Jiaotong, an ancient Chinese place name, is located in the Red River Valley in present-day northern Vietnam.
In 111 AD, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty destroyed the State of South Vietnam, set it up as nine counties, and was commanded by the Jiaotong Thorn History, of which Jiaotong was stationed in present-day Hanoi, Vietnam, Jiuzhen was stationed in present-day Thanh Hoa, Vietnam, and Nichinan was stationed in present-day Quang Zhi, Vietnam, and later, the Sui Dynasty continued the setup of the early Han Dynasty, during the Tang Dynasty, this area belonged to Lingnan Province, and later, the Annam Protectorate was set up in this area, which was one of the six major capital protectorates of the Tang Dynasty.
During the Northern Song Dynasty, this area gradually drifted away from the Central Plains, so it is generally believed that the Jiaotong region eventually broke away from the rule of the Central Plains Dynasty, which began in the Northern Song Dynasty, which was not strong in force, and after that, although the Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties tried to re-incorporate jiaotong into the Chinese territory, they never did it.
But is that really the case with history? In this regard, in the first year of the Northern Song Dynasty, that is, in 1064 AD, Emperor Yingzong and his assistant minister Han Qi had a discussion, and Emperor Yingzong asked, "In what year did you divide the toes?" Han Qi and others replied, "Since Tang Dynasty to Dezhong to change the Annam Capital Protectorate, Liang Zhenming's middle-aged tycoon Qu Chengmei has exclusively reserved this place." ”
Among them, Zhide is the era name of Emperor Suzong of Tang, and Zhenming is the era name of the late Emperor of Later Liang, in the view of Emperor Yingzong of Song, after the "Anshi Rebellion", the Tang Dynasty declined, and the jiaotong under its rule gradually drifted away from the Central Plains Dynasty, and finally divided the side at the beginning of the five dynasties.
Next, we may wish to briefly sort out the development and evolution of the jiaotong area to clarify some facts.
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There is no doubt that since emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty established counties and counties, some Han people have gradually entered this area, and their continuous migration has brought advanced production methods and culture to this area, thus effectively promoting the development and development of this area.
However, the disputes in the late Tang and Central Plains regions were constant, and the Jiaotong area was gradually out of reach, and the Han and local Yue nobles who moved into this area gradually merged, and later, finally a local local tycoon Qu Hao replaced the Jing Navy Festival, which was stationed by the central government at the end of the Tang Dynasty.
Five generations later, during the Later Liang dynasty, which had been caught in the war with the Shatuo people for many years, had no time to take care of him, and was forced to admit this fait accompli, so the Qu clan began to divide and rule the region.
Subsequently, during the next year, Qu Chengmei, the son of Qu Hao, was again awarded the title of Jieqi by Later Liang, thus formally dividing one side and changing the situation that for more than a thousand years, the Jiaotong region had always been within the territory of China.
However, in the same period, Liu Gong's clan, starting in Guangzhou, and took the opportunity to claim the title of emperor in Lingnan, the national name "Dayue", and later, Liu changed his name to Han, the history called Southern Han, in order to show his continuity of the orthodoxy of the two Han, at this time, in order to compete with the Southern Han regime, Qu Chengmei was still forced to submit to the Later Liang Dynasty, which represented the Central Plains regime.
Even so, the Southern Han regime did not relax its rule over the Jiaotong region, and sent troops to capture Qu Chengmei, re-annex Jiaozhou, and appoint Li Jin as the Assassin of Jiaozhou, and the following year, Yang Tingyi, a local tycoon in Aizhou (present-day Thanh Hoa, Vietnam), expelled Li Jin and called himself the Emissary of Jiedu, and soon, a man named Jiao Gongxian killed Yang Tingyi, and Yang Tingyi's general Wu Quan killed Jiao Gongxian.
It can really be said that you sang and I took the stage, and each led the way for three or five years, until Wu Quan defeated the Southern Han army at the Battle of Bai Teng Jiang, completely crushing the Southern Han regime's attempt to regain Jiaotong, and at this time, the Central Plains regime had been changed to later Jin, and Later Jin also had no time to take care of this region, thus completely creating a situation of division between Jiaozhou and Lingnan.
However, Wu Quan of Jiaozhou only claimed the title of king, but did not dare to claim the title of emperor, indicating that he was still nominally subordinate to the Central Plains Dynasty.
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After Wu Quan's death, his second son Wu Changwen succeeded him, and during Wu Changwen's reign, the Central Plains changed dynasties again, and the Northern Song Dynasty was established, but soon after the establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty, Wu Changwen died, and Jiaozhou fell into complete division and turmoil. ”
In the first year of Kaibao, the great cause of the unification of the Northern Song Dynasty was not yet completed, and was busy with the war with the Northern Han Dynasty, a man named Ding Buling and his son Ding Lian raised an army, in present-day Ninh Binh Province, Vietnam, called Emperor DashengMing, Song called Dasheng Wang, the state name Daqu YueGuo, that is, the so-called "Ding Dynasty", at this time, the Northern Song Dynasty was only eight years old, since its own unification of the great cause has not yet been completed, in order to bring Jiaozhou tongxin into the territory, it is obviously a little difficult to do.
After that, the Northern Song Conquered the Southern Han Dynasty in Lingnan, and was about to complete the final unification, at this time, Ding Buling died, and his son Ding Lian reigned, in order to avoid direct conflict with the Northern Song Dynasty, Ding Lian began to take the initiative to declare subjection to the Northern Song Dynasty, and the Northern Song Dynasty feng Ding Lian was appointed as the emissary of the Jing Navy and the protector of Annam, temporarily achieving formal unification and rule over Jiaozhou.
Song Taizong
In the fourth year (979) of the Northern Song Dynasty, Ding Lian was assassinated, and his subordinate Li Huan was usurped, and Song Taizong believed that Daqu Yue was in internal strife and wanted to take the opportunity to regain Jiaozhou by force in one fell swoop, so Sun Quanxing and other troops led the army from Guangzhou Road and Nanning Road respectively, and won a great victory in the Battle of Bai teng River, but later, due to Li Huan's fraudulent surrender, he booby-trapped Hou Renbao and was forced to retreat, thus missing the opportunity to include Jiaozhou in the territory for the last time.
At the time of the Northern Song Dynasty's conquest of Jiaozhou, the Ding Dynasty general Li Huan was busy copying a "yellow robe plus body" drama from the founding of the Northern Song Dynasty, and established the so-called Li Dynasty, according to the "Yue ShiLuo", "The day the division came out ... He said, 'Now the Lord is young and weak, and I do not know that my generation is industrious, and who knows the merits of size.' It is better to first plan the Ten Dao (i.e., Li Huan, then the General of the Ten Daos and the Commander of the Temple) as the Son of Heaven, and then go out of the division. ’”
If we compare the above passage with the records of the "Chen Qiao Mutiny" and "Yellow Robe Plus Body" in the "Continuation of the Zizhi Tongjian Long Edition", the fact that Li Huan copied Zhao Kuangyin is particularly obvious, and the two are the same.
The "Continuation of the Zhizhi TongjianChang" records that "it is the night, the second Chen Qiaoyi, the generals and the gathering: 'The Lord is weak and weak, and he has not been able to govern pro-government.' Now my generation has made a death force for the country to break the thief, who knows, it is better to first set up a point inspection (that is, Zhao Kuangyin, when the temple is a point inspection) as the Son of Heaven, and then march north, not too late. ’”
Just as Li Huan usurped the throne and imitated the Central Plains Dynasty, the etiquette system of the Li Dynasty and other Chinese traditions dominated by Confucian culture also shows the long-term acceptance of traditional Chinese culture and its influence in the Jiaozhou region.
After the establishment of the Li Dynasty, the Dangxiang people in northwest China rose, and later, after the establishment of the Western Xia Dynasty, the Northern Song Dynasty was tired of coping, and temporarily shelved the Jiaozhou region, while Li Huan took the opportunity to capture the champa state, and later, during the Northern Song Dynasty, Li Gongyun usurped power and established the Li Dynasty, but the Northern Song Dynasty was forced by the threat of the Western Xia and had to make Li Gongyun the king of Jiaozhi County, in fact, it was equivalent to recognizing the rule of the Li Dynasty in the Jiaozhi region.
In summary, as early as the middle and late Tang Dynasty, the Jiaotong region began to break away from the Central Dynasty, and the split situation of the five generations further aggravated this process, and finally in the Northern Song Dynasty, it was surrounded by enemies, and the Central Plains Dynasty was no longer able to cross the toes.
Author: Our special invited author Shen Jiuchuan