★★ Pei Wenzhong: Modern Chinese archaeologist and paleontologist. The discoverer of the first complete skull fossil of the Peking man. The word Minghua. A native of Luan County, Hebei Province. For more than 50 years, Pei Wenzhong has conducted geological, paleontological and archaeological surveys in many parts of the country, and he has presided over the excavation of Zhoukoudian for many years. On the basis of studying and summarizing China's Paleolithic culture, he also made a comprehensive study of Mesolithic and Neolithic, and made positive contributions to the development of Chinese Stone Age archaeology. Pei Wenzhong's main works are as follows: "Zhoukoudian Cave Layer Mining", "The Culture of Zhoukoudian Mountaintop Cave", "Research on The Prehistoric Period of China" and so on
★★ Jia Lanpo: Modern Chinese archaeologist and Quaternary geologist. A native of Yutian County, Hebei Province. Jia Lanpo participated in the excavation of Zhoukoudian in his early years and made significant contributions to the excavation and research of the world-famous early human site. From the 1950s onwards, Jia Lanpo's work shifted more to areas outside of Zhoukoudian, and his footprints spread throughout the country. Among them, the research on North China is the most diligent and the most fruitful, and the excavation and research work he presided over and participated in mainly include: presided over the excavation of the Dingcun site and the research work of xihoudu culture and Zhiyu culture. Jia Lanpo's major academic works include: "Chinese Ape Man", "Paleolithic Culture", "Ancient Inhabitants on the Chinese mainland" and so on.
★★ Su Bingqi: Modern Chinese archaeologist. A native of Gaoyang County, Hebei Province. In the 30 years that Su Bingqi has presided over the archaeology major of the Department of History of Peking University, he has made outstanding contributions to running this profession well, cultivating archaeological talents, and enriching the archaeological team throughout the country. From 1934 onwards, Su Bingqi conducted fieldwork in the Wei River Basin in Shaanxi Province and participated in the excavation of the Baoji Doujitai Cemetery. In his report Tombs in the Eastern District of Fighting Taigou, he analyzed the appearance of Zhou Qin culture and raised the problem of pre-Zhou and pre-Qin culture. Su Bingqi's main academic treatises are also "The Study of Wa mane".
★★★ The fine stone culture Loess Plateau has found many cultural sites of this era, dating back 10,000-7,000 years. Such as Shaanxi Dali Shayuan, Shanxi Qinshui River and other places. It is mainly characterized by small stone tools. Stone tools are mainly made of chalcedony, agate, flint and so on. Polygonal cone cores, slender stone chips (stone leaves), small stone chips, etc., have appeared composite tools, such as small feldspar pieces embedded in bone knives, and have been widely used bows and arrows. The Zhiyu culture and Xujiayao culture have the original appearance of the fine stone tool culture; the fine stone tool culture flourished from the late Paleolithic to the Mesolithic age, such as the earliest fine stone tool culture in China was found in Henan Lingjing, Shaanxi Dali Shayuan and other places; it can continue until the Neolithic age, and even continue to the era of copper and stone. China's fine stone tool culture is widely distributed in northeast China, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Gansu and Xinjiang. The fine stone tool cultural tradition may be related to the hunting-oriented lifestyle of humans at that time.
★★★ Shuidonggou Culture Late Paleolithic Cultural Site in North China. It is located in Shuidonggou, Lingwu County, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. It has been excavated many times. Shuidonggou stone tools are made of siliceous limestone, quartzite and flint as raw materials, and may have used advanced indirect strike methods and repair table techniques to produce thin and long stone leaves that are roughly parallel to the two measurements, and then processed into distinctive tools such as end scrapers, side scrapers, concave and sharp shapers. These tools are similar to similar tools to the European Moster culture and the Orina culture, so they are valued by scholars who study the relationship between Eastern and Western cultures. According to the measurement, the Shuidonggou site is 38,000 years old or 34,000 years old. From the stratigraphic point of view, it may be slightly later than the Sarausu site.
★★★ Lantian people are early Paleolithic humans and belong to Homo erectus. It was found in Gongwangling and Chenjiawo in Lantian County, Shaanxi. The Lantian human fossils of Gongwangling have skulls, nasal bones, right maxillas, and three molars, all belonging to an adult, possibly female. The skull is low and flat, the forehead is significantly tilted, the brow spine is thick, the bone wall is thick, the brain volume is small, estimated at 780 ml, and the snout protrudes forward, showing a more primitive form. Stone tools such as large sharpeners, choppers, scrapers and stone balls have been found in the layers of the Lantian man fossils. The processing method is a simple hammering method, and the stone chips are generally used without the second step of processing. There are forty-one symbiotic fauna, including giant pandas, eastern saber-toothed elephants, and hairy-crested deer, with strong southern fauna colors. Chen Jiawo's Lantian man fossil has a mandible and belongs to an elderly woman. The Lantian people of Gongwangling are about 800,000-750,000 years old, and the Lantian people of Chenjiawo are about 530,000 years old.
★★ One of the dry-column residential building forms. Also known as high bar, cabinet bar, hemp bar. Divided into two layers, generally made of wood and bamboo as piles, floor slabs and upper walls, the lower layer is unobstructed, and the walls are also built from the ground with bricks, stones, mud, etc. The roof is herringbone and covered with bark, thatch or terracotta tiles. The upper floors live in people, and the lower levels are used as captive livestock or farm tools. This type of building can protect against snakes, insects, floods, moisture, etc., and is mainly distributed in areas with humid climates. In ancient southern China, dry-column buildings were prevalent, and the wooden structure in the ruins of Yuyao Hemudu in Zhejiang Province, dating back 7,000 years, is the earliest dry-column building found. In the archaeological excavations in Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, Guangdong and other places, many ceramic dry-column architectural models have also been found. The housing construction forms of the Jinzhuang, Dai, Buyi, Dong, And Shui ethnic groups were thus developed. In addition, dry-column buildings are also found in Siberia, Southeast Asia, the Americas, Oceania, and some parts of Africa.
★★★ The Zhiyu culture is named after the Zhiyu site in the upper reaches of the Sanggan River in Shuozhou, Shanxi, dating back about 30,000 to 10,000 years, in addition to the discovery of a piece of the occipital bone of the late Homo sapiens, more than 20,000 stone tools and a large number of animal fossils were found, and the raw materials of these stone tools are pulsatine, siliceous limestone, flint and igneous rock, etc., all of which are locally sourced from the local conglomerate layers. Homo sapiens used them to make small stone tools such as regular sharps, scrapers, and engravers. It is of great significance for the study of the characteristics of small stone tools and the use of bows and arrows. Perforated graphite ornaments, bone sharpeners, and bone pieces with carved marks show that the residents of the Zhiyu site have a preliminary cultural and aesthetic awareness. This culture is characterized by small stone products, which plays an important role in clarifying the existence of a small stone tool culture system in the Paleolithic era in north China.
★★ Jinniushan cultureThe culture of the early Paleolithic period in northeast China. Discovered in Jinniu Mountain near Tiantun Village in Yingkou, Liaoning Province. There are 3 excavation sites at the site, of which the A-point accumulation is divided into two parts, the upper and lower parts, and the Taurus Mountain culture refers to the lower accumulation of remains. Geological epoch belongs to the Middle Pleistocene. A number of human fossils and fire remains have been found on the sixth floor of point A cave. There are more than 50 human fossils with a relatively complete skull, vertebrae, ribs, hip bones, etc., belonging to a male individual who has just reached adulthood. The framing, processing methods and types of stone tools are close to those of the Beijingers. The ash layers found in the formation, which are about 30 cm thick, contain a large number of rabbit, rodent and deer limb bones. Animal fossils that coexist with the Jinniushan culture include the last saber-toothed tiger, the mutant wolf, the Chinese raccoon, the Sanmen horse, the Mei's rhinoceros, and the swollen-boned bighorn deer.
★★★ Urn coffin Ancient tomb form using urns, pots and other pottery as burial tools. It is more common in prehistoric times. It is commonly used to bury young children and teenagers; however, in Japan, adult urn coffins were buried in the Jomon and Yayoi periods. Some European Bronze Age and Early Iron Age cultures also used urns to hold ashes. There are often children's urn burials in China's Neolithic sites, generally with 2 or 3 pieces of larger pottery buckled together, most of which are buried near houses or under the indoor living surface in the residential area, and there are also special children's urn coffin burial cemeteries. Some people refer to bone washing and cremation burial tools as bone vessels or urns to distinguish them from general urn coffins.
★★★ Stone shards refer to stone tools that are processed from stone blocks. Such as scrapers, sharp tools, etc., usually have the dual role of weapons and tools. It is the main instrument of human production and warfare in the Paleolithic Age. Scrapers are machined on one side or polygon of the stone chips. Due to the different processing parts and forms of the edge, there are short scrapers, long scrapers, circular scrapers, blade scrapers and so on. The sharps are sharpened along the adjacent edges of the stone chips to facilitate stinging. Other weapons such as GuiyeShun, Spearhead and Hammer appeared slightly later, most of them were carefully processed from both sides, and also belonged to the category of this type of instrument. The engraver is tied to a vertical short blade at the tip of the stone piece, which can be used to carve bone horns and their works of art. The two ends of the instrument are from the stone chips of the smashing method, and the traces of the blows at both ends are typical relics of Beijing culture. In addition, rough stone knives that make gaps on both sides of the stone chips are harvesting tools for the Neolithic Yangshao culture.
★★★ In 1985, archaeologists excavated a fragment of a broken Homo erectus man's left mandible with 2 molar teeth and some bone pieces with traces of artificial processing on the keel slope of Longping Village, Miaoyu Town, Wushan County, Chongqing. In 1986, three more incisors and a fossilized lower tooth bed with 2 teeth were excavated. In addition, 116 early Pleistocene mammal fossils have been unearthed at the site, including the giant ape of Bu, the Chinese mastodon, the pre-Oriental saber-toothed elephant, the saber-toothed tiger, the bilobited rhinoceros, and the small species of giant panda. According to scholars, the relics excavated from the Keelpo site represent a new subspecies of Homo erectus, which was later named "Home erectus wushanensis", generally known as "Wushan people", dating back about 201 to 2.04 million years ago. The fossil of "Wushan man" is the earliest human fossil found in China so far, which reveals the process of human development, fills the gap of early human fossils in China, and is of great scientific value for studying the origin of human beings and the development history of the Three Gorges Valley.