—Share—
Ancient compound
Text/Jiang Feng
One
If you're not careful, you might step into a 300-year-old compound.
In Education Street, Kaifu District, Changsha City, Hunan Province, there is an antique ancient gate tower, green glazed cylinder tiles, golden yellow roof, red granite wall, 3 arched door openings, the middle is the gate, and the two sides are small doors. On the right wall is a plaque of "Former Provincial Government Gate - Modern Protected Building" listed by the Changsha Municipal People's Government.
On the morning of October 31, 2018, the listing ceremony of the Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Hunan Province was held here.
This means that after a new round of institutional reform, the office of the Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Hunan Province is located in this ancient courtyard.
At the ceremony of the listing of the provincial direct organs, all you see are modern and magnificent gates and courtyards, why is it that only the Provincial Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs is this antique gatehouse and ancient courtyard?
Some people often ask me, what kind of history does this have, which is a bit like the Tiananmen Tower, or the gate tower of a modern cultural relics protection building?
This ancient compound does have a historical story.
Out of this antique gate tower to the left, is the east of the compound, there is a 300 meters long, 3 meters high green brick outer wall, nearly 300 years old, the wall has the Changsha Municipal People's Government set up the "Patrol Street Tribute Courtyard Outer Wall - Modern Protection Building" stone plaque.
At the exit of Patrol Road Street near Yingpan Street, a rectangular ancient stone stele is erected on the lower side of the ancient courtyard wall, and the line carved on it is still clearly recognizable.
If you count from 300 years ago, the history of this compound is clear.
Hunan Gongyuan - Hunan Inspectorate - Hunan Education Federation - Hunan Provincial Government - Hunan Provisional Provincial Government of New China - Hunan Provincial People's Government - Hunan Provincial People's Committee - Hunan Provincial Revolutionary Committee Agriculture and Forestry Bureau - Hunan Provincial Department of Agriculture - Hunan Provincial Agricultural Commission - Hunan Provincial Department of Agriculture .
"Long history, thick culture", to use these eight words to describe, worthy of the name, not exaggerated at all.
Two
Those who get talent win the world.
After the Qing government won the world, it inherited the imperial examination system of the Ming Dynasty to collect talents from all over the world. The world's students have embarked on the path of "learning and excellence". In the tenth year of Shunzhi (1653), the Qing government reopened the imperial examination, "Chinese and foreign civil servants are all from the imperial examination, and those who are not subject to the imperial examination are not allowed to join the officials." At that time, Hunan Academy was popular and there were many students. However, the Huxiang scholars who were qualified for the imperial examination had to go as far as Wuchang, Hubei Province, to participate in the township examination, and in the ancient times when waterways were the main traffic, the vast Dongting Lake was unpredictable, some of the disciples were afraid to avoid danger and long distances, and they were stagnant, and some excellent scholars from poor families also had to give up the long-distance township examination.
In the early years of the Qing Dynasty, several inspectors regarded the division of hunan (sub-examination hall) as a major event. In the forty-fourth year of kangxi (1705 AD), inspector Zhao Shenqiao, fifty-first year (1712 AD) inspector Pan Zongluo, fifty-fifth year (1716 AD) inspector Li Fajia repeatedly asked the Qing court to ask Huguang Township to try to divide the north and south, and after the efforts of several inspectors, the imperial court finally issued an edict in the first year of Yongzheng (1723), and after the hunan governor received the edict, he acted vigorously, and in that year he set up a tribute court in the former Mingji king's domain in Changsha City, and this street was renamed Gongyuan Street.
Gongyuan uses the site of Huxiang Academy for expansion, with a grand scale, rigorous layout, complete functions and strong closure. According to Qing Guangxu's "Hunan Tongzhi" volume 67, in the year of its establishment, it added 3 dragon gates, 4 watchtowers, 2 drum pavilions, 8 east-west official halls, 5 public halls and Hengjian halls, 32 inner curtain houses, 150 rooms for transfer, supervision and logistics, and 8500 number houses for candidates to take examinations and residences.
The 10 rooms of the number house are lanes, and the 5 lanes are woven into a universe, shaped like a long alley, and the room is equipped with 2 layers of supporting panels, which can be twitched, and the day can be a table, and the evening can be a bed. Candidates live in one room, and the number fence is sealed before entering the test, and it can be opened until the paper is handed in, which is difficult to cheat.
In February of the second year of Yongzheng (1724 AD), hunan held a separate township examination for the first time, and The students of Huxiang were happy to tell each other that the number of candidates had increased sharply compared with previous years, and nearly 10,000 candidates had taken the exam. The original 8500 rooms were far from enough (one for each person for the examination), so another fence was erected on the east side of the transfer office.
The Gongyuan Township Examination is held every 3 years, and the examination period is on the eighth day of the eighth month of the eighth lunar calendar, at this time, students gather in Changsha City. Around the Gongyuan, many inns, hostels and even residents' homes have been added, full of taxis from all over the province.
There are also many test halls around, that is, some regions or clans, in order to facilitate local or local scholars to go to the provincial city to participate in the township test, buy houses in the city, send people to manage, and provide free food and accommodation. Not during the examination period, the test hall also receives local or local people who come to the provincial city to do business; only food is charged, not accommodation, so it has the nature of a guild hall. For example, the Ningxiang Trial Hall in Wanglu Garden, the Xiangxiang Trial Hall in Xin'an Lane, the Changqiao Liu's Test Hall on Bauhinia Street, and the Peng's Test Hall on Yichang Street were the famous test halls at that time.
On the eve of the opening of the examination, a boat brought a large bundle of osmanthus flowers from the neighboring counties of Changsha, which means "toad palace folding gui", the August laurel flowers make Changsha City full of golden fragrance, and there are many teenagers in the city, shouting and selling "osmanthus cake", eating osmanthus cake, the exam can get good results, which means that it is rising step by step.
The disciples went to the south gate of the Xiwen Temple Ping jin gurudwara Kuixing, and then detoured around Changsha City before the exam, entered the city from the Xiangchun Gate, passed through the Beizheng Street Gaosheng Gate (taking the step by step Gao Shengyi), The Zidong Lane (taking the Purple Qi DonglaiYi), crossed the Wenxing Stone Bridge (taking the Wenxing GaoZhaoyi), and another village (Yuliu Dark Flower Ming) to reach the Gongyuan.
On the day of the opening of the examination (entering the temple), the chief examiner led the officials to hold a ritual at the pond in the back of the temple (now the Lake of Shixian).
The exam is divided into 3 sessions, the first is "Eight Shares", the second is "Jingyi", the third is "Countermeasures" and "Poetry", and each 3 days, candidates have to spend 9 days eating and living in this low house.
In order to ensure the discipline of the examination room and strictly prevent fraud, the examination room only has one gate in the south gate. During three nine-day exams, the gate was strictly closed to the public. At that time, there were no barbed wire and power grid facilities, in order to ensure the safety and secrecy of the Hunan Gongyuan, the officials at that time laid thick thorns on the walls of the Gongyuan, and because of these thorns, the Gongyuan was called "Thorns".
Chen Wengong, the Inspector of Hunan, made a vivid description of the Changsha Gongyuan in a couplet:
The low house is quiet, listening to the sound of leaf eating silkworms, daring to forget the hardships of that year;
Wen Xingguang has a bright light, look at Ling Yun Ji foot, phase it day honor name.
In the low examination room, the sound of writing on the examination paper is like the silkworm sound of eating mulberry leaves, and the stars of the main literary fortune inspire the morale of the scholars to be even higher, thinking of the name of the just around the corner, they have long forgotten the hard work of that year.
In the twelfth year of Yongzheng (1734 AD), the second year of Jiaqing (1797 AD), and the eighth year of Xianfeng (1858 AD), the Gongyuan was expanded successively, and the number of examinations was 12364.
The imperial examination system continued until the twenty-seventh year of Guangxu (1901 AD), when the last township examination in Hunan was held at the Gongyuan.
The gate of the Gongyuan is located in the triangle garden of zhongshan road, and the original middle gate lianyun:
Seventeen hardships, Masano Tachibana Kaori, Itsukitsuki;
The six thousand volumes of articles are giant hands, which are Dongting Bokuo and Hengyue Yungao.
A pair of stone lions in front of the original Gongyuan temple remained in the Zhongshan Road Triangle Garden until the beginning of this century, when the Triangle Garden was transformed, in order to protect the stone lion from being destroyed and lost, this stone lion with a history of more than 290 years was moved to the east gate of Yuelu Mountain Scenic Area (the gate next to the four hospitals).
Today, this pair of stone lions crouched quietly in front of the gate of Yuelu Shandong, and the time was like a knife, and the scientific expedition era of pen flying and dancing was obviously solidified into two stone sculptures with old faces in front of Yuelu Mountain.
The establishment of the Gongyuan in Hunan is a major event in the history of education in Changsha and Hunan, and has played a role that cannot be underestimated in promoting the development of Hunan's cultural and educational undertakings, economic and social progress, the flourishing of talents, and the participation of Huxiang students in Hunan and participating in state affairs.
In the early Qing Dynasty (until 1840), it was the heyday of changsha and Hunan keju talents, a total of 75 lists, 441 people in Hunan Chengjinshi, as many as thousands of people in the middle, of which nearly half were Changsha people who went to the career path through the examination, and 12 of the 14 people who reached the rank of governor, Shangshu, and university scholar were after the division, and 10 of the 14 people were changsha people. They are: Chen Pengnian, Peng Weixin, Liu Quanzhi, Tao Shu, He Changling, Luo Huodian, Li Xingyuan, Lao Chongguang, Zeng Guofan, and Hu Linyi. In the entire Ming Dynasty, there were only 3 officials from Changsha who had entered the military to the same level. Among these people, Zeng Guofan and Hu Linyi became important Zhongxing courtiers in the late Qing Dynasty.
Zuo Zongtang, a late Qing dynasty official, military expert, politician, and representative of the Western affairs faction, almost did not even pass the examination.
Zuo Zongtang studied at Changsha Chengnan Academy, and at the age of 20, he took the township examination in the Gongyuan, and the examination paper was not favored by the examiner who read the paper. Seeing that he had lost his qualifications, fortunately this was enko for the fiftieth birthday of the Daoguang Emperor, and the chief examiner selected 6 more from more than 5,000 examination papers, and Zuo Zongtang ranked first among the 6 additional people.
Since then, Zuo Zongtang has failed to enter the list three times. Once it fell off the list, it was because hunan people had one more jinshi, and Hubei people had one less, so they forcibly removed Zuo Zongtang and replaced him with a Hubei person. Zuo Zongtang decided not to participate in the examination anymore and began to look for a new way to serve the country.
Three
In the 31st year of Guangxu (1905), the imperial examination system was abolished, and the Gongyuan was reorganized into the Hunan Inspectorate.
From the late Qing Dynasty to the early Republic of China, the former site of the Gongyuan became a new-style education place in Hunan. In 1903, Zhao Erxun, the governor of Hunan, founded the Hunan Higher School here, and in 1906, he built the Hunan Public Political Science and Law School. In 1907, Liu Renxi and others founded the Hunan Education Association here, and Gongyuan Street was originally called Education Street, which was later referred to as Education Street.
The education club (now the front of the compound of the Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs) has a stage facing north and south (that is, at the gate of the compound) in the middle, and the two sides of the platform are fenced and two doors are used to enter and exit. This area is a place of gathering and a place of public activities.
On December 8, 1922, under the leadership of Mao Zedong, Luo Xue, Wang Zan, and others, more than 900 rickshaw workers held small colorful flags such as "Labor Sacred" and "Breaking Capitalism" and wore the Changsha Rickshaw Trade Union Badge on their chests, and gathered at the education hall to celebrate the establishment of their trade unions. At the meeting, Mao Zedong delivered a speech calling on the workers to unite and fight for the improvement of the political and economic conditions of the working class and for the emancipation of their own class.
On April 12, 1927, Chiang Kai-shek staged a coup d'état in Shanghai. On 14 April, more than 600 groups from all walks of life in Hunan Province, agriculture, industry and commerce, held an anti-Chiang Kai-shek demonstration and a second demonstration meeting to eliminate counter-revolutionaries at the education meeting, shouting slogans such as "Hit Chiang Kai-shek," "Completely eradicate the warlord forces that oppress the peasant movement," "Disband the provincial regiment defense forces," and "universally organize the peasant self-defense army."
On July 27, 1930, Peng Dehuai led the Red Third Army to conquer Changsha, crossed the river from Dongtun, and entered the city of Changsha through Mawangdui, Wulipai, Xiaowumen, Forty-nine Biao, Leek Garden, Liuyang Gate, etc., occupied important places such as the National Government and the Qingxiang Supervision Office, and controlled the whole city. On the afternoon of the 29th, about 100,000 workers and peasants in Changsha gathered at the education forum to warmly welcome all the commanders and fighters of the Red Third Army and the Red Guards.
On the afternoon of August 2, the third anniversary of the "August 1st" Nanchang and the celebration of the founding of the Provincial Soviet were held at the education fair, and the hunan federation of trade unions, the Guangdong-Han Railway Federation of Trade Unions, and the trade unions of mud, printing, and sewing were attended by hunan federations of trade unions, and workers from all walks of life in the city gathered together, and people from all walks of life also enthusiastically participated, with a total of more than 80 groups attending the meeting, more than 100,000 people. After the meeting, a grand demonstration was held, and the mood of the masses was high, which fully demonstrated the greatness of the people's power and made the imperialist and reactionary forces afraid of it.
After the September 18 incident in 1931, on September 25, the masses of workers, merchants, and scholars in Hunan Province held a demonstration meeting at the education meeting to oppose the Japanese army's occupation of Liaoning by force, proposed to unite the people's forces, unanimously declared war on Japan, and decided to rename the original Hunan people's "Committee for Aiding Overseas Chinese to Japan" to "Hunan Anti-Japanese Salvation Congress." After the demonstration, the whole team marched, shouting anti-Japanese slogans along the way, and patriotic enthusiasm was extremely high.
On February 7, 1932, people from all walks of life in Changsha braved the wind and snow to hold the "Hunan People's Protest Against the Atrocities of the Wokou in Beijing and Shanghai" at the Education Hall, and the factories and shops in the city went on strike and went on strike for one day. Expressed protest against the atrocities of the Japanese army.
In 1933, He Jian set up a stage competition in the education club, which caused a sensation in the city and reached tens of thousands of spectators.
At about 1:00 p.m. on November 12, 1938, the Kuomintang government sent a large number of military police to set fires everywhere in changsha. In an instant, the entire city of Changsha became a sea of fire, and the vast number of residents rose from their dreams and raced to escape, and the old and weak women and children who did not escape in time were buried in the sea of fire, causing an unprecedented catastrophe in Changsha. After 1922, the Zhongshan Library (now the location of the eighth dormitory of the Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs) and the Provincial Museum (the location of the third office building of the Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs) built in the Hunan Education Federation were destroyed in this fire.
In May 1944, after the Japanese invaders captured Changsha, the gendarmerie was set up in the education hall until Japan surrendered.
During the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, the Hunan Provincial Government moved to Yuanling, Leiyang, Guiyang, Jiahe, Linwu, Lanshan, Changsha County and other places seven times, and after the surrender of the Japanese Kou in August 1945, it returned to Changchang on September 18, and built the education club as the Hunan Provincial Government. There is a second gate, and the second guard booth outside the gate is stationed.
On May 22, 1947, all the students of Hunan University held high the banner of the "National Hunan University Anti-Civil War Parade", three people in a row, each holding a small triangular flag, writing slogans such as "Anti-Civil War" and "Anti-Hunger", breaking through the Kuomintang's constitutional police obstruction, marching from the south gate to Huangxing Road and Simen Gate, the procession passed through Zhongshan East Road, through Beizheng Street, Xiangchun Road, and from XinghanMen into the city, through Lotus Pond and Shuifeng Well, to the front of the Hunan Provincial Government on Education Street, shouting slogans such as "Oppose military interference in government affairs" and "Hit corrupt officials and corrupt officials". The team crossed the river from another village to Huda via Nanyang Street and OctagonAlingyuan Road.
On August 4, 1949, Generals Cheng Qian and Chen Mingren accepted the eight articles and twenty-four articles of the "Internal Peace Agreement" proposed by the Communist Party, and led the Hunan Security Forces and all the officers and men of the Kuomintang First Corps to hold an uprising in Changsha and establish the "Hunan Provisional Provincial Government".
The People's Liberation Army entered Changsha from Xiaowumen, and the vanguard troops soon arrived at Education Street. The next day, more than 10 Kuomintang planes flew in the direction of Education Street. Bombs were dropped at the "Provisional Provincial Government". Under the counterattack of the insurgent forces and the People's Liberation Army, the bombers returned without success.
Four
After the founding of New China, it became the seat of the provincial people's government.
On April 1, 1950, the Hunan Provincial People's Government was established with the approval of the central government, and a grand ceremony was held here.
In 1951, Xu Teli came to Hunan to inspect the work, instructed the first gate to be built, and then demolished the original theater stage to rebuild the head gate (that is, the current gate of the Agricultural and Rural Affairs Department), and requisitioned a part of the private houses in the back and west of the compound, converted them into canteens, tenth dormitories and second dormitories, and built the first and fourth office buildings and confidential rooms.
In March 1955, the Hunan Provincial People's Government was changed to the "Hunan Provincial People's Committee", the State Council issued a bronze seal on March 15, and it was officially printed on the 24th, and Chairman Mao Zedong specially wrote the "Hunan Provincial People's Committee" in his own handwriting and presented it to the people of Hunan.
There is a magnificent Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall in the education hall, built in 1927, the south of the memorial hall is a granite colonnade imitating the Roonique style, and the door and window sets are finely carved from granite, which is a fine piece of granite culture in Hunan architecture. At the beginning of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall was the station of the Hunan People's Anti-Enemy Support Association. After the victory of the War of Resistance Against Japan, it became the great hall of the Hunan Provincial Government, and in 1949, it became a witness to the peaceful uprising in Hunan and the establishment of the Hunan Provincial People's Government. In 1995, the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall was demolished.
The six Roman columns of Zhongshan Hall now stand in the ping of the Hunan Provincial Institute of Fishery Sciences.
At present, the cadres and workers of the Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs are accustomed to calling the auditorium built in 1951 a small auditorium, because before 1995 there was a large auditorium (that is, Zhongshan Hall).
In 1966, during the civil strife of the Cultural Revolution, the Provincial People's Committee was shocked and was paralyzed and unable to exercise its functions normally.
In 1967. The provincial garrison area was moved from Wuyi Road to the compound of the Provincial People's Committee, and a two-story, 14-room dormitory was built in the northeast corner of the courtyard, close to the patrol lane.
On August 25, 1972, the provincial garrison district returned the compound houses and furniture to the organ affairs group of the Provincial Revolutionary Committee.
On September 16, 1972, the Agriculture and Forestry Bureau of the Hunan Provincial Revolutionary Committee moved into the compound from the Wuyi Road Leek Garden.
In August 1973, the provincial party committee decided to separate agriculture and forestry, and the provincial forestry bureau moved to Changling, and the provincial agricultural bureau remained unchanged. In 1974, the Militia Headquarters of the Northern District forcibly occupied part of the house of the Agricultural Bureau without authorization, until the provincial party committee decided to abolish the "Militia Command".
In March 1980, the "Agricultural Bureau of the Revolutionary Committee of Hunan Province" was changed to the "Department of Agriculture of Hunan Province".
In July 2014, the Provincial Party Committee and the Provincial Government decided to integrate the responsibilities of the Provincial Department of Agriculture and the Rural Work Department of the Provincial Party Committee (Provincial Government Agricultural Office), form the Provincial Agricultural Committee, and add the sign of the Rural Work Office of the Provincial Party Committee.
In October 2018, the General Office of the CPC Central Committee and the General Office of the State Council issued the "Hunan Provincial Institutional Reform Plan" and established the Hunan Provincial Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs. It became the office compound of the Provincial Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs.
Five
Three centuries of historical changes, things are not people. The city of Changsha has undergone earth-shaking changes.
After 1949, there were a number of government agencies on both sides of this education street, which is less than 1,000 meters away. From the end of the 1980s to 2008, the Provincial Department of Civil Affairs, the Provincial Department of Education, the Provincial Procuratorate, and the Provincial Department of Culture moved out one after another and built a new compound of organs in a new place.
Only the provincial agricultural institutions, which are responsible for agriculture, the oldest industry in the great agricultural provinces, still live here, working in such an ancient compound of 300 years.
Interestingly, the gate of the Provincial Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs is still the head gate of the provincial government built in 1951, the eastern wall is still the 300-year-old external wall of the tribute courtyard, the office building where the departmental-level cadres are located is still a two-story old building with green bricks and black tiles, and the conference room for the cadres and workers to hold the conference is still the small auditorium of the provincial government built in 1951 with green bricks and black tiles.
I think that such office conditions should be the only ones in Hunan Province.
Nowadays, Education Street is surrounded by dozens of high-rise buildings, and only the courtyard of the Provincial Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs is a low house of one to seven floors, which has become a depression in this urban area.
However, under such conditions, many of the work of Hunan's "three rural areas" has always been in the forefront of the country, and the output of bulk agricultural products such as rice, rapeseed, and pigs is among the best in the country.
The ancient compound, the simple office conditions, and the grand cause of rural revitalization in a large agricultural province, as the people of Hunan, we should applaud and appreciate such institutions, such cadres and workers.
The accumulation of history, things are not human. With the large increase in automobiles, the streets entering and leaving the Provincial Agriculture and Rural Affairs Department are now so narrow compared to the wide roads outside. Zhongshan Road and Cai Yi Road, which connect education street, were once one-way streets, and the entrance and exit of the agricultural and rural department often had to go around a large circle, and the traffic jam in front of the gate was often in a dilemma in the education street.
People from foreign units who go to the Provincial Agriculture and Rural Affairs Department for the first time often have two sentences when they enter this ancient gate, the first sentence is that the Department of Agriculture is a good place, with a long history and a heavy culture. The second sentence is that the Department of Agriculture is too difficult to find, the vehicle is too difficult to get in and out, and it is more difficult to find a parking space than Shu Road, and it is difficult to go to qingtian.
300 years of time symphony, ancient and modern, blend here.
Years go by, history precipitates, times change, social development. Many of the old streets and compounds in the ancient city of Changsha have disappeared, some have been widened, and some have changed their original appearance.
We must not forget the ups and downs experienced by the ancient compound, and we must not forget those people and those things in history.
Jiang Feng, whose real name is Jiang Taijun, a native of Ningxiang, Hunan, graduated from the Department of Chinese of Central China Normal University, served as a university teacher, associate professor, and is currently the director of the Hunan Agricultural Analysis and Research Center and the president of Hunan Agriculture Magazine.