Shaanxi Red Temple Yam Guiding Trough Directional Cultivation Technique

Shaanxi Red Temple Yam Guiding Trough Directional Cultivation Technique

Zhong Wenhao

Hongmiao Town is located in Hanzhong City, Shaanxi Province, south of nanzheng district, east of Nanzheng District Mujiaba Town and Xiaonanhai Town, south of Nanjiang County, Sichuan Province, Guangwushan Town, west of Nanzheng District Huangguan Town, north of Nanzheng District Qingshu Town, 21km away from Nanzheng District, the territory of convenient transportation. The total area of the town is 153.71km2, the population is 23,800 people, the jurisdiction of 1 community neighborhood committee, 23 villages, 173 villager groups, the crops are mainly rice, wheat, rapeseed, potatoes, corn, rich in tea, yam, lotus root and so on.

Hongmiao yam refers to the excellent local variety of yam that was domesticated by the ancestors from the mountain jungle of the Hanshan Mountains and grew in the shallow hilly area of Hongmiao Town, Nanzheng District. Red Temple yam cultivation has a long history.

In recent years, the cultivation of Red Temple yam has good benefits and broad market prospects, and has become an important industry for the poor people to get rid of poverty and increase income. At the same time, due to the high starch content of Hongmiao yam, soft and brittle texture, and the growth is easily hindered by hard objects, in the traditional planting mode, the excellent grades of Hongmiao yam account for only 30%, showing the characteristics of "two highs and two lows", that is, low planting efficiency, high product deformity rate, high harvest damage rate, and low comprehensive benefit. With the increase in local labor costs year by year, the labor intensity of yam harvesting and other factors, traditional planting methods have seriously restricted the development of the yam industry. In order to solve the above problems and continue to promote the healthy development of the Red Temple yam industry, the directional cultivation technology of the Red Temple Yam Guide Tank is proposed, in order to provide help for the sustainable and healthy development of the Red Temple Yam industry.

1 Basic information of Red Temple Yam

1.1 The food and medicinal value of Red Temple yam

Hongmiao yam has excellent quality, unique flavor, rich in zinc and selenium, dry noodles are refreshing, can be eaten as vegetables, but also as medicinal uses, with spleen and stomach, blood pressure and sugar reduction, inhibition of tumors, body slimming and other effects, especially suitable for infants, middle-aged and elderly and serious illnesses to eat, deeply loved by the majority of consumers, is one of the local households known as one of the rare vegetable varieties.

1.2 Biological traits of Red Temple Yam

Red Temple Yam belongs to the male plant type, the stem is right-handed, purple-green, multi-branched; the leaves are paraphyletic or alternate, dark green, triangular, deeply absent, pointed at the apex, branched at the base, zero seeds between the leaf axillary, oval, rough epidermis, many bud eyes and prominent bulges; the tubers neck is thick and short, oval, the epidermis is grayish yellow, thick, rough, densely rooted, coarse, slightly raised root eyes, fleshy white, fiber filaments are obvious, and mucus is less.

1.3 Growing conditions of Red Temple Yam

Hongmiao yam has the remarkable characteristics of light-loving, fertile, drought-tolerant, hardy and waterlogging avoidant, and is suitable for growing in shallow hilly areas with an altitude of 450-1200m, full of sunshine, warmth and humidity, and is most suitable for planting in weak alkaline sandy loam soil with a deep soil layer and loose soil at an altitude of 600-800m.

2 Preparation before directional cultivation of the guide groove

2.1 Plot Selection

For the cultivation of Red Temple Yam, it is necessary to choose a sandy soil block with fertile soil, deep soil layer, convenient drainage and irrigation, good lighting conditions, and a certain slope. The directional cultivation of the Red Temple Yam Guide Trough is not strict on the soil and plots, and the area has abundant rain all year round, and can be planted at an altitude of about 900m.

2.2 Land Preparation Technology

After selecting the plot, the deep ploughing is carried out first, and then the furrow is made after the soil is naturally deposited for 20 to 30d to prevent the deformation of the guide trough under the condition of rain infiltration and soil precipitation, resulting in the bending of the yam and the decrease of the phase. When leveling the land, a single row of planting is adopted, and the furrow is made along the direction of water supply and drainage, and each furrow is 1.2m, making a furrow height of 30 to 40cm, and the furrow width is 1.0 to 1.1m. According to the plant spacing of 15 to 18cm, a parallel oblique ditch of about 7 cm wide and 90 cm long is excavated with a small hoe, and the flat slope is 15°, the upper end is about 10 cm deep, and the lower end is about 20 to 25 cm deep. When the slope is prepared, according to the slope trend, each furrow is 1.2m, a parallel oblique ditch with a depth of 8 to 10cm is excavated, and the shallow groove is compacted with a diameter of 6cm steel pipe to ensure that the guide groove is closely fitted to the planting ditch and prevents deformation, and 667m2 can dig 3000~4000 parallel oblique ditches.

2.3 Selection of varieties

Red Temple yam should be planted with no disease spots, no insect pests, no decay, and robust top buds. When planting, it is necessary to germinate 10 to 25 days in advance, first dry and wake up the seeds for 1 to 3 days, use 25% carbendazim wettable powder 800 times liquid to soak the seeds for disinfection for 10 to 30 minutes, take out and dry them and lay them on the river sand to lay about 10 cm, and then cover them with 3 to 5 cm wet straw or river sand, when the young shoots growing from the seed potato pieces are about 5 cm long, they should be colonized in time.

2.4 Pre-germination

When planting, to advance 25 ~ 30d, choose the seed medicine to cut into small sections of 6 to 8cm, according to the head, middle, tail parts of the separate sunning, until the wound atrophy inwards, and cracks are appropriate, and then germination, due to the advantage of tuber propagation without top buds, multiple buds can sprout, when planting, remove the excess bud heads, retain 1 to 2 robust buds.

2.5 Mold selection

The guide groove refers to a U-shaped mold developed using non-toxic plastic products. Yam grows in the direction of the guide trough, which has the significant characteristics of simple planting, convenient mining, not easy to damage, high commodity rate, land utilization rate, and the significant characteristics of guiding one input and multiple use. The specification of the guide groove must be selected according to the length and diameter of the yam, the guide groove is too long, the production cost is high, the burial trough is time-consuming, the land utilization rate is low, the yam is easy to grow out of the groove, the top is bent, and the commodity rate is reduced. After years of experiments, it was found that the Red Temple Yam is 60~80cm long and 3~5cm in diameter. Therefore, when cultivating the guide trough in Hongmiao Mountain, it is recommended to choose a medium-thick U-shaped shallow guide trough with a width of 8 to 10 cm and a length of 80 cm for directional cultivation.

2.6 Mold landfill

After the parallel oblique ditch is excavated, a guide groove suitable for the growth of Red Temple Yam is put in time, and a sufficient amount of soft filler is applied to the groove. Soft filler can choose silt, you can also choose a convenient source of sawdust, bran or chaff, etc., and then press 667m2 to add bio-organic fertilizer 100kg, sulfur compound fertilizer 25~50kg and fluffy filler mix well. In addition to the 10 to 15cm part of the upper end of the guide groove, which does not need to be relaxed soft filler but only backfilled with soil, the rest of the guide groove space should be filled with enough soft filler, and the amount of soft filler has an important impact on the normal elongation of the tubers and whether the shape is straight. After the filling soft material is applied, 300kg of organic fertilizer is applied, the soil is backfilled, and it is required that the two ends of the guide trough should not be exposed or lower than the bottom of the ditch, and leave a sowing mark at the upper end of the guide trough.

3 Red Temple Yam Guiding Trough Directional Planting Management Technology

3.1 Yam planting

Generally in the middle and late March, when the temperature rises to more than 12 °C, the ground temperature is stable above 10 °C, start planting Red Temple Yam, planting as much as possible to choose cloudy days, sunny days are best planted before 10 am or after 3 pm. When planting, find the groove head position of the guide groove, cover the soil 2 to 3 cm higher than the guide groove, 3 cm from the slot into the seed potato, and parallel to the guide groove to place the sprout seed potato, the seed potato bud head upwards, cover the soil thickness 5 to 10 cm, each plant only leaves 1 to 2 strong young buds, excess young buds to be removed, pay attention not to break the young buds when covering the soil.

3.2 Planting and erection

After planting for 10 to 20 days, when the seedling height is about 20cm, the bamboo pole should be inserted in time to build a frame. The racking method adopts a cross-pedestrian crosshair, and every 3 racks insert 1 bamboo pole at the end of the slot to form a triangle and bundle the upper part, which is conducive to ventilation and light transmission and convenient for field operation. When planting hedge bamboo, be careful not to insert it on the guide groove. Leave 1 vine per yam and lead the vines to the shelves to avoid the natural entanglement of young vines that make it difficult to remove the side vines, or the young vines are too long to be on the shelves and fall on the ground and burn to death. In mid-June, several young vines growing from the seed potato are removed from the base in time, and the remaining vines are removed from the side vines that grow between the axils of leaves below 1.5 m.

3.3 Field management

3.3.1 Fertilization management. After the Red Temple Yam seedlings, after the rain, 667m2 urea is sprinkled 5 to 8kg, and the fertilizer is applied once every 20 to 30d in the later period, and the compound fertilizer is applied 2 to 3 times in a row, and the compound fertilizer is applied 5 to 10 kg at 667 m2 after planting for about 120 days; after planting for about 120 days, it should be applied 20 to 30 kg of compound fertilizer and 15 kg of potassium sulfate after rain or irrigation.

3.3.2 Moisture management. Red temple yam is more drought-tolerant, the water requirements are not strict, seedling stage and tuber growth to keep the soil moist is appropriate, into the growth period, should ensure adequate and uniform supply of water. June to September is the period of rapid elongation and expansion of tubers, especially to keep the soil moist, such as insufficient water sources have a greater impact on yield. Where possible, drip irrigation or micro-sprinkler irrigation should be installed to ensure water supply. Watering should be stopped about 10 days before harvest for sale or storage after harvesting.

3.3.3 Weed management. Before planting seedlings, acetochlor can be used for furrow weeding, pay attention to stay away from yam seedlings, after the rain or after wetting, cover the furrow surface with black mulch film to prevent weed growth.

3.3.4 Pest management. The diseases of Red Temple Yam are mainly blight, anthrax and so on. Blight is a root-neck disease of Red Temple Yam, which can be irrigated 2 to 3 times with 98% xanthoxin emulsion 1000 times at the seedling stage at 667 m2. Anthrax is a stem and leaf disease of Red Temple Yam, which can be sprayed 2 to 3 times foliar with 50% methyl tolbuzin 700 to 800 times liquid from late May to early June. The insect pests of Hongmiao yam are mainly 2 kinds: one is an underground pest, such as ground tigers, grubs, etc., the control method is 667m 2 with 3% octyl sulfur phosphorus 2 ~ 3kg mixed with fine soil 20 ~ 25kg, combined with deep ploughing applied to the soil; one is aboveground pests, such as leaf beetles, leaf bees. The control method is 667 m2 foliar spray with 2.5% high-efficiency cyfcflumen 40 g diluted 2000 times liquid.

3.4 Harvesting

Usually around November, the red temple yam begins to be harvested, and the harvest time can last until April of the following year. Harvesting should be in the morning of a sunny day, after the shallow soil layer is slightly turned over, the entire Red Temple Yam tubers can be easily removed, avoid direct sunlight, dark drying of the skin, the potato blocks for graded packaging and storage. When harvesting, the damage rate of potato blocks should be minimized, and the damage rate of potato blocks should be minimized, lightly loaded, lightly transported and lightly unloaded to prevent mechanical injuries to the tubers. According to estimates, after the hongmiao yam adopts the directional trough directional cultivation technology, each person can harvest about 200m2,500~600 plants per person per day, compared with the traditional planting method, 667m2 can save 25~30 labor, and the red temple yam produced by the guiding trough directional cultivation technology, the tubers are straight, full, smooth, the skin color is good, the tubers are resistant to storage, the commodity value is high, and the 667m2 increases production by 20% to 45%, and the benefits are considerable.