Daming "Kai Tianxing Dao Zhao ji li great saint ren wen yi wu junde successful high emperor", Ming Taizu - Zhu Yuanzhang, zi guorui, also known as Zhu Zhongba, the founding prince of the Ming Dynasty, forty-one years old in Nanjing, the year name Hongwu, thirty years before the dynasty, Yu Hongwu died of illness in the thirty-first year, at the age of seventy.
Zhu Yuanzhang like
I have not dared to write Zhu Yuanzhang with a pen, because it is too wonderful. However, the Sixteen Emperors of the Ming Dynasty had already written fifteen, and they could not always pull this old ancestor down, but they never knew where to start. From cattle herding to founding monarchs, from the destruction of his family to the hundreds of thousands of soldiers, his life course is like a counterattack network novel, which makes people read with blood boiling and addicted.
After all, Zhu Yuanzhang's things are familiar to many friends, and fried cold rice has no meaning, so let's talk about some of my views on Zhu Yuanzhang.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > passive and active</h1>
We all know that Zhu Yuanzhang was very bitter when he was a child. Ancestors have been farmers for generations, and there are a lot of brothers and sisters, who do not have enough to eat, who are not warmly clothed, and when they are very young, they herd cattle for the landlord's family. At the age of 16, there was first drought, then locust plague and plague, and the family was almost dead, and there was no burial condition for finding allegro for relatives and finding a piece of land.
Desperate, he entered the temple and became a miscellaneous boy. Later, the days of the temple could not go on, wearing a torn monk's robe and carrying a monk's bowl, they went out to travel to the clouds. Anhui, Henan circled around, wandering for three years and returning to the temple. In the middle, Zhu Yuanzhang returned home once, paid tribute to his parents, and felt that the world was chaotic and returned to the temple.
Huangjue Temple
It wasn't until he received a letter from his childhood playmate inviting him to join the peasant army. Zhu Yuanzhang wanted to burn the letter and spend the rest of his life in the temple in peace and stability, but he did not know that the news of the letter had been leaked. Zhu Yuanzhang had no choice but to defect to the Red Turban Army. This year, he was 25 years old.
Zhu Yuanzhang's experience is not unfamiliar to everyone, and the arduous years he experienced before joining the peasant army were an important source of his later concept of "people-oriented". But in my opinion, the life before the age of 25 made Zhu Yuanzhang understand a truth: if you don't advance, you will retreat.
Red Turban Army
From a macroscopic point of view, Zhu Yuanzhang, a bottom-level bankrupt peasant, escaped famine, plague, and war, and finally survived, which is actually just a mathematical probability problem. But from Zhu Yuanzhang's point of view, he forced himself to make a choice again and again.
After the destruction of his family, he could only escape into the empty door; the ascetic monk had been working for several years, and he had to go out to beg in order not to starve to death; it was difficult to survive, he could settle down in the temple, and he was forced to rebel by a letter. Many people say that this is normal logic, the tree moves the dead to live, and the poor think about it.
Zhu Yuanzhang paintings
But then what? Especially a year later, when Zhu Yuanzhang broke through some famous names in the Red Turban Army, he took twenty-four horses out to do this alone, which is particularly worth pondering.
Because according to Zhu Yuanzhang's previous philosophy of survival, although the peasant army had serious high-level infighting, it did not face a severe military situation and could be completely stable for a period of time.
Zhu Yuanzhang left this time, a large part of the reason is because he feels that this team has no hope, so he wants to start a new stove himself. I hope that this matter is actually a very luxurious thing in the chaotic world.
Peasant army
Zhu Yuanzhang's life after the age of 25 is like an open hanging, but in fact, it has been pushed forward by two factors: survival and hope.
In order to survive, he must change his original values, change his original style of doing things, and take the initiative to seek various opportunities; after surviving again and again, he has slowly finally found his goal in life. As this hope became clearer and clearer, more and more clearly captured by Zhu Yuanzhang, he worked harder to pursue every victory.
As a result, 24 people became 1,000 people, 1,000 people became 4,000 people, 4,000 people became 20,000 people, and when he sat in Nanjing and prepared for a decisive battle with Chen Youyu, Zhu Yuanzhang had become a big warlord with more than 100,000 troops. At this time, he was only 33 years old.
Zhu Yuanzhang sculpted
Such a warlord-style founding monarch who relied on his own sword and sword to fight hard, no matter what kind of actions he made in the future that puzzled and confused the world, there must be his own deep-seated considerations behind it. Because life can be opened, in addition to courage, more important is vision. It's innate.
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > widowhood and schemes</h1>
Zhu Yuanzhang has a big label on his body, called slaughter hero. Just as the so-called rabbits and dead dogs are cooked, and the birds are hidden with bows, everyone scolds Zhu Yuanzhang for his thin feelings, while habitually taking this matter for granted.
In fact, if you list the time and cause of death of several major founding fathers in a table, you will find that Zhu Yuanzhang's murder of this group of former comrades-in-arms is mainly concentrated in the two periods of "Hu Weiyong Case" and "Blue Jade Case". Because these two cases involved a large number of people and had a long impact, it was not until the twenty-eighth year of Hongwu that the Ming court gradually returned to calm.
Ming Dynasty official
However, compared with zhu Yuanzhang's hands to kill, the number of founding fathers who died of illness after the founding of the Ming Dynasty was more. If Zhu Yuanzhang is also blamed for the death of these people, then I can only blame Old Zhu for living too long.
Let's talk about these two cases.
The "Hu Weiyong case" seems to me to be a centralized action painstakingly prepared by Zhu Yuanzhang. Before Hu Weiyong, the people who had been ministers were Li Shanchang, Xu Da, Yang Xian, Wang Guangyang and others. These people have an unusual relationship with Zhu Yuanzhang.
Xu Da like
Li Shanchang was Zhu Yuanzhang's first secretary, Xu Da was the first echelon of fierce generals under his command and Chang Yuchun, Yang Xian had long been Zhu Yuanzhang's diplomatic envoy, and also had the secret identity of "secret agent"; Wang Guangyang, Zhu Yuanzhang's imperial literati were all wise men.
But what about Hu Weiyong? Although he defected to Zhu Yuanzhang in the first year of the Dragon Feng, the relationship qualifications were indeed much worse than the above ones. Li Shanchang was "sick and retired" from the position of chancellor, Xu Da was only temporarily substituted, Wang Guangyang was passive and sluggish, yang Xian wanted to do things, and then died in vain.
Finally, there was Hu Weiyong, whom Li Shanchang recommended to Zhu Yuanzhang.
Zhu Yuanzhang endured Hu Weiyong for seven whole years, watching him rise from a tall building, watching him feast on guests, and then seeing that the timing was almost up, and he took off the "Hu Dang" in one pot, accused of conspiracy.
Conspiracy? Joke, a middle- and low-level official who has seen Zhu Yuanzhang's fierce entrepreneurial period, a little brother who has seen Zhu Yuanzhang control and crush countless cattle people, actually wanted to rebel after the founding of the Ming Dynasty?
Dragon chair
I'll tell you why Zhu Yuanzhang killed Hu Weiyong. For he wants to tell his former comrades-in-arms that this world can only be shared by me, not with you. This old man, who had been pushed by various circumstances in the first half of his life, now had to decide his own destiny, so he needed power, absolute power, and even the power of the prime minister he had to take back.
Zhu Yuanzhang used Hu Weiyong's death to abolish the phase, reorganize the six departments, and complete the centralization of power.
After the "Blue Jade Case", Zhu Yuanzhang's motives were equally straightforward and simple.
Nanjing Ming Palace Ruins Park
First, the crown prince Zhu Biao is dead, and the blue jade that was originally Zhu Biao's party is likely to become a "factor of instability" for the future ruling of the emperor's grandson Zhu Yunjiao;
Second, more than 20 years after the founding of the Ming Dynasty, northern Mongolia has no possibility of re-establishing the Yuan Dynasty in the south. Lan Yu and other generals still demanded to maintain large-scale military pressure on the north, which obviously contradicted Zhu Yuanzhang's emphasis on the development of domestic people's livelihood.
Therefore, Sapphire must also die.
Ming Dynasty city map
It's just that the reason why these two major cases in the early Ming Dynasty were so widely implicated was that a big reason was related to Zhu Yuanzhang's jealousy. The newly created Jinyiwei just took advantage of Zhu Yuanzhang's psychology and wanted to "make a name for himself", so he finally evolved into many unjust cases and staged a scene of human tragedy.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > the legal system and the Ming Dynasty</h1>
The most powerful thing about Zhu Yuanzhang is not his outstanding military ability, which has been founded by the founding emperors in all dynasties. However, in the first generation of monarchs, the institutional structure work was basically completed, and it was completed by a rough old man, which had to be admired.
The Great Ming Law, promulgated by Zhu Yuanzhang, a set of laws that covered all the political, economic, and people's livelihood activities of the entire empire, still has great reference significance even today.
The Great Law
The promulgation of the Great Ming Law put the operation of the entire empire on a fixed track. It is not difficult to introduce a law, and a law like Liu Bang's "Three Chapters of the Covenant Law" is also a kind of law, but there are very few laws like the "Great Ming Law" that can restrain, supervise, and supervise the self-operation of various affairs in all aspects.
The reason why the Ming Dynasty was able to have nearly 300 years of national fortunes is due to this law. This also explains why, like the Wanli Emperor who did not have contact with his subjects for decades, the shortage of officials in the DPRK and China was serious, and the daily life of ordinary people was not greatly affected, but the commodity economy was developed, and the so-called "bud of capitalism" appeared.
Along with the Great Ming Law, Zhu Yuanzhang used it, as well as the Jinyi Wei. This secret service organization, which ran through almost the entire Ming Dynasty, cooperated with the "Great Ming Law" and made great contributions to the emperor's collection of ministers.
Jinyiwei was directly responsible to the emperor and was not bound by the Great Ming Law. The courtiers, on the other hand, were always bound by the Great Ming Law. Therefore, the courtiers needed to act under various legal frameworks, even if it was the emperor, they had to follow the rules, but the emperor could bully the courtiers by any means through the Jinyi guard.
In this kind of unequal contest, it is needless to say who has the greater winning side. The irony is that it was because of the emergence of Jinyiwei that Zhu Yuanzhang really established a country ruled by law. It was also the rogue means of Jinyiwei, who was beyond the law, that allowed Zhu Yuanzhang to launch attacks on courtiers again and again, and to keep himself invincible.
And Jinyiwei is the prototype of the later East Factory, West Factory, and Inner Factory, but it is just a change of the main group.
Ethnic issues.
Mongol nobility
The Mongols divided the people into four classes: Mongols, Semites, Northern Han chinese, and SouthernErant. A prolonged policy of ethnic segregation will lead to "national antagonisms."
In fact, although they are both Han Chinese, the antagonism between the northerners and the southerners is already very strong. If this development continues, in the long run, the Han people in the north and the south are likely to become "two nationalities", and the opposition between the north and the south among the officials in the early Ming Dynasty is also related to this.
After Zhu Yuanzhang founded the People's Republic of China, all ethnic groups were treated equally.
At the same time, he forbade Hufu and Huming, and a large number of Mongols and Semu people changed their names and surnames, no different from the Han people. In Zhu Yuanzhang's government, there were also a large number of Mongols and Semites, which promoted the unity and integration of the nation.
The problem of Yunnan.
Although Yunnan was incorporated into the territory of the Central Plains Dynasty very early in history, most of the time due to geographical and ethnic problems, the Central Plains Dynasty implemented a policy of restraint in the Yunnan region. The State of Dian during the Warring States Period, the State of Nanzhao in the Tang Dynasty, and the State of Dali in the Song Dynasty.
Ming Army Picture Scroll
Although Zhu Yuanzhang attacked Yunnan, although he went to the Mongol Liang King and hundreds of thousands of yuan of soldiers, Zhu Yuanzhang was willing to spend a lot of money to raise it after he laid it down, so that the Mu family could guard Yunnan for generations. Many people only saw the imperial court sprinkling a large amount of silver on Yunnan every year, but they never thought of the existence of a imperial court garrison, which was a shock to ethnic minority areas such as Yun, Gui, and Sichuan and the southwest frontier.
That is to say, from the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the Central Plains Dynasty began to gradually sinicize the ethnic minority areas in the southwest through various forms and channels, such as wars, such as "changing land and returning to the stream". If Zhu Yuanzhang had not let the Mu family stay in Yunnan from the beginning, Yunnan would probably have become another jiaotong (present-day Vietnam).
Muwang Mansion, Yunnan
Although Zhu Yuanzhang exercised strict management over officials, even to the point of being unkind, he was people-oriented at every turn.
He should be regarded as the monarch who valued agricultural production the most in history, and he could not be hungry when he was a child; he built a perfect social welfare system, from the old-age pension, to helping the sick and disabled, and even public medical security, all of which have their originality; there is also a supervision system and petitioning channels covering the whole country.
cultivate
There is also Zhu Yuanzhang's terrifying self-control.
The peasant movement in general, especially the leaders of the rebel army, themselves were poor and low-class people, and often showed great pleasure after gaining power, such as the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement at the end of the Qing Dynasty. But Zhu Yuanzhang was different.
He was buried like an old cow in various files and files all day long. According to some statistics, he has an average of two hundred recitals a day and handles more than four hundred affairs. And he didn't have any particularly extravagant hobbies, and it seemed that the office had become the whole of his life.
The Ming Dynasty was sparse
Zhu Yuanzhang advocated frugality, and there were vegetables planted in the palace garden, and he often said to his sons about this matter, which meant that this was originally intended to build a pavilion, I changed it to a vegetable field, and you should learn my hard and simple style when you do small.
Zhu Yuanzhang did not like the Tuancha of the Song and Yuan Dynasties, and promoted loose tea. On the one hand, Zhu Yuanzhang was born in a humble background, and Tuancha was generally popular in the aristocratic circles of the Song and Yuan dynasties; on the other hand, the wind of tea fighting in the Song and Yuan dynasties was prevalent, with a variety of processes and exquisite tea sets, which contributed to the extravagant style of society. The tea ceremony that has been preserved in Japan today is actually a simplified version of the tea ceremony in the Song and Yuan dynasties.
< h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > concluded</h1>
Zhu Yuanzhang's evaluation has two extremes, one is blind praise, and the other is brainless suppression. In fact, from a macroscopic point of view, this also shows that Zhu Yuanzhang has many controversial topics.
But there is an explanation. The history of our nation, the great unified dynasties are just a few. The Han and Tang dynasties have become national labels; the Qin and Sui dynasties died in the second dynasty, and the time is too short; the Song Dynasty is also known as the golden age of intellectuals; the affairs of the Qing Dynasty are easy to be sensitive when we talk about them, and it is not conducive to national unity, so there is only Daming left.
But regardless of whether it is positive or negative, this is a kind of discussion of history, as long as it is rational enough and reasonable, it is a re-understanding and interpretation of our history, and I personally feel that it should be affirmed.
Therefore, in everyone's heart, there is a different Zhu Yuanzhang.
Talk about the family, talk to relieve boredom.
Asahi Twilight, exclusive original.