The "Zhejiang School" mentioned in Mr. Deng Sanmu's "Seal Engraving" is actually the "Zhejiang School" that we still constantly mention, "with the cutting knife as the main knife method", but there are also problems, both the classification of the Indians to which they belong is inaccurate, such as the attribution of Hu Tan (he even wrote Hu Tan as Wu Tan); there is also a prejudice against the Zhejiang School, such as the final summary of "I would rather take the femininity of She, than the Gang of Zhejiang." "This is clearly with portal and aesthetic bias.
("Seal Engraving" Zhejiang School Indian example)
Or the old way, we read and elaborated:
Ding Jing, the founder of the Zhejiang Sect, inherited He Xueyu from afar, and received Mu Qian in the near future. People say: "Since entering the Qing Dynasty, the old body of Wen He and the skin and bones have been exhausted; the sons of the Anhui Sect have tried to restore the law, while the ancient law is only restored, Ding Jing and the masters are not one, so the house is great." "The Geiding clan strives to pursue the ancient sages, but refuses to stick to the Han family's law, seeing far away and achieving arrogance.
The founder of the Zhejiang school was Ding Jing, and although he inherited He Xueyu and Cheng Yi, his achievements far exceeded that of He and Cheng.
Ding Jing's greatest contribution is innovation:
1. He exalted the retro style, Printing Sect Qin han, but not completely stuck to Qin and Han. Ding Jing has a poem that says: "The ancients carved the seal and thought out of the group, and shu rolled up the clouds on the same mountain." Seeing the Tang and Song Miao of the Six Dynasties, He Zeng kept the Han family text. On the one hand, he drew nourishment from Hanyin, and on the other hand, he sought a breakthrough in the "Tang and Song Seals" that were ignored by the predecessors, which actually broke the situation of Han Miao's seal dominating the world and opened the door for Zhu Wenyin to innovate in the seal law. For example, his masterpiece "White Clouds on the Ridge", the seal method of printing Chinese characters has long been under the constraints of the Han printing method, but there are many more curved pens and round pens, which is actually an innovation of the seal law.
(Ding Jing's masterpiece: White Clouds on the Ridge)
Of course, he also did not adhere to the Han law, relying on the cutting knife to carve the Han Miao seal out of the mottled canggu appearance, such as his "Ding Jing body seal"
(Ding Jing and his work: Ding Jing's body seal)
If we zoom in on his imprint, we can clearly see the characteristic mottled linear characteristics of the knife formation. This is actually an innovation in knife technique. However, later Wei Xi believed that Ding Jing had inherited the sword technique of Zhu Jian, the Indian of the Ming Dynasty, saying that Zhu Jian "Zhu Wenqi blunted Ding, and the knife was as thin as a pinch" (Wei Xizeng's "On the Twenty-four Parallel Orders of Indian Poems"), no matter what, the cutting knife was really carried forward in Ding Jing's hands.
2. He broke the restrictions on the orthography of the "Explanation of Words". Another of his poems on printing says: "The seal of the Shuowen is carved from a separate point, and the trivialities are dazzlingly known. The Han people were dissolved into a seal, and when Zhiwu spoke selflessly. He clearly pointed out that the "Shuowen Jiezi" is academic, while the seal engraving is artistic, the two are not exactly the same, as a seal engraver, can not let the "Shuowen Jiezi" limit the orthography. This is actually an innovation in orthography.
(Ding Jing's work of opening the school)
The comprehensive innovation of calligraphy, seal method, and knife method (in fact, there was also the innovation of single knife side style) made Ding Jing's seal carving unique in the printing altar at that time, and with the continuous follow-up of the follow-up of the "Xiling" Indians, the "Zhejiang Sect" became a large sect of the Southern Sect that was famous with the Northern Sect "Huizong". To fully understand the "Zhejiang School", we should follow the order of the "Eight Schools of Xiling" and look at them one by one (for a brief introduction to the lives of the eight Indians, see the series of humble texts "Biographies of the Indians"):
(The position of Ding Jing and Xiling Bajia in the history of seal carving)
It is precisely because of these innovations of Ding Jing that the Zhejiang school was created, carefully weighed, which is an unprecedented liberation of the calligraphy, seal method, and knife method for seal carvers, no wonder Ding Jing's statue has been standing in the Xiling Seal Society, for posterity to admire, he is really a real grand master.
(Statue of Ding Jing of Xiling Printing Society)
The second of the "Xiling Eight Families" is Jiang Ren (the order cannot be wrong, not Huang Yi). Jiang Ren was not Ding Jing's disciple, but it was he who closely followed Ding Jing's style and continued to promote it, so that the Zhejiang Sect was truly established and gradually perfected. His masterpiece is "True Water Without Fragrance", as shown in the picture:
(Jiang Ren and his work: True Water Without Fragrance)
The third of the "Xiling Eight Families" is Huang Yi, who is the consolidator and stereotyper of the "Zhejiang School". He was Ding Jing's disciple, who not only had a high level of works, but also had a wide range of contacts, so his role in promoting the Zhejiang school of printing was greater than that of Jiang Ren (Jiang was a hermit personality), take a look at Huang Yi's works:
(Huang Yi and his work: Golden Stone Fetish)
The fourth of the "Xiling Eight Houses" is Xi Gang. Xi Gang's contribution is to theoretically summarize the "personalized Han seal" of the "Zhejiang School". He studied Ding Jing, and his style of work was impulsive and clumsy, and he was elegant and sparse (posterity commented that he was "not as clumsy as Ding Jing, not as good as Jiang Ren, but elegant than Ding, Jiang, and Huang"). Take a look at the work:
(Xi Gang and his work: Longwei Mountain House)
By the time the "first four families of Xiling" were all born, the "Zhejiang Sect" had fully matured. Its overall feature is the "personalized Chinese seal", although the calligraphy, seal method, and knife method are very innovative, its spiritual essence is still retro Chinese seal.
The fifth of the "Eight Houses of Xiling" is Chen Yuzhong. He is a literati scholar-type seal engraver, to his hands, the Zhejiang style to the elegant, this is actually a collation or sublimation of the Zhejiang school, to him, the Zhejiang school of works have more "literati flavor", more elegant and exquisite, but also reduce the simplicity and clumsiness. That is to say, by the time of Chen Yuzhong, the Zhejiang school of printing style had more elegant branches. Take a look at his work:
(Chen Yuzhong and his works: several students cultivate plum blossoms)
The sixth of the "Eight Houses of Xiling" was Chen Hongshou. Chen Hongshou is a famous pot maker, because of his personality, he is more advocating tianqu in addition to elegance. He advocated that "poetry and calligraphy do not have to be very home, but the time is interesting", so his poetry, calligraphy and painting seal engraving "are all victorious with capital" (Fu Baoshi), that is, by the time of Chen Hongshou, the Zhejiang school has more "yi" fun.
(Chen Hongshou and his work: Man Sheng)
The seventh of the "Eight Houses of Xiling" was Zhao Zhichen. By the time of Zhao Zhichen, the "Zhejiang School" style had occupied most of the scenery of the printing altar, so he had gained more market opportunities, and it was precisely because of this that Zhao Zhichen had greatly gained market recognition because of Chen Yuzhong's disciples, which led him to be busy with the treatment of printing all day, and at the same time as obtaining rich runge, he practiced a skilled knife technique, and because of this, he eventually fell into the quagmire of excessive pursuit of sword techniques, ignoring the pursuit of calligraphy and seal law, and his works gradually became stylized, and even called habits and rigidity by posterity. By Zhao Zhichen, the Zhejiang sect began to crust, solidify, and even decline. Take a look at his work:
(Zhao Zhichen and his work: Immortal Dependents)
The eighth of the "Xiling Eight Families" is Qian Song. Later generations also think that it is not fair to classify Qian Song into the "Eight Families of Xiling", because Qian Song has obviously begun to move towards the integration of Zhejiang and Anhui in his works, both cutting knives and punching knives, both the square fold of the Zhejiang school and the roundness of the Anhui school, both the blades of the Zhejiang school and the roundness of the Anhui school, both in India, and gradually reflect more and more pen and ink interests, in fact, he should be the opportunity for the revitalization of the "Zhejiang school", but unfortunately the "Taiping Heavenly Kingdom" came, so he died young, if not, his achievements, It is likely to be close to the later Zhao Zhiqian (he was a good friend of Zhao Zhiqian). Take a look at his work:
(Qian Song and his works)
We see, this is a double-sided seal, the white text print "Meng gao Ggu", he took the route of the Anhui school, Zhu Wenyin "painted with character lines", but pure Zhejiang school, obviously, he is a person who stands taller, unfortunately.
Let's return to Mr. Deng Sanmu's "Seal Engraving" evaluation of the Zhejiang school:
"Yu is blunt and does not conform to the law, it is precisely his good law-abiding place, Gai can take han as the scripture, and miscellaneous people think that wei also." This is the evaluation of Ding Jing, and Mr. Ding Jing's evaluation of Ding Jing can be regarded as accurate.
"Yu Zi is only able to pass on the mantle of Huang Xi, and Jiang Chen (referring to Chen Yuzhong) has already had a lot of sword fighting. As for Chen Mansheng (Hongshou) with flesh and bonelessness, Qian Shugai (Song) as a tie-in, and Zhao Cixian as a blue wisp of the Road, all of them are the Zhejiang school of later generations, and the sawtooth swallowtail faction has come out of itself, and the shell is no longer there, let alone the divine will. This paragraph of the evaluation of the latter seven is not completely correct, the rise, development, perfection to decline, revival of a genre has its inherent laws, the school of school print can not hold prejudices, can not mention the Zhejiang school to say that it is "sawtooth swallowtail", aesthetics is always pluralistic, how can there be a unified standard!
(Statue of Wang Fu'an)
However, the Zhejiang faction seems to have really "risen up and died first". After Qian Song, there was really a fault. This fault was caused by Qian Song's early death, and for some time after that, Emperor Huizong almost unified the altar of printing, and the reason is very clear, because "Huizong" produced a Deng Shiru and founded the "Deng Sect". However, don't worry, there are also "new Zhejiang factions" such as Wang Fu'an (some people also classify Zhao Zhiqian as "new Zhejiang factions"), but it seems that they are no longer "Zhejiang factions" in the original sense.
Understanding the "Zhejiang School", we think that eating through the "Eight Houses of Xiling" is a simple way as to the other Indians mentioned by Mr. Deng, compared to the "Eight Families", the weight is lighter.
([Perusing "Seal Engraving"] No. 28, some of the pictures come from the Internet, and the copyright belongs to the original author)