Subphylum Discoaceae—Faecine fungus (Part 2)
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The order Ophiostomatales is an order of the family Crustaceae , and most species of fungi in this taxon can be transmitted by bark beetles , some of which cause blue staining of sapwood. In addition, some species of fungi of this order are important plant pathogens, and some are human pathogens.
Subordinate family: Ophiostomataceae
The long-beaked chiscous family ( scientific name : Ophiostomataceae ) is a family of ascomycetes phylum Cystaceae , a family of long-beaked crustaceae , published in 1932 by Swedish botanist John Axel Nannfeldt. Species are widely distributed in temperate zones, many of which are plant pathogens of trees.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="7" >(1) Long-beaked shell genus</h1>
The genus Ophiostoma is a genus of ascomycetes Phylum Long-beaked Chitinaceae , described in 1919 by the mycologist Hans Sydow and his father Paul Sydow.
Some species in this genus are important plant pathogenic fungi, such as the Dutch elm fungus (Ophiostoma ulmi) (Ophiostoma ulmi) (O. ulmi) (O. ulmi), Ophiostoma novo-ulmi and Ophiostoma himal-ulmi.) After World War I, the Dutch elm fungus (O. 2005). ulmi) caused the first outbreak of Dutch elm disease in Western Europe, which then spread to North America, causing serious damage to local elm trees. In the 1940s, the New Elm blight caused a second wave of epidemics, which were more virulent than O. Ulmi is stronger and gradually replaces the latter as the main pathogenic fungus that now causes Dutch elm disease. Native to the western Himalayas, O. himal-ulmi is an endophytic fungus of the local elm tree that has been shown to infect many species of elm outside of Asia.
Fungi of this genus have a long beak, the ascomycetes do not erupt after maturity, but decompose, and the viscous spores gather at the apex. Most species are heterofilamentary, i.e. different pairs of mating are required to produce ascospores. In terms of asexual reproduction, species in this genus have three conidia types of Pesotum, Sporothrix and Leptographium, all of which are wet spores, which can help them to attach to insects for transmission.
Most species of fungi in this taxon can be found in Scolytus, Hylurgopinus rufipes (H. a) Rufipes) and other beetles are transmitted, these beetles nibble on the bark is generally harmless to elm, but when they carry conidia of the genus Crustella longifolium, they can cause the fungus to infect the xylem of the elm, and produce yeast-like spores and hyphae in the xylem to infect the plant, which can cause plant death within weeks. Infected and dying elm can release keloids, attracting more beetles to lay eggs, and when the larvae grow into adults, their outer skin sticks to the conidia of the fungus, helping them spread to other elm plants.
Fungi of this genus are similar to those of the microacrowthys Ceratocystis (Ceratocystis) fungus, with the same long beak and wet spores, but the two genera of fungi still have similarities.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="13" >(2)Sporotrichosis</h1>
Sporothrix ( scientific name : Sporothrix ) , also translated as Filaria spp. and Bulbophyllum , is a genus of ascomycetes , mostly grown in soil. The first species in this genus to be described is Schenck's sporangia, which can infect the skin and cause sporangiosis. More species in this genus have been described and published in recent years, including Sporotrichia brasiliensis (Swede: Sporothrix brasiliensis), Sporothrix globosa (Swedish) and S. lueri Species such as luriei) can also cause sporangiosis.
< h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="15" >(1) pattern</h1>
Species in this genus can produce two single-celled conidia, one of which is transparent or brown in color, inverted ovate or pear-shaped, about 2-8 microns long and 1.5-2.5 microns wide, and grows in garland clusters at the top of the conidia stalk, while the base of the conidia stalk is slightly expanded, but the overall shape is not much different from the hyphae, and is produced by bifurcation from the hyphae at a near-right angle. Many other groups of the order Crustacea longifolia can also produce such conidia; the other conidia are darker, thicker-walled, and sessile, about 2-6 microns long and 1.5-2.5 microns wide, directly arising from the hyphae, and the presence and shape of this conidia is one of the bases for identifying species in this genus.
Because the morphologies of the species in this genus are very similar, the difficulty of morphological identification is quite high, and most of them use molecular techniques to identify different species.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="18" >(2) pathogenic species</h1>
The earliest case of sporotrichosis was in 1898, when Benjamin R. Schenck, a medical student at Johns Hopkins University, took a sample from a patient's finger ulcer and cultured it, and sent the growing fungus to experts for identification, which he thought might belong to Sporotrichum. In 1900, several Chicago physicians reported a second case of sporotrichosis, and went on to describe and publish the genus and its model species, Szzizi sporangia, but did not provide specific genus-level characteristics, so it was considered invalid until the 1960s, when taxonomists pointed out that Schinck's sporotrichia was very different from the morphology of Sporotrichum aureum, the model species of the genus Lateral Spore (the latter was later classified as a basidiomycetes). It was in turn classified into the genus Sporothrix and gradually accepted by the academic community.
The pathogenic fungus that causes sporotrichosis has long been considered a single species of Schenck's sporangia. In 2003, de Beer et al. used ribosomal DNA sequence analysis to show that Schinck's sporangia contained two major taxa, namely strains isolated from patient wounds and strains isolated from soil and plant material. In 2006, Marimon et al. used other gene sequence analyses to show that Schinck's sporotrichosis contained three main evolutionary clades, and split them into new species such as Brazilian Sporotrichus (Swedish: Sporothrix brasiliensis), Sporothrix globosa (Swedish: Sporothrix mexicana) and Sporotrichia mexicana in Mexico. Among them, Sporotrichia brassicae is a Brazilian strain, Spheroides contains strains from Europe, Asia and the Americas, Sporotia Mexico is a Mexican strain, and the split Schenker sporotrichus is a strain from other parts of the Americas. Many subsequent studies have been analyzed using other gene sequences, and the results also support splitting. Schenck's spore filaments originally a variant of Schinck's sporotrichus S. schenckii var. Luriei), published in 1969, is a strain isolated from the wounds of a South African patient in 1956. In 2008, Marimon et al. (Marimon et al.) analyzed them as sister groups of evolutionary clades consisting of Sporangia brassicae, Spheroidrichia sporangium, and Schenck's sporangia, and isolated them as a new species. Pathogenic species of this genus, such as Schinck's sporotrichus, Brazilian sporotrichia, spheroidia and Luairi sporotrichia, form a monophyletic group, while Sporotrichia Mexicana has a low pathogenicity, causing only sporadic infections, and its kinship is also far from the above four pathogenic bacteria.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="21" >(3) environmental species</h1>
In addition to pathogenic fungi, Sporotrichia also has many species that grow in soil and plant material and do not infect animals, many of which were once considered to be asexual types of Long-beaked Shell species (Teleomorph, anamorph and holomorph). In 1974, the Dutch mycologist De Hoog published a monograph listing a total of 24 species in this genus, of which 13 were asexual of the genus Long-beaked, and Schenker sporotrichosis was also considered to be the asexual type of Ophiostoma stenoceras.
In the past, taxonomic studies of Sporangia fungi have focused only on one of the two pathogenic species or environmental species, and few have discussed the two together.
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Subordinate family: Sordariaceae
Constellation fungus angustidate, ascomycete fruit with orifice and ascomycete shell, or no pore and closed sac shell, dark or light color, charcoal or membranous, cylindrical, inverted ovate, spherical, inverted pear, bottle and other shapes, smooth or bristle. Early digestion of lateral filaments. Ascomycete single wall sac, thin wall, thickened at the top, but without refractive top ring or top hat and other structures, the top meets iodine unchanged blue, retention without dissipation, containing 2 to 8 spores, ascospores have 1 to 2 bud holes, or no bud holes and bud slits, often wrapped with sticky sheaths, sometimes at both ends of the appendages, smooth or wired stripes, puddles, reticulates and other ornaments. Most of them are dark after maturity, a few light colors, columnar to linear and have a transverse diaphragm, less dachshund shape and no diaphragm, sometimes a spore is composed of 2 to 3 cells of different sizes and shapes, one colored, one colorless, one round and one long, one nodular or spiney, one smooth, or one dark cell at each end, which is connected by a long and colorless curved cell, which can detach from each other and shoot out after maturity.
Fungi of the family are mostly saprophytic on the substrates of dung, soil, rotten wood, rotten plants, etc., and the common genera are fecal shell genus, hemp shell genus, and vein spore genus. Myxosporum is often used in the study of and .
The classification of undergraduates is controversial. E.S. Letrell (1951) noted that the ascospores of the family Pteraceae were close to those of the Family Carvacidae, while the ascomycetes were very close to the Type of Mesosporidus, and proposed that some of the genera in the Family Faeces (e.g., Genus Faeces, Genus Mycesporus) could be transferred to the Black Spore Family of the order Mesophoridae. S.H. Mai (1976) in a study of a species of the genus Spirulina confirmed that the core types of the faecalis family are between the Carbonobium type and the Mesophora type. Miller and J.A. von Alkes (1973) classified the family Fecalidae into the order Spherical crustaceae, which is divided into 25 genera. N. Lundquist (1972) believes that the broadly defined family of faeces includes the family Phylloscopidae and the narrowly defined family of Phylloscopidae, the former of which can be divided into the subfamily of hairy bulbous shells (3 genera) and the subfamily of stalks (13 genera), the latter no longer divided into subfamilies but only 3 genera. D.L. Hawkesworth et al. (1983) identified the family Faeces as a family in the order Faeces, which is divided into 8 genera.
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Subordinate family: Xylariaceae
In the family Xylariaceae, the fungus family usually has substations, sessile or sessiles, and is often erect. Ascomycetes are ascomycete shells, buried in the ovary, usually dark, with orifices (a few without orifices), beaks, solitary or polygonal. The lateral filaments are linear, branched, and dissolved when ripe. Ascomycetes single-sac wall, thin walls, the top often thickened and has a caudal ring structure, when iodine turns blue, mostly cylindrical, rod-shaped, less spherical, rarely digested. Ascospores are monocellous, brown to black, ovate, oval, spindle-shaped, etc., mostly with bud slits, sometimes with colloidal appendages on top, ejected or spilled into sticky clumps.
Most of them decompose on substrates such as rotten wood, bark, and dung, and the most common are layered charcoal shell genus, charcoal group fungus genus, charcoal horn fungus genus and so on. Others are weak parasitics, and a few species are important plant pathogens.
Fungi are widely distributed throughout the world, especially in tropical and subtropical regions. According to the system of E. Miller and J.A. von Alkes (1973) and D.L. Hawksworth et al. (1983), the family is divided into 27 genera.
The epicystis shell in this family can cause mulberry root rot, the curved constellation shell can lead to tea tree root rot, the oak shell can cause oak root rot, and the charcoal horn fungus can cause black root rot in apple trees, causing certain harm in the economy.
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The order Meliolales ( ) is a class of obligate parasitic bacteria belonging to the family Ascomycetes. There is a single family of small coals (Meliolaceae) under this order. Mainly found in the tropics, small coal fungus will form a black colony on the surface of the host plant, so it is also known as black mold. The plant diseases caused by it are called black mold disease. However, these harms are generally not large, so the economic impact is not large.
The order Lesser Coal, also known as The order Primordial, is an external parasitic fungus of higher plants. It grows mostly on trees and shrubs in warm areas, and the dark brown, thick-walled mycelium is fixed to the surface of the host with attached branches, radiatively expanding, forming a layer of black "smoke mold" or "soot", mainly due to shading and affecting the photosynthesis and ornamental value of plants.
There are only 1 family, 7 genera, and more than 180 species in this order. The order Small Coals, like powdery mildew, has undergone great changes in classification, and has been classified into the order Eutectics or nucleobacteria, and has also been incorporated into powdery mildew or styrocystis. There are only more than 50 genera in the family 1 family of small coals. Members of this order are obligate ectoparasitic bacteria of seed plants, commonly known as black mold, and some of these species are harmful to economic plants and cause certain losses.
Members of this order lack asexual types and rely on sexual types to complete their life history. Mycelium forms from the germination of ascomycetes, dark in color, thick-walled, multi-diaphragm, branched, and reticulated on the surface of the host. A head-like attachment branch consisting of two cells whose parietal cell expands to have the effect of attaching cells and produces a suction device to reach into the host cell to aspirate nutrients. In addition, there are bottle-like attachment branches with holes at the top. Bristles grow at the base of the mycelium or closed-sac shell, the apex of which tends to have different shapes or branches, the closed-sac shell is spherical or flattened, the shell wall is thick and dark, there is no hole, and there are smooth or nodular protrusions. The ascomycetes form a layer at the bottom of the closed shell, thin-walled, easily digested, and mostly contain 2 to 4 (a few contain 8) ascospores. There are often lateral filaments between the ascomycetes.
Subordinate section: Meliolaceae
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Apiosporaceae ( Scientific name : Apiosporaceae ) is a family of fungal ascomycetes phylum Faecalis , first described in 1998. All species in the family carry spores that are nourished by decomposing and digesting plants, especially those of the palm family and the grass family. The genus Rhododendron spp. colored sporangia and Cordella, which can reproduce asexually, are allowed to reproduce.
Arthrinium , also known as Arthrinium , is a genus of the fungal ascomycetes pygmyceteaceae , first described in 1998. It is commonly found in the nodes of plants such as bamboo and sugarcane.
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