Article 1 Shanghai
On April 17, 1893, a baby boy was born at the home of a timber mill keeper in Nevel, Wichebsk Oblast, Russia. Due to the poverty of his family, the boy dropped out of school at the age of 14 to start working, first as a typesetter in the local printing house for three years, and then as an accountant in Bestoruk for three years. At the age of 20, he moved to the United States to make ends meet.
Lady Liberty
While working and studying in the United States, he read a large number of Marxist-Leninist works in English and became a staunch Marxist, so he joined the American Socialist Party and began to engage in political activities. In the spring of 1918, after learning of the victory of the October Revolution in Russia in the United States, he decided to give up his better working and living conditions and return to Russia to serve the vast number of workers and peasants in Russia, and in the same year he successfully joined the Russian Communist Party (Brazzaville) and became a member of the Russian Communist Party (Brazzaville).
This man was Vyjingsky, who also had a Chinese named Wu Tingkang, who was also the first red messenger to come to China.
Vyshinsky
In April 1920, Vyshinsky was sent by the organization to China with the purpose of understanding the situation in China and establishing contacts with China's progressive forces. When they first arrived in China, Vyshinsky and others were very unfamiliar with the situation in China, so they first visited two Russian professors, Bergev and Ivanov, at Peking University to seek their help. In the conversation with the two professors, he probably learned about the brief appearance of the Chinese communist movement, knew about the "New Youth", knew about the "May Fourth Movement", and of course he also got information on two key figures, that is, Li Dazhao and Chen Duxiu, who are known as "Southern Chen and Northern Li".
Peking university
At the recommendation of Li Dazhao, he met Chen Duxiu in Shanghai at Vyshinsky, which was in line with Chen Duxiu, who already had the intention of building the party. In July 1920, with the help of Vyshinsky, the Sino-Russian News Agency was established in Shanghai, which mainly had two tasks: (i) to translate and report materials on Soviet Russia and the Comintern; and (ii) to translate important news from Chinese newspapers into Russian and send them to Moscow. It has played a positive role in propagating Marxism to the Chinese people and promoting socialists in Shanghai to carry out party building work. At the same time, in order to help young people study in Soviet Russia, in the autumn of 1920, Vyshinsky founded the Foreign Literature Society in Shanghai, where Liu Shaoqi, Luo Yinong, ren Bishi and so on all studied.
In August 1920, the Shanghai Communist Group was formally established, "the first resolution, chen Duxiu was elected as secretary, and a letter was written to the branches of socialist organizations in various places." This was the predecessor of the Chinese Communist Party.
Chen Duxiu Li Dazhao
In June 1921, the Comintern sent a representative, Marin, to inspect the founding of the Chinese Party, and then, with the support of the Comintern, the Communist Group in Shanghai issued a notice to various places, and on July 23, 1921, a major meeting was held, and the Communist Party of China was formally established. The station is located in Shanghai.
In addition to the above factors, there are three conditions why Shanghai has been chosen by history that cannot be ignored.
First, Shanghai was a wharf to the world at that time
Japan began opening up to the outside world earlier than China. Through the Meiji Restoration, Japan comprehensively learned from the West, reformed the backward feudal system, and embarked on the road of developing capitalism. Japan is very close to Shanghai, and some new ideas and new ideas came to Shanghai earlier. A large number of young intellectuals, such as Chen Duxiu, Li Dazhao, and Chen Wangdao, have all studied in Japan. Deng Xiaoping, Nie Rongzhen, Cai and Sen also set out for Changhai to study in France, and the Whampoa Pier is also known as the starting point for aspiring young people to seek the truth. It is precisely the large number of ideologically advanced intellectuals in Shanghai that have provided a good atmosphere for Shanghai to spread new ideas. Moreover, at that time, no city in China accommodated all kinds of progressive publications like Shanghai, and according to statistics, there were nearly 300 kinds of publications in Shanghai at that time with socialist overtones, and various new trends of thought were emerging in an endless stream. Especially after the May Fourth Movement, Shanghai gradually became the propaganda center of the socialist movement. Chen Duxiu, Li Hanjun, and a large number of other advanced intellectuals gathered in Shanghai and used publications such as New Youth and Weekly Review to propagate the ideological emancipation movement and Marxist doctrine. In this diversified cultural atmosphere, Shanghai has gradually become the core position for advanced intellectuals to explore the Chinese road.
Shanghai Terminal
Second, Shanghai has a strong workers' force
We can see this photo, which was taken in Shanghai in 1920, and there are a lot of stevedores working at the dock. There is another important reason why the Communist Party of China was born in Shanghai, that is, the choice of class. We know that the birth of the Communist Party of China was the product of the integration of Marxism with the Chinese workers' movement. The development and growth of the working class is a necessary condition for the founding of the Communist Party of China. So how many industrial workers were there in Shanghai at that time? There are about 1 million industrial workers, and what is the concept, basically half of the entire Chinese working class.
Third, the terrain is favorable
Shanghai Huitong north-south, transportation, communication is very convenient. At the same time, due to historical factors, Shanghai has a lot of lanes and lofts, these complex small lanes, exquisite attics, hidden 8 to 10 people, extremely convenient, for underground work to provide natural cover.
alley
It is for these reasons that Shanghai became the first station of the CPC Central Committee. The Chinese Communist Party will set out from here, so where will it sail?
Part II: Wuhan
First of all, we look at the main work after the founding of the party, the main work after the founding of the party is to lead the workers' movement and the peasant movement, from January 1922 to February 1923, in these 13 months, more than 100 strikes occurred throughout the country, and the number of participants reached more than 300,000. The first climax of the Chinese workers' movement was set off. On February 4, 1923, a general strike on the Beijing-Hankou Railway broke out, with the aim of striving for the establishment of the Beijing-Hankou Railway Federation of Trade Unions, but with the support of imperialism, Wu Peifu mobilized the military and police to bloodily suppress the workers, creating the "February 7 Massacre" that shocked China and foreign countries, after which the national workers' movement turned into a low tide.
Twenty-seven massacres
The Communists, recognizing from the facts of the General Strike of the Railway Workers in Beijing and Hankou, the importance of forming the broadest united front, decided to take a positive step to unite with the Kuomintang led by Sun Yat-sen. At this time, Sun Yat-sen relied on warlords to fight warlords, but also suffered repeated setbacks, but he also realized that the Communist Party is a new and vigorous revolutionary force, in January 1924, the Kuomintang held a major meeting, established the united Russian Communist Party, support the peasants and workers of the revolutionary policy, the formal formation of Kuomintang-Communist cooperation. With the active participation and efforts of the Communist Party of China, the storm of the Great Revolution quickly swept across the country. In 1926, the Northern Expeditionary Army sent by the Nationalist Government in Guangzhou captured Wuhan. At the beginning of 1927, the Kuomintang Central Committee and the Nationalist Government moved from Guangzhou to Wuhan, which became the center of the Chinese revolution. In order to meet the needs of the vigorous revolutionary situation, Zhang Guotao, Qu Qiubai, Chen Duxiu, and other leaders of the CPC Central Committee also came to Wuhan one after another. The Secretariat Office of the CPC Central Committee, the Organization Department of the CPC Central Committee, the Central Military Commission and other organs also completed the relocation from Shanghai to Wuhan from the end of 1926 to the spring of 1927. Wuhan became the second garrison of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.
Former site of Wuhan
No. 163 and No. 165 Shengli Street in Hankou is an old Western-style three-story residential building, sitting west to east, red wall red tiles, in that special period, this ordinary bungalow became the "heart" of the Chinese Communist Party, where many important meetings and important matters of the Party Central Committee were held and decided. The development of kuomintang-communist cooperation brought a new situation to the revolution, he greatly promoted the recovery and development of the workers' movement, and the victory of the Northern Expedition was also the fruit of kuomintang-communist cooperation.
In the spring of 1925, Sun Yat-sen died, and Chiang Kai-shek quickly took power. At the time of the victory of the Northern Expedition, imperialism became increasingly uneasy, especially the Japanese military department believed: "If the Kuomintang and the Communist Party do not separate their families, the success of the national revolution is just around the corner, and all imperialist forces in China, such as Japan, Britain, and the United States, will be overthrown." At this time, Chiang Kai-shek was also proud of the spring breeze, like a "leader" posture. Under the threat of imperialism and the expansion of individual rights, on April 12, 1927, Chiang Kai-shek launched the "April 12" counter-revolutionary coup and wantonly slaughtered communists.
4.12 coup
On April 18, Chiang Kai-shek set up a separate Nationalist government in Nanjing representing the big landlords and the big bourgeoisie, and at this time three regimes were formed in the whole country, namely, the Beijing government headed by Zhang Zuolin, the Nanjing government headed by Chiang Kai-shek, and the Wuhan National Government, which continued to maintain cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party. However, soon after, Wang Jingwei, who appeared as a "leftist" in the National Government of Wuhan, also plotted to "clean up the Communists" and raised a butcher's knife against the Communists.
On July 15, Wang Jingwei launched the infamous "July 15" counter-revolutionary coup in Wuhan, hunting down and killing Communists and revolutionary masses in the name of "splitting the Communists", and the vigorous Revolution was completely defeated. On August 7, 1927, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China secretly held an emergency meeting in Hankou, the "Eighty-Seven" Conference, which pointed out the way out for the party, which was in the midst of ideological confusion and poor organization. At this time, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China was already unable to gain a foothold in Wuhan, so the conference was soon moved back to Shanghai from Wuhan to October 1927.
The defeat of the Great Revolution made our Party aware. In order to achieve revolutionary victory, it is necessary not only to establish a revolutionary united front, but also to maintain its own independence, to persist in armed struggle and to form an army under the direct command and command of the Party.
As a result of the defeat of the Great Revolution, the party's strength was further weakened. After the Eighty-Seventh Congress, many cadres of the party went to various localities to restore and rectify the party organizations and continue to lead armed uprisings in various localities.
Autumn Harvest Uprising
In October 1927, Mao Zedong led the Workers' and Peasants' Revolutionary Army of the Autumn Harvest Uprising in Xianggan province to the Jinggangshan area to carry out guerrilla warfare, carry out agrarian revolution, restore and establish the organization of the Communist Party, and at the end of February 1928, the Jinggangshan Revolutionary Base Area was initially established. In April of the same year, Zhu De and Chen Yi led the troops preserved from the Nanchang Uprising and the Shonan Peasant Army to Jinggangshan, where they met with the Workers' and Peasants' Revolutionary Army led by Mao Zedong and established the Fourth Army of the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army. In December, Peng Dehuai and Teng Daiyuan led the main force of the Red 5th Army to Jinggangshan and joined the Red 4th Army. After that, the Red Army smashed many "encirclement and suppression" of the enemy, and the base areas continued to expand and began to develop into western Fujian. In the spring of 1930, the Southwest Jiangxi Soviet Government and the Western Fujian Soviet Government were successively established.
Jinggangshan will be a teacher
With the development of the revolutionary situation and the growing strength of the Party, nearly ten Soviet regions had been established in the north and south of the Yangtze River, and according to the instructions of the Comintern, it was ready to convene a National Congress of Soviets in Shanghai in November 1930 to discuss the establishment of a provisional central government of the Soviets. However, due to the influence of Li Lisan's blind leftist movement, he ordered the Red Army throughout the country to concentrate on attacking Wuhan, Changsha and other major cities, and also prepared to set up the Provisional Central Government of the Soviet Union in Changsha or Wuhan, and the Red Army was greatly frustrated. Subsequently, Zhou Enlai presided over the Third Plenary Session of the Sixth Central Committee and decided to transfer the address of the First Soviet Congress to the Jiangxi Soviet District where Zhu De and Mao Zedong were active, and at this point, Ruijin floated a historical picture.