb Baekje's possible invasion at any time
In 397, The Later Yan Xianbei Han Dynasty Han Feng Bao (ba2) staged a coup d'état to overthrow Murong's regime and establish the Northern Yan regime. Due to the low political status of Feng Bao and his family, his father was a general under Murong Yong of Western Yan. After Western Yan was destroyed by Later Yan, Feng Bao's family was forcibly relocated to Western Liaoning as a general. Feng Bao was afraid that it would be difficult to convince the public, so he elected Gao Yun as the main one, and Gao Yun also had a special identity, that is, he was born from the royal family of Goguryeo. Gao Yun's appointment did improve relations between Northern Yan and Goguryeo, and the young Northern Yan regime and its main enemy, Goguryeo, resolved contradictions and formed a strategic alliance.
The situation on the peninsula during the Northern Wei Dynasty
The development and change of the relationship between Goguryeo and the Northern Wei Dynasty was mainly reflected in the two aspects of "practicality" and "uncertainty", and this relationship was actually determined by the actual interests of both sides. During the seventy-nine years of King Changshou's reign, due to his policy towards Northern Wei, relations between Goguryeo and Northern Wei were very tense.
However, in this tense situation, there was no war between the two sides, which has to be said that Goguryeo's long-lived king Gao Lian had a proper sense of proportion in grasping the policies of the Northern Wei. In fact, from the founding of the Northern Wei Dynasty to the establishment of diplomatic relations with Goguryeo, although it took almost half a century, Goguryeo did not establish a more practical connection with the Northern Wei state, and even basically had no contact. It was not until the 23rd year of the Changshou King that relations began in the Northern Wei Dynasty. The reason why Goguryeo had contacts with the Northern Wei at this stage was mainly because the national situation in Goguryeo at this time was actually very severe. Because in the south of Goguryeo there was a very powerful Liu Song regime, although this regime did not pose a more substantial threat to Goguryeo. However, due to the particularly close ties between the Liu Song regime and Baekje, and the relationship between Goguryeo and Baekje, and the constant conflict and war, based on these external conditions, the pressure of these external conditions had to make the King of Changshou more vigilant.
This was mainly because Baekje wanted to annex Silla and Goguryeo on the Korean Peninsula, and once this idea was realized, Baekje would become the hegemon of the Korean Peninsula, and Goguryeo would become a prisoner of Baekje. In order to prevent this situation, The King of Goguryeo decided to unite with the Central Plains forces in order to win the "Trilateral" Campaign. In fact, Silla and Baekje were both defeated generals of Goguryeo, especially Silla, which was once attached to Goguryeo. However, this situation was completely broken during the period of King Changshou, and under the oppression of surrounding forces, King Changshou decided to establish diplomatic relations with the Northern Wei.
In particular, at that time, the rise of the Northern Wei Dynasty had exceeded the phenomenon of the Changshou King, and the Northern Wei first unified the northern part of the Central Plains and then marched eastward with the intention of annexing northern Yan. The country of Northern Yan was between Northern Wei and Goguryeo, and if the Northern Wei wanted to annex Northern Yan, it had to borrow Goguryeo, and once the Northern Yan fell, the next country to be destroyed was Goguryeo. Northern Wei began to attack Northern Yan in the first year of Yanhe, that is, the twentieth year of the Changshou King, and this war Northern Wei was completely in a dominant position, and Feng Hong, the King of Northern Yan, who could not compete with Northern Wei, surrendered to Northern Wei. However, at this time, the Northern Wei did not stop marching, and the Northern Wei army soon crossed the Border Northern Yan and approached Goguryeo. If Goguryeo did not make the correct countermeasures in time, I am afraid it would follow in the footsteps of Northern Yan. Based on this historical situation, Goguryeo's longevity king Gao Lian decided to establish relations with the Northern Wei.
In order to alleviate the pressure on Goguryeo by the Northern Wei Dynasty, in 427, the fifteenth year of the Changshou King, the Changshou King moved the capital to Pyongyang. Moving the capital to Pyongyang is indeed of great significance. First, moving the capital to Pyongyang could effectively alleviate the military and political pressure of the Northern Wei on Goguryeo and give Goguryeo a temporary respite; Second, Pyongyang was an ideal political and economic center, while also keeping Goguryeo's regime and rule in a geographical security zone. Third, in a strategic sense, King Changshou had always wanted to eliminate Silla and Baekje so that he could become the new master of the Korean Peninsula. So moving the capital to Pyongyang could move south to attack Baekje and Silla. But this practice provoked internal contradictions among the Goguryeo ruling class.
According to the Biography of The Book of Wei and Baekje, "Jinlian is guilty, the country is from the fish and flesh, the ministers are strong, they kill without themselves, the crimes are full of evil, and the people are separated." From this account, it is not difficult to see that the long-lived king moved the capital to Pyongyang, which aggravated the contradictions between the Goguryeo ruling class and the domestic community, or sharpened the contradictions that had already appeared. In particular, the five nobles of Goguryeo fell for power, which posed a great threat to the rule of the Longevity King. In order to be able to stabilize his rule and re-establish the king's authority, the king of Changshou had to send envoys to establish normal diplomatic relations with the Northern Wei according to the actual interests of his individual and the country. In the twentieth year, King Changshou sent his envoy Andong into Northern Wei to "send envoys to the court and ask the country to keep secrets", which was also the first time that King Changshou sent envoys into the territory of Northern Wei. In fact, this is also a typical political strategy of transferring domestic contradictions to other countries. At this time, the relationship between the Longevity King and the Northern Wei was the relationship between demand and demand, and at the same time, the diplomacy established at this time, Goguryeo was completely at a disadvantage.
In 401, Feng Bao's younger brother Feng Hong succeeded to the throne and took charge of the military and political power of Northern Yan. At this time, the Northern Wei Dynasty destroyed Helian Xia (the Great Xia regime established by Helian Bobo), defeated the Ruoran army, and reached its peak national strength. The Northern Yan regime, which had been facing it for a long time, became the primary enemy and key target of northern Wei at this time.
In the same year that King Changshou established diplomatic relations with Northern Wei, Feng Hong of Northern Yan sent emissaries to Goguryeo for help. At the same time, it was requested that Goguryeo be temporarily avoided when the situation was critical. Because Goguryeo and Northern Yan once had relatively harmonious diplomatic relations, after weighing the pros and cons, the Longevity King risked offending Northern Wei and came to the aid of his former ally Northern Yan. When Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei knew about it, he could be described as angry, and immediately sent emissaries to Goguryeo to demand Feng Hong, "Zhaosan rode Chang Shi feng to envoy Goryeo and sent Wentong, and the King of Changshou refused euphemistically." Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei was even more angry when he saw the receipt, and "he wanted to send Long's right horse to requisition". At this time, the relationship between the Longevity King and the Northern Wei Dynasty was about to reach the freezing point, and the Northern Wei Emperor Taiwu wanted to kill this capricious villain quickly. However, from the perspective of national interests, the relationship between The Longevity King of Goguryeo and the Northern Wei Dynasty was actually in full line with the situation at that time.
Map of Goguryeo in the Northern Wei Dynasty (online image)
For Northern Yan, under the pressure of strong enemies, it could only ally with Goguryeo. For Goguryeo, on the one hand, it wanted to go north
Yan could continue to resist The Northern Wei's attacks and maintain a political buffer with the Northern Wei; on the other hand, it was necessary to avoid northern Yan being destroyed by the Northern Wei
After the state, it became the target of the Northern Wei's continued eastward advance.
However, Goguryeo was not willing to let the military and civilian wealth of Northern Yan be swallowed up by Northern Wei alone, and at this time Goguryeo had elite soldiers, although
However, it was not enough to fight against the Northern Wei, but the Northern Wei could not attack the whole country, so a temporary military balance was formed at that time. Goguryeo sent troops in the name of greeting Feng Hong, but in fact plundered the wealth of the people of Northern Yan. Although Northern Yan was destroyed, Northern Wei got an empty city, and Goguryeo, which had only 80,000 households at that time, accepted the population of nearly 90,000 households in Northern Yan, and it can be said that it became a fat man in one bite. Not only did it get a large population, but it also gained tens of thousands of laborers and advanced Farming Techniques in the Central Plains.
In the ancient society of the era of cold weapons, the number of people is the absolute strength, do not believe that those so-called victories with less, in the many wars in history, can only be counted as "accidental events". The number of people is the main reason for limiting the expansion of these ethnic minorities, not because they do not want to have a wider world, but because they dare not think. The early Goguryeo regime also faced such an embarrassing situation, because the environment in the northeast region was biased towards cold, which was not conducive to crop growth, and lacked advanced farming technology in the Central Plains. Moreover, unlike grassland areas, this area can live by grazing, so there are so many people who can feed in a limited environment, and it is not allowed to expand its strength. At that time, Goguryeo had a surplus in the north, a fierce nomadic people such as Xianbei and Turks in the southwest, Baekje and Silla in the south, and the sea in the east, Goguryeo could only survive in the cracks, and it was fortunate not to be destroyed by other ethnic groups, but the destruction of Northern Yan this opportunity made Goguryeo grow stronger.
Northern Wei repeatedly urged Goguryeo to hand over Feng Hong, and Goguryeo was embarrassed. Although the Feng Hong regime was a government-in-exile, there were still tens of thousands of Northern Yan soldiers and civilians, and they had a certain military strength, and Goguryeo did not dare to offend them casually. Feng Hong also frequently contacted the Liu Song regime in Jiangnan and considered returning south by sea, and the Liu Song regime was very active and excluded 7,000 soldiers from crossing the sea to meet it. For Liu Song, Northern Yan had rich experience in fighting against the Northern Wei regime, and also valued the military value of the remnants of Northern Yan.
The strong support of the Liu Song regime gave Feng Hong more confidence and strength, and the remnants of Northern Yan were enough to arm more than 10,000 troops.
Together with Liu Song's 7,000 troops, it was enough to compete with the King of Goguryeo. In view of this, the King of Goguryeo tried to prevent Feng Hongshi
In order to completely integrate tens of thousands of Northern Yan people into its society. At this time, Emperor Taiwu of northern Wei again asked Goguryeo for Feng Hong, and Goguryeo killed Feng Hong, and Murong Xianbei disappeared from the stage of Chinese history. And Goguryeo also further strengthened the strength of tens of thousands of Northern Yan people.
After being continuously educated by Cao Wei and Former Yan, Goguryeo finally corrected itself in the later Southern and Northern Dynasties
During the period, the strong south was subject to the south, and the strong north was subject to the north, and it was a relatively stable period. high
In addition to the disparity in strength between Guryeo and the Central Plains Dynasty, the Korean Peninsula also entered its own Three Kingdoms era during this period, namely Goguryeo in the north and Silla and Baekje in the south. Silla and Baekje originated from the Samhan tribes in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula, and the "Han" of modern Korea originated from these Samhan tribes.
In the late Southern and Northern Dynasties, the Central Plains Dynasty began to call Goguryeo Goryeo. At this time, Goryeo had grown into a powerful local government in the northeast region, not only completely occupying the four counties of Han Dynasty, but also invading the Liaodong region from time to time, becoming the second largest frontier of the Central Plains Dynasty after the Turks.
Heyday (391–531)
The heyday of Goguryeo was the reign of King Gao Tande of The Good King, who succeeded to the throne after the death of the late King of Guoyang in 391 AD, who was also known as the King of Guangkai Tu and the King of Guangkai Tu, and the full title of "King Ping'an haotai of Theogang Shangguang Province", the son of The Former King of The Lands, Gao Yilian (higher than only zhi), the nineteenth monarch of Goguryeo (located in the south of present-day northeastern China and the northern part of the Korean Peninsula).
During the reign of King Haotai, Goguryeo was at its peak, and the northern part included the northeastern part east of the Liao River in present-day China, and the area of the Korean Peninsula reached more than half of the peninsula's area, that is, the traditional Hansi County. The merits of the Good Tai King are recorded on the Good Tai Wang Monument erected for him by his son King Changshou, which is one of the largest stone tablets with inscriptions in the world.
War between The Good King and Baekje
Fortunately, the war between The King and Baekje was divided into two stages. In the first stage, in July of the year of his reign (391), King Haotai personally led an army south to attack Baekje, and more than ten cities in Baekje were revived, rekindling the war between Goguryeo and Baekje. In October of the same year, the baekje town of Seonmi was recaptured, and the balance between the two sides was broken in one fell swoop, and even Goguryeo's previous inferiority was compensated, and the scales of war began to lean toward Goguryeo. In August of the second year (392) of the good king, "Baekje invaded the south, and the fate would be rejected"; in July of the third year (393), "Baekje came to invade, and the king of (good) led the king to ride five thousand, defeated it, and Yu Kou walked at night"; In August of the fourth year (394), the Baekje Ashen King was defeated by the Good King several times, and the political situation in Baekje began to be turbulent. In 395, Baekje again defeated Northern Goguryeo, and Goguryeo soldiers approached baekje's capital, The City of Consolation.
"The king of Baekje fought against Baekje and was defeated, and was captured by more than 8,000 ranks"; In the sixth year (396), the good king "led the water army and rebelled against the remnants of the country... So there were fifty-eight cities and seven hundred villages. Ten of the brothers and ministers will be disabled, and the spinners will be all returned." After several battles, Baekje was dealt a heavy blow. Since then, Goguryeo has established an absolute superiority in its military position on the Korean Peninsula and has maintained this superiority until its subjugation. Judging from the existing ancient documents and historical materials of the Three Kingdoms of China and Korea and the Golden Stone Stele, there were no Uighurs or Uighurs in the Liji War ten years before the Tenth Year of the Good King (400). That is to say, at this stage, the main target of the Invasion of the Uighurs was Silla, which was closer to him, and although it tried to use the Liji War to exert political pressure on Baekje, it had not yet directly sent troops to intervene in the war between Goguryeo and Baekje.
In the second stage, bounded by the Battle of Gengzi in the tenth year (400) of the Good Tai King, the Liwu War began. In that year, the Uighurs took advantage of the successive wars between Goguryeo and Baekje to intensify their incursions into Silla, and their use of troops had reached an unprecedented level, "the Uighurs filled their (Silla) borders, broke through the city, and served the people with slaves." Forced by the peril of his country, King Nabetsu of Silla had no choice but to ask for help from Goguryeo, and king Haotai used this to expand the political influence of Goguryeo, so he sent an army to rescue Silla at his request. With this as a beginning, the Uighurs began a direct military confrontation with Goguryeo. In the fourteenth year of the reign of King Haotai (404), "and the Misdeeds invaded the belt boundary ... Wang Zhuo wanted to cut off the soup thorns, and the Wokou collapsed and slashed countless times. "Seventeen years (407), the good king "taught the infantry to ride fifty thousand... Wang Shi □□ fight together and kill Tang Quan. More than 10,000 collars of armor and military equipment were obtained, and they could not be counted. In order to punish Baekje for secretly allying with the Uighurs, King Haotai once again sent an army south to fight Baekje and the Uighurs, and dealt him a heavy blow. At this stage, the Uighurs directly began to intervene in the military struggle on the Korean Peninsula, but under several blows by The Good King of Goguryeo, they suffered successive setbacks and failed to establish a foothold on the Korean Peninsula.
The establishment of the Jiwu Alliance and the war between the Liwu
Baekje's alliance with the Uighurs was a political strategy adopted in the context of its loss of superiority in the war against Goguryeo. From the middle of the fourth century, Baekje and Goguryeo basically maintained military superiority in the struggle for territory and hegemony, until the good king took the throne, from the year of Xin Di (391) to the year of the six-year war of Theoshen (396), the good king swept away the decline of Goguryeo and tilted the scales of war to his side, and the king of Baekje Ashen "sacrificed a thousand men and women and a thousand horses of fine cloth." And was forced to swear that "from now on, I will always be a slave." In order to continue the war for hegemony, diplomatic relations were established with the Uighurs, who were trying to intervene in the peninsula. It can be seen from the "History of the Three Kingdoms and Baekje Benji" that in May of the year of The Three Kingdoms (396), Baekje began to form an alliance with the Uighur Kingdom, and sent the prince Shuzhi as a proton to the Uighur Kingdom.
The establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries to the conclusion of a political-military alliance between the two countries was after the Battle of Gengzi (400). In the ninth year of the reign of King Haotai (399), Goguryeo discovered that "The White Remnant broke the oath and made peace with the Wokou." While King Haotai was inspecting Pyongyang, King Nebe of Silla sent envoys to state to King Haotai that "the Uighurs filled their (Silla) borders, destroyed the city, and served the people as slaves." Silla had no choice but to "return to the king for orders" and asked the good king for reinforcements. "(Good) the king is gracious, calling him loyal, and the emissaries are returned, and the secret is informed." This shows that Silla has been forced by the situation to submit to Goguryeo, and the good king has also agreed to the decision to help Silla resist the Uighurs. Since Baekje had been hit hard by the previous Year of ShingShen (396), the Leeji front was relatively stable, and the Good King was able to free his hands to support Silla. In the tenth year of the reign of King Haotai, the year of Gengzi (400), he sent infantry and cavalry, a total of 50,000 troops, to rescue Silla. This battle is very clearly described in the inscription of the Good King:
Ten years of Gengzi, teaching the infantry to ride fifty thousand, to save Silla. From the city of Omenju to Silla City, it is full of people. The officers and soldiers arrived, and the thieves retreated. From the back of the wokou to Renagaro from the city, the city was subdued. The Anluo people fought and pulled up the city of Silla. Yancheng is full. Nineteen in the city refused to follow. The Anluo people are fighting, and the city of Manluo is full of people. □□ qi □□□□□ □□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□ resigned□□□□□□□□□□□□□ the city of Luo □□, and the Anluo people fought against the army.
Goguryeo won three battles against the Uighurs. Beginning with the Battle of Gengzi in the tenth year of the reign of King Haotai (400), the Uighurs and Goguryeo began a direct military confrontation, but the outcome of the war made the Uighurs suffer the bitter fruit of defeat and made them realize the strength of Goguryeo, and from the lessons of the defeat of the Battle of Gengzi, the Uighurs gradually realized clearly that the biggest obstacle to the invasion of Silla was not Baekje, but the more powerful Goguryeo. Therefore, removing the huge obstacle of Goguryeo was the most urgent strategy of the Uighurs. In this way, the Uighurs actively stepped up their ties with Baekje. After the Battle of Gengzi, the Uighurs and Baekje became more closely connected. In May of the eleventh year (401) of king Ashen, he "sent an envoy to the kingdom of Wu to ask for a large pearl". In the spring and February of the twelfth year (402), "the envoys of the Uighur kingdom arrived, and the king welcomed Laozhi, and was particularly thick." The alliance between the two countries was further established. After nearly four years of meticulous preparation, Wokou tried to shame The Snow Gengzi, so in the year of Kotatsu (404), he took the initiative to invade the area of Okata County in southern Goguryeo in conjunction with Baekje.
It was a battle, and the three battles of Goguryeo were won. Beginning with the Battle of Gengzi in the tenth year of the reign of King Haotai (400), the Uighurs and Goguryeo began a direct military confrontation, but the outcome of the war made the Uighurs suffer the bitter fruit of defeat and made them realize the strength of Goguryeo, and from the lessons of the defeat of the Battle of Gengzi, the Uighurs gradually realized clearly that the biggest obstacle to the invasion of Silla was not Baekje, but the more powerful Goguryeo. Therefore, removing the huge obstacle of Goguryeo was the most urgent strategy of the Uighurs. In this way, the Uighurs actively stepped up their ties with Baekje. After the Battle of Gengzi, the Uighurs and Baekje became more closely connected. In May of the eleventh year (401) of king Ashen, he "sent an envoy to the kingdom of Wu to ask for a large pearl". In the spring and February of the twelfth year (402), "the envoys of the Uighur kingdom arrived, and the king welcomed Laozhi, and was particularly thick." The alliance between the two countries was further established. After nearly four years of meticulous preparation, the Yamato court tried to shame Ichigoku, so in the year of Kotatsu (404), it took the initiative to invade the area of Okata County in southern Goguryeo with Baekje.
(The fourteenth year of the King of Guangkai Tu <404>) and the Wu did not go along, invaded the belt square boundary, and through the remnants of the army mouth Shicheng, the mouth of the ship mouth, wang bow led the way to live and beg, from the Mouth of ping rang mouth to meet, Wang Dong wanted to intercept the stab, the Wu Kou collapsed, and beheaded countless people.
However, The Good King once again dealt a heavy blow to the Uighur Alliance, and this defeat made the two countries realize that in order to deal with and eliminate the powerful Goguryeo, the two countries must unite and form a solid political-military alliance. In the fourteenth year of the reign of King Haotai (404), the Uighur kingdom "hetong remnants" attacked the fang boundary, and the following year (405) the king of Baekje died", and the king of The Uighur sent a hundred soldiers to the throne of the Prince of Axin, who was hostage to the Uighurs, and these two events marked the formal establishment of the Uighur Alliance. After that, although there is no record of the war in Liwu, but the continuation of the war can be seen in the "History of the Three Kingdoms, Baekje Benji", in the fourth year of Silla Seongwang (405), "In the fourth year of the Summer and April, the Uighurs came to attack the ming living city and returned without taking control", in the sixth year (407), "In the spring and March, the Uighurs invaded the east, and in The Summer and June invaded the south", it can be seen that after the two defeats of Goguryeo, the Uighur kingdom still did not stop invading Silla, and at this moment Silla should still rely on the protection of Goguryeo, and in the eleventh year of the King of Singh, "Prince Naibei is good, and the quality is in Goguryeo" 。 This shows the close relationship between Lixin and Lixin at this time.
Some problems in the war between the good king and the Wo
When interfering in peninsula affairs, the Uighurs were not unified, but this did not hinder their use of troops on the peninsula
The Uighur kingdom that fought against King Haotai was in the Kofun Period (also known as the Yamato Period, roughly 250–538 years), during which the Uighur kingdom was not unified, and there were many small states on the Uighur archipelago, and the Uighur court was in the stage of unification and annexation. However, the ununified Uighur kingdom also made Silla a target for annexation. The "ferrymen" who migrated from the mainland and the peninsula brought advanced culture and technology. The techniques included irrigation technology, wary building technology, ancient tomb construction technology, the technology of making weapons and agricultural tools with iron, shipbuilding, silkworm farming, weaving, and earthenware making technology, etc., and the strength of the Uighur slaves developed rapidly. However, the native products of the Uighur kingdom were not abundant, the resources were very limited, and the population was relatively scarce, so when the annexation war on the island was not smooth, it was natural to think of going to the mainland first to plunder the materials and population to meet the needs of the war on the island, and the best target was the nearest and slightly weaker Silla. Since the founding of Silla, there have been accounts of uighur invasions, especially in the late third century, when the Confucian masters frequently invaded Silla, although most of them were defeated, but there were also records of "a thousand captives went away" and "Uighur soldiers attacked Sand road city", which could capture thousands of people and capture the city, which showed that it was not within the ability of ordinary rogue pirates, and must be the official behavior of the Uighurs.
At this time, although the Uighur state was not unified. However, in the form of a simple pirate, there would be no higher coordination organization to fight (pirates are a ragtag group), and the Silla court would not be overwhelmed. Third, at this time, during the Kofun period of the Uighur Empire, the center of the Uchiha was in the southern part of Honshu Island, in the Yamato Basin of Nara and Osaka, and it was named after the huge kofun of the imperial family in this area, not in the Kitakyushu area. Finally, whether from historical materials such as the "History of the Three Kingdoms" in Korea, or from historical materials such as the "Ancient Chronicles" and "Nihon Shoki" of the Uighur Kingdom, or from the relevant historical materials of China, the Uchiha Archipelago at this time was a place of immigration inflow, not a place of emigration, and a large number of mainland and peninsula "ferrymen" built the ancient Uighur state. If there is a war of unification in the Uchiha archipelago at this time, then at this moment, both the mainland and the peninsula are in a state of flux of war, and there is no reason for returning immigrants. Therefore, in Mr. Geng Tiehua's view, the "倭" in the inscription should refer to the army sent by the Uighur state or the political forces headed by the Uighur state to represent the interests of the Uighur state.
The Good King thwarted the impact of the Ji-Wei Alliance on the situation on the peninsula
It established Goguryeo's supremacy on the peninsula.
After twenty-two years of conquest and management by The Good King, Baekje and Silla were forced to recognize Goguryeo's supremacy on the Korean Peninsula and expelled several attempts by the Uighurs to invade Silla and invade the peninsula. In the twenty-second year of the reign of King Haotai (412 AD), King Haotai died, and the war for supremacy between Liji was temporarily eased, until half a century later, when Goguryeo went south again and resumed the war. In the eleventh year of the reign of King Haotai (401), King Haotai returned the Silla prince Sejseong Nishi, who had been detained in Goguryeo, to Silla as a sign of friendship. However, Goguryeo troops did not withdraw from Silla and remained under Silla control. During the reign of King Haotai, the southern part of the Korean Peninsula was protected from invasion by the Uighurs, and due to the increase in the number of Watanabe people, Ah Zhi made the idea of establishing diplomatic relations with the Chinese mainland dynasty from the sea, and his diplomatic ships to the Eastern Jin Dynasty. He was sent by the Good King to intercept the sea many times.
Since then, Silla's attitude toward Goguryeo has changed, gradually changing from subservience to confrontation. Later, Baekje and Silla began to form an alliance to jointly fight against Goguryeo's southward march. In the twenty-eighth year of king Changshou (440), Silla was attacked by king Changshou for attacking and killing Goguryeo generals, and the king of Silla was spared in time to apologize for his sins. In the forty-third year of the reign of King Changshou (455), Goguryeo went to war again, attacking Baekje, and this time Silla openly sent troops to aid Baekje. In the sixty-third year of the reign of King Changshou (475), King Changshou personally led 30,000 troops to besiege Seoul, and Silla responded to Baekje's request and sent troops to help. During the fifth century, Goguryeo basically maintained a military superiority on the Korean Peninsula, which was not unrelated to the conquest of The Good King, and it was precisely because of the military actions of the Good King that the hegemony of the Korean Peninsula since the fifth century was established.
After the Ligu War at the beginning of the fifth century, the Uighurs gradually realized the rise and power of Goguryeo, and after several military operations and political strategies failed, the Uighurs had to try to improve relations with Goguryeo. However, because Goguryeo often treated the Uighurs with the arrogant attitude of regional hegemony, the Uighurs showed that they were good, but in essence they were still hostile to them, intending to re-intervene in the affairs of the peninsula and rebuild their political influence. This can be seen from his complaints to Liu Song that "there is no way out of the sentence" and "real anger and revenge". However, he was still jealous of Goguryeo's powerful military strength and did not dare to make a mistake. It can be said that the Uighurs feared and hated Goguryeo, but they could do nothing about it militarily and diplomatically. If in the fourth century the Uighurs could still take advantage of the contradictions between Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla to take advantage of the opportunity to invade the Korean Peninsula and interfere in the affairs of the peninsula, but by the fifth century, with the establishment of Goguryeo's military superiority on the Korean Peninsula, the Uighurs lost their former arbitrariness on the Korean Peninsula. In order to suppress the further expansion of Goguryeo's power, the Uighurs had to change the existing situation on the Korean Peninsula under the pretext of the power of the Central Plains Dynasty, and tried to use the power of the Chinese Dynasty to restrain the power of Goguryeo, which was the intention of the Uighur King's request for the title of "Governor of the Six Kingdoms or seven kingdoms of the military".
It avoided the invasion and control of Baekje and Silla by the Uighurs, preserved the independence of Silla, and laid the foundation for Silla's annexation of small states such as Gaya.
The Battles of Gengzi and Kotatsu preserved the Silla regime and reversed the situation on the peninsula, and after that, although the Uighurs continued to harass and invade Silla, they were no longer able to intervene in the war for hegemony on the Korean Peninsula. Although Silla had been invaded by the Uighurs before, it was flexible in controlling political changes, and was good at using the art of connivance, becoming stronger and stronger in the rapidly changing peninsula struggle. After using the power of Goguryeo to drive out the invasion of the Uighurs, although it submitted to Goguryeo, its national strength gradually grew, and it gradually encroached on and annexed small southern states such as Gaya, and even began to unite with Baekje against Goguryeo and secure the southeast of the peninsula.
Secondly, Baekje, which had formed an alliance with the Uighurs, also gradually shrugged off the influence of the Uighurs. Because on several occasions in times of crisis, the Uighurs adopted the strategy of standing by and not saving in the face of death, which caused dissatisfaction in Baekje. As a result, Baekje began to "not pay tribute" to the Uighur kingdom, and gradually drifted away from it. In 479, the Uighurs, aware that baekje had to move south, had been unstable and the country was in unprecedented chaos, and seized the opportunity to support the king of Dongcheng to take the throne and seek greater benefits from Baekje. However, many times when the allies were in danger, they abandoned them, and even fell into the well, which made Baekje very dissatisfied with the Uighur Kingdom. Baekje and the Uighurs both needed each other and each had a vigilant heart, and the Uighur alliance shared the same dream and existed in name only. Learning from the power of Goguryeo and the absence of large-scale conflicts between Goguryeo and Baekje, the Uighurs adjusted their strategic objectives from the Korean Peninsula to the interior, that is, from the struggle for hegemony on the peninsula to the unification of their own countries. There is no doubt that the advanced cultural techniques obtained from Baekje, especially the iron and the "Watanabes", played an extremely important role in the process of the unification of the Uighur kingdom.
The war between The Good King and Murong Xianbei
Murong Xianbei was in decline in the struggle with Northern Wei, and his control over the counties of Liaodong, Xuanxuan, and Daifang was increasing
It gradually weakened, and Goguryeo's ability to control the above counties was one or the other. In 400, Later Yan attacked Goguryeo again.
King Haotai quickly counterattacked and recaptured most of the land occupied by Later Yan.
In 401, Murong Sheng was killed by his subordinates, Murong Xili, Goguryeo once again took this opportunity to attack Murong Shi's Pingzhou (平州, in present-day southwest of Gai County, Liaoning), Andi Shi Murong of Pingzhou abandoned the city and fled, in the winter of November 403, Goguryeo continued to send troops to attack Hou Yan, further expanding its control in Liaodong, in the spring of 404, Murong Xi attempted to restore control of Liaodong, led his troops to attack Liaodong City, and at the opportunity of the city's destruction, Murong Xi ordered Tuqiu not to enter the city first, waiting for him and the "empress" to take advantage of the public opinion, thus missing the fighter. Unable to capture, it coincided with heavy rain and snow, and the soldiers died of illness and were forced to withdraw. Goguryeo gained control of the region, and after that, Murong Houyan's attempts to restore his rule over liaodong failed. In December 405, Murong Xi prepared to attack the Khitan in the north, but seeing the Khitan forces, he still fell heavily and attacked Goguryeo with light troops. The Later Yan soldiers marched for more than 3,000 miles, and the soldiers and horses were tired and frozen and died. The attack on goguryeo Mudi City did not return. This was Murong Houyan's last battle with Goguryeo and ended in Murong Xianbei's defeat. The good king took the opportunity to take the entire Liaodong Peninsula.
In 400 AD, Silla, located in the southeast of the Korean Peninsula, requested assistance from Goguryeo due to the invasion of Baekje, Uchiha and Gaya. In the same year, King Haotai sent an army of 50,000 to defeat The Emperor and Gaya. Silla and Gaya became vassals of Goguryeo. In 401, King Haotai returned Silla, the prince of Silla detained by Goguryeo, to Silla as a sign of friendship. However, Goguryeo troops did not withdraw from Silla and remained under Silla control.
During the reign of The Good King, the southern part of the Korean Peninsula was protected from invasion by the Uighurs, and due to the increase in the number of people on the Japanese mainland, Achi made the idea of establishing diplomatic relations with the Chinese mainland dynasty from the sea, and his diplomatic ships to the Eastern Jin Dynasty. He was sent by the Good King to intercept the sea many times.
In 409 AD, "in the autumn of July, the six cities such as Dong bald Mountain were built, and the households in Pyongyang were moved; In August, Wang Nan toured. "The present-day Anbian Commandery of Gangwon Province, Hecheng Mountain Castle, is one of the six castles built by King Haotai, and the southern tour of King Haotai is the former land of Dongtao, that is, the area of present-day Gangwon Province.
In 410, King Haotai began to attack Dong buyeo. After several defeats in the battle, Dong Buyeo surrendered to Goguryeo. The Good King was given 1400 villages in 64 castles in Buyeo. The Good King also conquered the more northern tribes of Tatar and Ainu to submit to them.
The northern territory of Goguryeo involved the contradiction between the Khitan and Goguryeo. It is reported that in September of the first year of the succession of King Haotai (392 AD), he "went north to Khitan in the Northern Expedition, captured 500 men and women, and summoned his country to trap 10,000 people and return", to prevent the invasion of the Khitans, in order to ensure the peace of northern Xinjiang, and in the fifth year of Yongle (395 AD), King Haotai personally led a large army to conquest the monument, crossed the Fushan Mountain, "to the salt water, broke the six or seven hundred battalions of his three tribes, cattle, horses and sheep, innumerable." The stele should be located in the western part of the Liao River in the Kangping, Faku, Zhangwu area of the Khitan tribe, bounded by the Liao River and the northern frontier of Goguryeo, archaeological circles believe that the Shitaizi Mountain City on the north bank of the Qipanshan Reservoir in the upper reaches of the Pu River in the northeast of Shenyang, the mountain city of Tuochen fort on the north bank of the southeast flood river in Tieling City, and the Chengzi Mountain City on the right bank of the Liangshui Nianpan River (a tributary of the Qinghe River) in Xifeng County should be the mountain castles of the middle and late Goguryeo, and their construction dates were when the Good TaiWang occupied Liaodong at the end of the fourth century, and these mountain cities were mainly built to prevent invasion.
In 413, King Haotai died of illness at the age of 39. Although King Haotai ruled Goguryeo for only 22 years, Goguryeo's territory expanded rapidly during his reign. Goguryeo was at the time the most expansive country the Korean Peninsula has ever seen. As a result, King Haotai was regarded as a great national hero by the Korean nation. King Haotai was also the first monarch in the history of the Korean Peninsula to sit on an equal footing with the Chinese emperor. (Taekwondo ITF's "Wide Open" routine is named after The Good King.) 39 of these actions represent expansion and recovery. "39" is taken from the first two numbers of 391 years after the succession of The Good Prince).
In 414 AD, king Changshou erected a monument to the good king to record the merits of the good king. This provides valuable information for future generations to understand history. However, the Good King Monument also records the following events about the Wo.
From the above history, it can be seen that Since the founding of the people's republic, Goguryeo has not given up its attempts to expand its territory, and even if it was attacked by Cao Wei to the point of almost destroying the country, it was still looking for opportunities to seize the Korean Peninsula and the Liaodong region, which showed its ambitions. At the same time, from Cao Wei to Former Yan, but in a few decades, Goguryeo has gone from being on the verge of extinction to reviving again, which can also be seen in the resilience and ability of the Goguryeo nation.
Map of Goguryeo's Heyday (Online Image)
How could Goguryeo, whose strength had soared, be willing to succumb to such a small place? Taking advantage of the civil strife in the Central Plains, taking advantage of the fire and looting, and taking the Liaodong region as its own, but if you want to go to the Central Plains region again, you will soon reach the territory of the Northern Wei, and Goguryeo will never dare to touch such a huge and powerful Northern Wei. To the east is the sea, and further north it will be colder and less suitable for crop growth. Therefore, it is only possible to go south to the Korean Peninsula, although this is not the best choice, but the development to the south is not smooth, and it is hindered by the Baekje regime on the Korean Peninsula and cannot continue to go south. At this time, the Korean Peninsula was also full of political powers, and Goguryeo, Xu Luofa (the predecessor of Silla), and baekje (the Three Kingdoms of the Korean Peninsula) competed for hegemony over the Korean Peninsula, and not only that, but the Uighurs also occupied a place on the Korean Peninsula. Therefore, Goguryeo began to compete with Baekje, Silla, and Wunu for hegemony, and gradually drifted away from Chinese civilization, until the era of Gao Zhao's grandson and King Gao Tande of Guangkai was fully revived. Originally, Goguryeo's main opponent in the south was Baekje, but Silla took the opportunity to occupy the Hanshui region, so that Goguryeo and Baekje territory were no longer connected, and Goguryeo's opponent suddenly became Silla, which also laid the groundwork for the future demise of Goguryeo.
At the end of the fifth century, the territory of the Three Kingdoms period of Korea began with the succession of King Haotai of Goguryeo, and Goguryeo entered its heyday. According to the Monument to King Haotai erected for him by King Changshou, the son of King Haotai, King Haotai conquered 64 cities and 1,400 villages in Buyeo in a campaign with Buyeo. Later, King Haota annexed the buyeo state and the Jing tribe in the north; formed an absolute military superiority over Baekje; and forced Silla to submit in the war between Silla and Baekje, Gaya, and Uighur.
In 413, King Changshou of Goguryeo ascended the throne. Due to the confrontation between Baekje and Silla, in 427, king Changshou moved the capital to Pyongyang to strengthen his control over Baekje and Silla. King Changshou continued the expansionist policy of his father, King Haotai. At the end of the fifth century, King Changshou annexed some buyeo, Jing, and Khitan tribes; fought against the Northern Wei; and maintained control of Silla.
In 427, King Changshou moved his capital to Pyongyang in order to strengthen his control over Baekje and Silla.