Strategic position
In ancient times, Qingjian had an important strategic position in the military. Shunzhi "Qingjian County Chronicle , Geography " Yun: Qingjian "east of the Yellow River, west of the Black Water, Bell Tower, Guanshan front and back towering, Yan'an dangerous place, Gangling overlap, deep barrier of the valley, left can lead to the east of the river millet, right can consolidate the trend of Yan'an, the north can control the desert land, Yi is the rush of Linyan." Qianlong's "Qingjian County Continuation Chronicle and Geography" also said that it "extends the desert in the north, strangles Jinming in the south, and controls Hedong in the east, which is the xiong district of the whole Qin northern household and the key harm." Using force to strengthen the country, the Song and Yuan columns camped to defend, and the good and the good were already there. Now if you keep the Qingjian, then Yan'an; if you keep the Qingjian, Baicao, and Guanyin villages, then you will be in Hedonggu; and if you keep the Qingjian, guanshan will be the key. ”
From the Zhou to the Tang Dynasty, the mainland was frequently easy to dominate the country, and there were often wars, but they were not the main battlefield. During the Song and Jin dynasties, located on the frontier, the Western Xia and Jin often invaded, and the Song built a wall, which was the forefront of tun defense and resistance. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Qingjian was one of the birthplaces and base areas of li zicheng, prince jue and other peasant rebels, who took advantage of their geographical advantages and repeatedly fought against officials and troops. During the Republic of China, the county was in an important strategic position, becoming the base area of the Red Army and an important line of defense against the Japanese Kou.
As far as modern warfare is concerned, the county is far from the political and economic center, with dense ravines and mountain peaks and obstacles, which is not conducive to the mobilization of the main forces and the progress of the three-dimensional war, but the strategic defensive position is still very important: First, it can use the terrain that is easy to defend and difficult to attack to block the enemy from coming from the north; second, it can rely on the natural danger of the Yellow River to block the east enemy's westward advance; and third, it can cut off the westward wrapping line of the main artery of north-south communication to prevent the movement, rescue, combination, and dispatch of the army between the north and the south. At the same time, it can be used as a national rear base to produce military supplies, expand troops, and rest and train troops.
Military terrain
Within the territory, the mountains and ravines are deep and the passes are dense, which is conducive to the concealment and defense of the troops, and the guerrilla warfare and ambush warfare are carried out to prevent atomic weapons from attacking; however, the march is difficult, the line of sight is not smooth, and the mechanization and combat of large troops are limited.
Pass
Jiuli Mountain is about 9 miles from north to south, hence the name; the ancient name is Guanting Mountain, referred to as Guanshan Mountain; because it is located at the dangerous pass, it is also known as Guanshan Mountain. It is located at 110 ° 09 ' east diameter, 37 ° 15 ' north latitude, between MujiaHe and Letangbao village, 23 kilometers away from the county seat, and the main peak is 1247 meters above sea level. The mountain beam has a wide field of view and can be used as a defensive position. On both sides of the mountain beam are deep gullies that cut through the depths, which are 20 to 30 meters shallow and 300 to 2000 meters deep. The artificial passage on the west side is the throat of the Xibao Highway, "one husband should pass, and all the people should not open". During the Song Dynasty, in order to resist the frontier of western Xia, there were many kanqiao under the mountain, and it was the Song people who refused horses. The Ming and Qing dynasties garrisoned the defense, and the main peak was built with a beacon tower. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the peasant army and the officers exchanged fire here. In the autumn of 1947, thousands of people of the Northwest Field Army blocked Hu Zongnan's headquarters for 7 days and nights.
Alfalfa Ridge is located between Louze collapse and Junjiatun Village, 12.5 kilometers away from the county seat. There are 241 meters of tunnels, and the Qingshi Highway must pass. In ancient times, the area around Junjiatun and Junzhuang was garrisoned, and this ridge was one of the important gateways to the east of the county.
Commanding heights
See part 3, chapter 1.
Open
The terrain of the Wuding River (above Gaojie Village) and the Qingjian River Road is flat, and the width of the Dangjia River and The Folding River is about 500 meters wide, which can be used as an airborne landing site. Gaojie Village, Huijiayuan and Nanyuan also have military activity value, but the edges are deep and the water sources are scarce.
Military traffic
Land traffic The territory is long and narrow, the mountains are stacked, and the traffic is relatively poor. However, the Xibao, Weiqing, and Qingshi lines run through the north, south, and east and west, making them an important passage for military activities and logistical assistance.
Water transportation Except for the Yellow River, the rivers are all stone bottoms, and no flood can be waded in vain. The Yellow River is a natural barrier between Qin and Jin, from Mahuaping to Hejia Bank, can be navigable wooden boats and 10 tons of hanging oar boats; its two sides of the mountain is steep, narrow waterways, military value is mainly in crossing, the ferry port is mostly located near the village, the existing state approved ferry port 11. In 1936, Mao Zedong led the Red Army from Xinguan to Huang and carried out the Eastern Expedition. Old Crow Pass, wartime is also the throat of the troops' operations. Except for the Daling and flood seasons, it can be crossed all year round. The larger villages and main roads of the Wuding River are connected to the ferry, and wooden boats are prepared for ferry crossings.
Military climate
In the territory, the early spring wind and sand are thick, and even the haze is dark, and the visibility is low. In late summer and early autumn (July to August), torrential rains are frequent, precipitation accounts for 42.9% of the year, often red sun scorching, dark clouds, thunder and lightning rumbling, heavy rain pouring, sometimes hail apricots, the march is blocked. After the Mid-Autumn Festival, it often rained and rained, and the days were not opened, as little as three or five days, as many as 10 days, or even more than a month, resulting in the collapse of the fortifications, and the marching and camping were all affected. The winter is cold and long, the ground is frozen by 1 meter, and the maximum frozen soil depth in February is 1.2 meters, and the maximum snow is 0.3 meters, which affects the construction of the fortifications.
Soil and vegetation
The rock in the prefecture is hard and needs to be blasted to build fortifications. More than 90% of the soil is loess, loose, and can be excavated with shovels and pickaxes. The forest vegetation is poor, mostly deciduous forest. Winter and spring are difficult to conceal, and in summer and autumn, forests and tall crops are available.
Military facilities
The ancient and modern military facilities in the county include castles, cottages, pond floods, cliff kilns, tunnels and pillboxes.
castle
See part 13, chapter 1, and part 22, chapter 3.
cottage
Tuoba's village is also known as stone clam village. It is located in front of Zewan Village, Letangbao Township, and was first built during the Northern Wei Dynasty. After Ming Pu prefecture Taishou Bai Zongshun returned to the field, he once set up a villa on it. The remains of the present earthen wall.
Zhao'an Zhai was built by Di Qing in Shuangmiaohe Township, Shuangmiaohe Township, during the Song Baoyuan Dynasty.
Yingtian Village is located in present-day Yingtian Village. Built during the Song Kangding and Qing calendar years, the Zhongshiheng Department once reclaimed here. This is obsolete.
Qingjian Village was built in Xuejiaqu, Erlangshan Township, during the Qing calendar. The left and right stone walls are hundreds of taels, and the stone mountains are later blocked. Obsolete.
Shun'an Village is located 25 kilometers north of the county, and the detailed land has not been examined. At the beginning of the Song Dynasty, Nan'an Village was built, and it was abandoned in the first year of Kangding (1040), and it was rebuilt and renamed during the Qing Calendar. Also obsolete.
Heishui Village is located 50 kilometers northwest of the county, and the detailed site is to be examined. Li Yongqi hereditary capital inspected the garrison. This is obsolete.
Guanyin Village is built on a stone cliff in Gaojie Village on the west bank of the Wuding River. There are whirlpools underneath, unfathomable. Shiyanyuan is more than 10 meters deep, more than 20 meters high, hundreds of meters long, and has built 100 houses. Obsolete.
Baicao Village is in the present-day Baicao Temple in Xiejiagou Town. The military stronghold of the Eastern District, where the Song Dynasty was a tun army. Obsolete.
GaoLiushu Village is located in Gaoliushu Village, Lijiata Township. The ancient fortress is a city with a circumference of about 2.5 kilometers. Legend has it that it was the place where soldiers were stationed during the Jin liao, and the villagers restored it during the Qing Dynasty. This is obsolete.
Xinguanzhai Former name YongningGuan. It is located in the east of Xinguan Village, Gaojie Village, under the Yellow River. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the leaders of the peasant army drilled the heavens and opened the mountain axe were stationed here. Also obsolete.
Fanjia fork village in Lijiata Township Fanjiacha village west. Built by the residents of the sixteenth year of Ming Chongzhen (1643) to avoid chaos. "Steep fortress against the cliff, three sides of the restoration." This is obsolete.
Coach house
See part 12, chapter 2.
Pond flood
During the Ming and Qing dynasties, important checkpoints were guarded by garrisons, known as pond floods. At that time, there were 7 pond floods in the territory, namely nanguan flood, Yingtian flood, twenty lipu (now shang twenty lipu) flood, camel flood, Shizuiyi flood, Wangjiapu (present-day Wangjiapu) flood and Tianzhuang flood. It has 1 pier, 5 smoke piers, 1 archway, 1 barracks and 1 building, and 5 flood soldiers. Among them, the 4 floods below the Camel Shop are under the jurisdiction of the Qingjian Foreign Commission, and the 3 floods above Shizuiyi are under the jurisdiction of the Suide Foreign Commission. Today the facility is defunct.
Cliff kiln
See part 13, chapter 1.
tunnel
In the past, there were civil tunnels in places such as Luzegou, but now they have collapsed. Beginning in 1969, Qingjian built tunnels and tunnels in four combat villages that could be used as civil air defense fortifications during the war. In 1970, county government cadres, enterprise employees, school teachers and students, and street residents all went out to dig ×× underground air raid shelters in Guangming Mountain, Zhonglou Mountain, Dongyang Mountain and other places, counting ×××× meters, which could accommodate more than 10,000 people. In the event of an air raid, residents can enter the cave to hide. In 1971, ×× and ×××× meters of air raid shelters in the county seat were reinforced.