No matter where the writing of the language textbook will go, it should provide students with sincere expression and convey simple emotions. /"Seongnam Old Story"
Good language education has extraordinary significance for shaping a person.
Through language classes, we not only learn words, literature, and culture, but also develop basic skills – reading comprehension, logical analysis, argumentation, clear and persuasive communication, critical thinking, creative thinking, etc., to lay the foundation for later life.
We should all take another language lesson – no matter how old we are, no matter what the circumstances, we can start whenever we want.
——New Weekly, No. 576, "Language Re-study"
After more than ten years of studying Chinese, you may not know what the original appearance of those classic texts looks like.
On May 21, the video "How Powerful is the "Abridged" Original Text in Language Textbooks" produced by UP's main @ didipic acid rushed to the video website, and more than a month later, the number of views has approached nine million, and the relevant discussion is still continuing. In the video, UP main didipic acid compares the texts and original texts in the language textbook, and believes that many post-edits not only meet the needs of basic education, but also weaken the author's careful words and sentences to a certain extent.
In the comment area, many people said that this was a time to know that the language texts that could never be remembered in those years were not really "original texts".
A group of netizens who have been "bitter for a long time" finally found a reason to reconcile with themselves: it is not that I do not understand, this text has changed too quickly. At the same time, there are also many opponents who question that it is not reasonable to introduce and delete one-sidedly, but not to consider the audience and function of language textbooks, and that the language in the compulsory education stage is not a literature appreciation class, and it is reasonable to make changes according to the acceptance of students.
At the beginning of June, the speech platform published an article by Guo Chuyang, a language researcher and language teacher, entitled "Following the original text, without changing", and when I saw these eight words, I was really overjoyed and crying", which raised similar questions and triggered discussions again.
The controversy over the revision of Chinese textbooks has a long history, and whether those articles that are included in textbooks are self-defeating magic changes or clever pens suitable for students of the corresponding school age may be the ultimate reading comprehension problem without standard answers.
"Missing two pounds" Language textbook
The discussion of the original text changes in the textbook has a long history, and the time is pushed back to twelve years ago, and in May 2009, a post titled "818 Articles Deleted from Our Previous Language Textbooks" appeared on the Tianya Forum. At that time, the language teaching materials still followed the "one program and many books" compilation system since the 1990s, and each region could prepare different versions of language teaching materials according to the outline and local conditions, that is to say, children across the country had not yet used the same set of language books.
In that hot post, several versions of the mainstream language textbooks at that time were pointed out to different degrees of deletion and modification, and because there was no unified fixed standard, local textbooks could change the same classic article out of several versions. In response to this problem, scholars Wen Rumin and Gu Zhichuan have criticized the chaotic situation of the textbook system under "one program and many books".
There is always a language textbook that will bring you to tears.
After 2016, the textbook that took four years to compile began to gradually replace the previous regional versions and enter the classroom, and as of 2019, it has covered all grades of primary and junior high schools, as well as high school grades in some regions. In this set of language textbooks, in addition to the phrase "read and recite the whole text" that students are most afraid of, there are also a large number of words "deleted", "abridged", and "changed".
According to the statistical results of some studies, the scope of deletion and modification of this set of language teaching materials currently used throughout the country is still very large. More than 50% of all the texts in the three years of junior high school have been deleted, of which the smallest proportion of deletions is nearly 30% in the lower book of the ninth grade, and the second book of the eighth grade with the most changes is as high as nearly 70%. Specific to a single text, for example, the text "The Return of the Wild Goose", which is excerpted from the "Shaxiang Yearbook", has more than 100 changes, involving fourteen ways of deletion and modification, and the author probably has to re-read the text when he sees it.
How did the text become a text? /"Research on the Phenomenon of Deletion and Modification of Texts in Junior High School Chinese Textbooks Compiled by Ministries"
Perhaps because of the difficulty of changing the text, the text included in the textbook is mainly based on small deletions. As soon as the modern text is reached, deletions become particularly common. Whether it is Lao She, Xiao Hong, Lin Haiyin, or Zweig, Hugo, and Maupassant, almost all have been changed.
For example, "The Spring Festival in Beijing", which is included in the second volume of the sixth grade of the Ministry Edition, Mr. Lao She's original text has more than 2500 words, and the text only retains more than 1300 words. Perhaps limited by space, the vast and interesting Beijing folk customs in the text are abbreviated into relatively simple introductory texts.
Whether or not you make changes, excerpts don't always reflect the whole picture. The melancholy about the old time in "Old Things in Seongnam" is difficult to reflect in the length of the textbook, and it is difficult for primary school students to understand, and it is also necessary to read the original work. / Movie "Seongnam Old Story"
This is still the case for great writers, and those works that are less well-known may be even more modified. For example, Zhang Lu's "Antelope Wood Carving" tells the story of the protagonist who gave the antelope wood carving brought back from Africa by his father to a good friend, and finally returned the wood carving under the pressure of his parents, which can still trigger the moral discussion of netizens.
Gao Zan's answers have taken the "Antelope Wood Carving" in the textbook as a negative teaching material.
The article is now included in the language textbook of the seventh grade book of the Ministry of Compilation, and its author Zhang Lu expressed dissatisfaction with the adaptation of the article many years ago. The original text of "Antelope Wood Carving" is the novel "Remorse" published in 1984, and when the text is included, it not only changes the boy's wanfang in the original text to the girl Wanfang, but also because too much of the story background is deleted, resulting in the mother who was originally loving and gentle and for the sake of the child was changed to the post-mother literary image of the "parents are the scourge" group submission level as soon as she opened her mouth.
If the purpose of most textual revisions is to make it easier for students to understand the content, then such extreme changes may only make teenage children more confused.
Why does the textbook need to be revised from the original text?
The history of modern language education is actually not long, since 1904 according to the "Constitution of the Middle School" to set up a separate language subject, language education has gradually become independent from the four books and five classics of the imperial examination era, and the changes in the texts in the language teaching materials have always changed with educational and social concepts.
In the 2009 discussion on textual deletions, a deletion of Lin Sihuan's Ventriloquism was the most striking. Many people do not know that between the two sentences of the original text, "the woman is shocked and indebted" and "both wake up and cry", there is actually a sentence "(The woman) shakes her husband's language to indecency, at first it is not very appropriate, the woman shakes more and more, then the two people's language gradually mixes, and the bed is from the middle." As early as 1935, xia Junzun and Ye Shengtao edited the "One Hundred and Eight Lessons of Guoxue", this sentence was deleted.
The 1933 textbook removed the metaphor of a beautiful person taking a bath. /"Junior High School North New Anthology"
Zhu Ziqing's "Lotus Pond Moonlight" also deleted the reference to lotus flowers as "beauty who just came out of the bath" and quoted Liang Yuandi's "Lotus Cai Fu" on the grounds of "frivolity and obscenity" when it was included in the Chinese language textbook of the Republic of China.
As an old folk art, it is understandable for ventriloquists to use meat strips to attract listeners, but this kind of content is indeed out of date in the classroom, so this treatment is still used in today's textbooks. With the further opening of the concept, the deletion and modification of "Lotus Pond Moonlight" in that year has long been a non-problem problem, thus restoring its original appearance.
In the 1980s, because of the promotion of five lectures and four beauty at that time, and taking into account the image of Wen Yiduo, when Zang Kejia's "What Mr. Wen Yiduo Said and Did" was included in the textbook, the expressions "smoking red tin packs and bleaching the house" and "not combing my hair for three months without going downstairs" were deleted.
It is said that when the editor sent the revised manuscript to Zang Kejia for a look, the old man was still a little unhappy at first, and the editor pointed to the word "everything leaping" in the text and said: "This description is very beautiful, although it is about things on the table is too messy, but I insist on keeping it." Zang Kejia smiled after listening to it and let the editor go.
Although such deletions are enjoyable, the proportion of the editing process is actually not large. More deletions and changes are due to the requirements of standardization, which is also the reason why many front-line educators support deletions. The articles included in chinese textbooks involve texts of different eras, and foreign articles will also involve different translations, and there are naturally no small differences between them and the current standards for the use of Chinese.
How to compile teaching materials is a complicated and big project. /The Chronicle of the Boat
Traditional and simplified characters, variants, typos, word collocations, and the use of punctuation marks are the most cumbersome but unobtrusive content in the compilation of language textbooks. At a time when the "Land" police have become an endangered species on the Internet, Language textbooks still bear the responsibility of establishing a Standard for The Chinese Language.
As Ye Shengtao, who presided over the compilation of the first set of middle school Chinese textbooks in New China, said: "The selected text may inevitably have to be processed. The processor, not too picky, the author is embarrassed also. If you want to show students the style of the article, the quality of the text and the beauty of the text, then the omissions in the text should be repaired and polished by themselves. ”
However, this standardized standard also inevitably affects the personal temperament of the article, Lao She and Liang Shiqiu's Beijing cavity Jingyun, Jia Ping's old Shaanxi flavor, Xiao Hong's northeast temperament, all of which have become regular teaching materials. Language learning in the basic education stage has to sacrifice some literary nature.
When we say goodbye to the textbook
As early as the 1920s, Liang Qichao lamented in the preface to the "Outline of Chinese Language Teaching in Secondary Schools" six major difficulties in teaching Chinese language: First, the lack of depth and standards for the selection of textbooks; second, the old theory and the new theory, which is better or worse, there is no consensus; third, everyone can erase others by virtue of their own prejudices; fourth, the "National Language" itself, the boundaries are not clear; fifth, it is called a subject, which is actually complicated internally and has a huge content; sixth, the literature is voluminous, and those who do not have the "great university strength" are not competent enough.
Does Lu Xun want students to memorize his own articles? /The Age of Awakening
Language education is inseparable from literature, but it is not completely equivalent to literature, of course, it is first of all the cultivation of the use of Chinese language, but its significance is far beyond the scope of literacy and sentence breaking, with a strong public nature. Because of this, the textbooks written for children are actually inevitably a projection of adult concepts, and "what is the text suitable for children to learn" has become an unanswerable question.
In the process of compiling textbooks, of course, it is necessary to consider the comprehension ability of minors, and this premise is understandable. For the heated discussion of text revision, it is more reflected that when the children of the past have grown up and have a deeper understanding of literature and the world, they begin to disapprove of certain modifications compared with the original text.
Who is the unit structure convenient for? /"Research on the Selection System of Junior High School Language Textbooks"
Whether it is the previous "one program and many books" or the current "one program and one book", the preparation of language teaching materials has a clear unit structure, and the style and theme are relatively fixed. This well-organized unit structure does facilitate language teaching and assessment, but also causes the branches in the article that do not meet the theme and stylistic requirements to be pruned to a certain extent.
For example, In Lu Xun's famous "Social Drama", the original text also has the first half of "I" two unpleasant experiences of watching drama in Beijing after growing up. The original text not only uses the personnel in the Beijing Opera Garden to reflect the happiness of Pingqiao Village in childhood, but also reflects the destruction of the hometown in reality through the perfection of the ideal hometown. However, because the unit where "Social Drama" is located is "Folk Customs", in order to closely follow the theme, the first half has been completely deleted, which is equivalent to changing the theme of Xun Urn's article.
As many people say, Lu Xun's articles cannot be read until after graduation. / Movie "A Q Zheng Biography"
In addition to the limitations of the unit structure, some proper nouns will also be hidden because they are beyond the child's understanding. For example, in Lao She's "Grassland", "just like a boneless painting, only rendered in green, not outlined with a pen, so that everywhere the green color flows, gently flowing into the clouds" has been changed to "just like the Chinese paintings rendered only in green, without ink lines, everywhere the green color flows, gently flowing into the clouds."
The revised version directly explains the proper noun "boneless painting". In "Suzhou Garden", the tour of the garden is compared to watching song and Yuangong's pen Yunshan or Ni Yunlin's sketches, which has also been modified because the content is "super-outline".
The times are changing, students are also changing, and today's children have more media means to understand Ni Yunlin's paintings. /"Rong Knee Zhai Tu"
Of course, whether from the perspective of standardized teaching or from the perspective of reducing the learning burden of children, we should not be too harsh on the good intentions of the compilers. Considering the differences in the comprehension ability of students of different ages and the shrinking length of chinese class under the squeeze of other subjects, it is not realistic to select dozens of articles that take into account different themes and different topics, and can be used directly. Modification is necessary, but how to change it and what it becomes needs to be carefully studied.
It is important to seek to find the right balance between facilitating teaching and preserving literature. The eighth curriculum reform launched in 1999 clearly put forward the concept of "the unity of instrumentality and humanism" in language education, which is not simply literacy and hyphenation, but also about how to become a better person. It is more like sowing a handful of seeds, not caring which ones will take root and sprout, grow into a few clusters of tough weeds, grow into a towering tree, and only hope that children can anchor themselves to the turbulence of life in the future.
Kids end up going through things they don't want them to see. /Cinema Paradiso
Not long ago, Shenzhou 12 was successfully launched, and the text "Space Day" in the textbook of the seventh grade Chinese textbook attracted many people's attention. The author of the article is Yang Liwei, the first Chinese astronaut to enter space in 2003. In fact, it has been several years since this text was selected for the text, and many deeply shocked readers have witnessed the ascension of the God Five eighteen years ago, but have not read this post-80s and post-90s recalled by Yang Liwei in the textbook.
Many people infected by "Space Day" are exactly the generation that witnessed the launch of Shenzhou 5, but did not have time to wait for this article to be compiled into the textbook. /@Xinhuanet
After bidding farewell to textbooks, you can still keep reading and writing, perceive the great power of the changing times and the change of time through words, and perceive the complexity of the world and the subtleness of the heart, which may be the proper meaning of language education.
Just like Lu Xun, who has always been regarded as the biggest burden of language learning in those years, he also swept the screen after the hit "The Age of Awakening". Years later, recalling the obscure words of those teenagers, the standard interpretations in textbooks have been largely forgotten, but they will always see his name written in the cracks of everything in the night when they can't sleep horizontally.
1.CHENG Cheng. Research on the Phenomenon of Deletion and Correction of Textbooks in Junior High School Chinese Textbooks Compiled by the Ministry.2020
2.Zhang Lijin. Research on the Selection System of Junior High School Chinese Textbooks.2019
3. Hu Gaohui. A Study on the Deletion and Modification of Lao She's Works in Junior High School Language Unified Textbooks.2020
4. Textbooks: Words That Can't Be Deleted The "Secret" That Can't Be Deleted,Southern Weekend.2009
5. N reasons for deletion. Southern Weekend.2009
6.Controversies and Responses in the Compilation of Primary School Chinese Textbooks. Southern Weekend.2019
✎ Author | Cao Migration South
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