The second thing is my experience. I used to be the general consultant of Chia Tai Bu Bee and then went to a shrimp farm in Indonesia. This shrimp farm has almost 50,000 hectares, and recently this shrimp farm has begun to close its doors, at least 10,000 hectares. But elsewhere in Indonesia, after the tsunami, there was a start of concern for the environment, and now it's doing well.
The global shrimp farming industry continues to expand, and all the deaths that occur in the farming process are localized. I will give you an example, in Taiwan in 1987-1988, grass shrimp farming used to be very popular, but in 1988, in just one year, the annual production fell to 1/5 of the previous year, the whole of Southeast Asia is very panicked, many experts to study this problem. In my work report, the main reason for the story is the environment.
All farming environments change after many years of farming. So in the time that followed, similar to the example of Taiwanese grass shrimp, it was successively in Indonesia, Thailand, India, and all these shrimp farming areas kept happening. But I think all of this is partial.
From 2008 to 2014, according to FAO statistics, global shrimp farming production averaged 5.14% per year, and farmed white shrimp production increased by an average of 8.15% per year. According to the data of 2014, the global farmed shrimp accounted for 6.21% of the total aquaculture production, and the output value accounted for 14.73% of the global aquatic output value, which is very large. China's shrimp farming production also accounted for 37% of the world's total in 2014, reaching 1.53 million tonnes. China's shrimp farming is the largest, but it's not a good thing. Because this is at the expense of the environment, how to maintain the environment is more important.
In terms of aquaculture production, Chinese shrimp farming production accounts for 37%, while Southeast Asia accounts for 41%, so almost 80% of shrimp production is all in Asia, in Central America and South America, only more than 20%, Asian shrimp farming is very important.
It is estimated that the global production of shrimp in 2016 will reach 5 million tons, of which white shrimp farming accounts for 80%, which is related to the living habits of white shrimp, because the ecological environment is most suitable for the cultivation of white shrimp, and in the same environment, the production of white shrimp is much higher than that of other species.
From the data of these years, the production of shrimp farming is going up, but because of the problem of shrimp feeding, we need to pay attention to changes in the environment in real time. It is estimated that the annual growth rate of the global shrimp farming industry in 2015-2018 was as high as 4.2%, which is the global FAO statistics, although it may be conservative, and there are also large deaths from time to time. Here, I need to repeat, because of management and other issues, do not pay attention to the improvement of the ecological environment, shrimp farming a large number of deaths are certain, which once again reminds everyone that shrimp farming is at the expense of the environment.
What are the current important issues in the shrimp farming industry? One is first of all disease, the second is the quality and fertility rate of seedlings, the third is the production cost, the fourth is the original seedling without the belt, followed by the product quality, international market price, environmental control and feed quality.
So does the industry care about disease or mass death?
Is the mass death of shrimp due to disease alone? In fact, there are many reasons, such as seedling quality, pathogenic substances, breeding environment, climate, nutritious feed and management, of which seedlings are an important part.
There are many people who blindly believe that disease is the biggest problem for the shrimp farming industry. But in fact, for the death of shrimp, we can not only focus on shrimp disease, but ignore the quality of seedlings, product quality, environmental control and feed quality and other more important issues.
Disease pathogens cannot equal mass deaths, and it is wrong to think of disease as the answer to mass deaths. After shrimp infection with diseases, environmental degradation leads to an increase in the infection rate, an increase in the incidence of shrimp body health disorders, and an urgent increase in shrimp physiological dysfunction, which will lead to a large number of deaths of shrimp, and the proportion of deaths caused by diseases alone is very small.
Behind every mass death is a ruthless counterattack against the improper management strategy. Taking the existence of diseases (pathogens) as the only answer to a large number of deaths, ignoring the real causes of diseases, and not paying attention to the influence of factors such as management, seedlings, feed, nutrition, environment, and water quality, not only can not reduce the harm of disease, but also contribute to the threat of a large number of deaths.
Early on, the OI listed a variety of crustacean diseases, pathogens, and treatments, including Vibrio, fungi, IHHN virus (yellowhead virus), IMNV virus, Rickettsia, Doola virus, white spot virus, MrNV virus infection, all of which could not be treated with drugs.
Therefore, I think that these crustacean pathogens are not absolute pathogens, what needs to be done is to control, we must start from animal epidemiology and pathology and pathogenicity to study, to see if the virus destroys all the cells, liver and pancreas in the shrimp. If these are not clarified and the disease infection is used as the main axis, it will not be able to effectively solve the problem of the breeding site.
For example, leukoplakia virus, now, leukoplakia virus infected shrimp will not die in three days, is leukoplakia virus is the culprit of a large number of deaths, why does SPF fail?
I think there is absolute pathogen in shrimp, absolute pathogen should be infected and will definitely die, and shrimp do not exist. Let me illustrate this with a few examples.
The first is whether shrimp infected with the white spot virus will die in three days. In the normal shrimp pond, it is incredible to die after three days of infection, there are always healthy live shrimp infected by white spot disease, if it must die three days after infection, is there still live shrimp in the shrimp pond?
The current shrimp virus, after invading the host, depends on the health status of the farmed shrimp body, if the shrimp physiological function is good, the immune system is sound, the living environment is excellent, the health status is good and the nutrition is sufficient, then the genetic material of the virus is only hidden in the host chromosome, although the shrimp carries the pathogen but does not occur, it can survive, on the contrary, the virus will multiply in the shrimp body, and the shrimp will die.
I think some of the ideas of SPF lack scientific logic, and shrimp farming should set up bird nets to prevent bird droppings from being contaminated, which is too outrageous and illogical. Now the leukoplakia virus is everywhere in the world, which is why SPF fails. In 2016, after sampling the listed products of farmed white shrimp in Southeast Asia and India, it was found that it was difficult to isolate the problem of viral infection in farmed white shrimp everywhere, and even more than 35% of the samples had four virus infections at the same time. Over the years, Indonesia and India have been important producers of farmed white shrimp in the world, and the production is increasing every year, if the infection with the white spot virus must die, where will the white shrimp production in these countries come from? This has no scientific logic, but the logic of shrimp farming.
The second example is that the white-spot virus is the culprit of the mass death of shrimp farming, which caused a large number of deaths of grass shrimp in Taiwan in 1987. By the time of the 1993 study, it had been ruled out that it was caused by the virus, but that the environmental degradation caused the growth of Vibrio bacteria was the main cause of the mass death of Taiwanese grass shrimp in 1987. In 1993, the species and percentage of Vibrio bacteria isolated from the water of the disease ponds in Yilan and Tainan, Taiwan, and the results of that year found that the total amount of Vibrio in the shrimp pond accounted for 74.6% of the total amount of bacteria in the water body.
For the early death syndrome, or acute dry pancreatic necrosis syndrome, which has emerged in recent years, the outbreak was first reported in Chinese mainland in 2009, and since then a large number of deaths have occurred in grass shrimp and white shrimp in many Asian countries, especially in China, Vietnam, Malaysia and Thailand. Current research suggests that EMS is caused by infection with mutated strains. In fact, as early as 1993, our report already mentioned that there were already early death syndromes in Southeast Asia. So, in recent years, many people say that EMS is a new disease, in fact, there is no new disease, it has always been old.
For Vibrio, many people are talking about how to diagnose the content of Vibrio in water. But there is currently no effective drug treatment for Vibrio infection, so prevention is more important than diagnosis.
The third case is, can SPF shrimp fry reduce the risk of disease infection? There is no scientific logic to this. SPF's marketing around the world is a failure, including in Taiwan. In 2006, the research plan and results of the Taiwan Institute of Water Test found that stocking SPF shrimp fry still cannot guarantee that shrimp ponds will not become disease-free, because if there is no isolation facility in outdoor breeding ponds, it is necessary to create an environment for SPF culture in advance, and then stocking SPF shrimp fry to ensure that SPF shrimp fry are not infected.
According to the 2013 Taiwan Science and Development Fund Subsidy Program Results Report, at present, the production system of Taiwan's SPF white shrimp farming has completely disintegrated, and almost all shrimp farmers have completely lost confidence in stocking SPF shrimp fry.
SPF shrimp fry can isolate the risk of vertical infection at the production stage, but in the absence of absolute pathogens, it can be said that SPF seed production has no substantive significance, it is only the use of inspection saving technology, as a commercial strategy to increase the price of shrimp fry, and a means to reduce barriers to cross-border trade. Because in the breeding process, whether in the greenhouse or indoor farm or in the outdoor breeding pond, there is no way to isolate the air, water and animal transmission, there is no way to make the so-called SPF shrimp fry.
But SPF is positive for genetic research and family selection.
In order to reduce the risk of pathogenic infection, many people have done a lot of work in shrimp virus vaccines, genetic screening seedlings for specific diseases, genetically farmed seedlings, SPF seedlings, pathogen rapid screening reagents, etc., which have a certain effect on environmental sustainability and food safety, but whether they are effective in reducing the mass death of shrimp, the answer is no.
So how to reduce the risk of mass death in shrimp farming? Environmental balance is key to successful mass production, including culture density, water quality and substrate management, algae and zooplankton, and diverse microorganisms.
How to create a safe shrimp farming environment. The first is to establish hazard indicators, including diversified water quality index evaluation standards, to establish substrate assessment indicators, total bacteria volume assessment indicators, total Vibrio and total bacteria assessment indicators with redox potential; the second is biologics application technology, including beneficial biomass production technology in specific needs, suitable for shrimp breeding environment Algae cultivation technology and the establishment of biological agent application mode for differences in production conditions; the third is water quality and substrate adjustment technology, including the improvement of production conditions and equipment, and the establishment of suitable environmental management operation mode for differences. Development of natural non-toxic water quality and substrate stability products.
Healthy farmed organisms are the basis for increasing shrimp production, which requires shrimp bodies to be healthy seedlings, have sound physiological functions, and also need to have high-quality nutrition and suitable environment. How to produce healthy shrimp fry is reflected in three aspects: seed selection, breeding and production. Especially in the production process, it is necessary to establish environmental tolerance and viability indicators for the functional liquid feed at the head and tail of the shrimp seedling stage as the screening criteria for shrimp fry, and when selling, the self-feeding shrimp fry (PL9-12) is used as the shipping standard. Because only by PL9, the intestines of shrimp fry will be full. In recent years, in order to reduce costs, many shrimp fry producers have confused shrimp fry that have not yet been eaten to increase the number of shrimp fry transactions, which has reduced the output of terminal breeders and seriously threatened the overall industry.
In addition, in the physiological and immune regulation strategy of shrimp, it is also necessary to pay attention to functional microbial preparations, physiological and immunomodulatory substances and a full range of feed strategies in order to effectively improve the yield of shrimp.
Especially in terms of feed strategy, with the different stages of shrimp fry stocking, the demand for environment, nutrition and immunity of farmed shrimp is also increasing day by day, and the demand for water quality substrate, microbial and algae balance, physiological function improvement, strengthening of the immune system and nutritional formula to promote growth is different in pond finishing, pre-seeding, mid-breeding and breeding stage.
At different stages of breeding, beneficial microorganisms, immunomodulatory substances, algal phase construction, functional physiology and natural water quality improvement products should be applied interactively with different side faces to reduce the impact of a large number of shrimp deaths and improve the efficiency of breeding. In this case in Tainan, the use of healthy shrimp fry, functional feed, water quality and substrate management technology integrated into the Taitung Zhiben area of the he surname farmers of the white shrimp pond breeding pond, from 2014 to 2016, the annual output is more than 4,000 catties higher than the average mu yield in the same area.
Finally, it is also necessary to use technology to promote the development of shrimp farming industry, such as the integration of the information technology industry, the development of new production technologies combined with the application of green energy to reduce carbon emissions.
In the future, the development direction of the shrimp industry must be from the aspects of integrated trial and immunomodulation technology, functional feed nutrition management technology, environmental management and beneficial microbial application strategy, healthy shrimp fry genetic breeding technology and the development of scientific and technological shrimp farming industry.
Academician Gui Jianfang, a researcher at the Institute of Hydrobiology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, gave a report on "From Rice Field Fish Farming to Rice Field Comprehensive Breeding - A New Paradigm of Green Ecological Aquaculture in China".
Xiang Jianhai, a researcher at the Institute of Oceanology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, gave a report on "Progress in Breeding and Genome Deciphering of Shrimp Varieties".
Professor He Jianguo of Sun Yat-sen University gave a report on "Shrimp Farming Ecosystem Imbalance and Disease Occurrence and Prevention and Control Technology"
Professor Cheng Yongxu of Shanghai Ocean University gave a report on "Research Progress on Quality Regulation and Balanced Listing of River Crabs"
Professor Gu Zemao of Huazhong Agricultural University gave a report on "Research on the Main Models and Key Technologies of Rice Shrimp Farming"
Cai Chunfang of Soochow University gave a report entitled "Several Misunderstandings in the Management of River Crab Farming and the Analysis of the Inducements of "Water Deflection""
Report on "Research Progress of Ningbo Three-Wart Pike Crab Industry" by Mu Changkao of Ningbo University
"Risk Assessment of WSSV Carried by Bait Organisms and Application Strategies and Effects of Learned Species in Shrimp Farming" by Shan Hongwei, Ocean University of China
Li Na of Shanxi University gave a report on the toxic effect of lead on sperm of Henan Huaxi crab and the mechanism of oxidative damage
Report by Pornlerd Chanratchakool of Chengdu Bayer against Hydrogen sulfide in Aquaculture
Report on "Ornamental Shrimp Farming with Diversity and High Shovels" by Huang Zhiyang of Taiwan Ocean University
Chen Ruguo of the Fisheries Bureau of Xinghua City, Jiangsu Province, gave a report entitled "Background of China's "Hong Paste" Model"
Dong Jianbo of Jiangsu Provincial Marine Fisheries Headquarters made a report on the "Technical Discussion on zero-exchange polyculture mode of ridge-tailed white shrimp and three-wart pike crab"
Report on the research status of "Water Stammer" Disease of Chinese River Crab" by Yang Zongying of Shanghai Ocean University
Yuan Quan, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, reported on the effects of temperature and stocking density on the survival, molting, growth and feeding of chinese river crab juvenile crabs
The shrimp and crab biology and biotechnology in the first session and the nutritional feed and germplasm genetics in the third session were also brilliantly presented.
Fang Wenhong, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, made a report on "Research Progress of Microsporidosis of Farmed Shrimp and Crabs in China"
Tomorrow, Xiaobian will also bring you the latest on-site report, let's watch it together!
Author | Cheng Chunming
Source | Teng's Aquatic Products Business Network - Contemporary Aquatic Products Magazine
contribution
China Aquatic Products Portal Network, the first brand of fishery information; more than ten years of operation, with the heart to understand the development of the industry; aquatic people, on the China Aquatic Products Portal Network.
The official WeChat public account "bbwfish" is now sincerely soliciting original articles, and welcomes the majority of industry people to actively submit articles and actively expose the news. Once adopted, there will be remuneration!
Submission email: [email protected]
WeChat: 13707793355