Text/Pingsha Boundless
The previous year's famous city tour of the literary and historical banquet received a great response, after the event, there are still friends who want to continue to submit articles, thanks to the grand intentions of everyone, Sima Decided to continue to accept the submissions of the famous city tour, if the number is large enough, you can form the second famous city tour activities and set up awards. This article tells the history of Liaoyang (襄平, 平洲, Tokyo Liaoyang Province) in LiaodongXiong.
Yan Broke East Hu Xiangping was initially built
When it comes to the important cities of Liaoning Province today, people will probably first think of Shenyang and Dalian, one is the capital of Liaoning Province, an important industrial city and the center of the Liaohe Plain, and the other is an important seaport at the southern end of the Liaodong Peninsula and a gate guarding the mouth of the Bohai Sea. However, in terms of the history of city building, they are not as good as a city in the middle of the Liaohe Plain, Liaoyang. Although Liaoyang today has only some chemical industry and steel industry, the sense of existence is not strong, but it is a well-deserved historical city.
The initial founding of Liaoyang dates back roughly to around 300 BC (in the middle of the Warring States period, when the monarch of the Yan state was The King of Yan Zhao), and the Yan general Qin Kaidong invaded the Eastern Hu and Jizi Joseon periods.
The city, probably originally, was a military fortress built on the banks of Yanshui (or "Liangshui", named after the indigenous people "Liang Shui" (梁貊), the river now known as the Taizi River) after the General Qin Kai led his troops on the eastern expedition, named "Xiangping". According to the "Explanation of Texts", "Xiang" means "to untie clothes and cultivate", and "Ping" also has the meaning of flatness, which shows that after the Yan people occupied this area, they probably used this land as a tuntian base at the beginning.
Later, the Yan people also found iron ore resources near Xiangping that were very important for the struggle for hegemony, which was very beneficial to the Yan state's expansion of the liaodong land to eliminate the state of Qi (the "Classic of Mountains and Seas" records that this country was northeast of the Han River, possibly east of the Dongliao River, and the ancient city of Erlonghu in Lishu County may be a fortress built after the yan state was destroyed, or it may be in the northeast direction of the AiHe River, a tributary of the Yalu River, roughly corresponding to the location of Xi'an Ping County, Liaodong County in the Han Dynasty), defeating the State of Qi, and fighting with the State of Zhao.
The State of Yan also established the Eastern Outpost "Liaodong Commandery" here, which ruled the land from the Lushan-Daling River in the west to the banks of the Cheongcheon River in Korea in the east, from the Qinghe River in present-day Tieling in the north to the land of Lushunkou in the south.
In addition, from the perspective of currency, among the currencies unearthed near Liaoyang, the cloth coins of the Three Jins are basically equal to the "Ming Dao" minted by the Yan Kingdom itself, which is probably because the color of the Ming Dao coins is not as good as the Three Jins Cloth Coins, so the reputation and credibility of the people are not as good as the Three Jins Cloth Coins. In addition, Xiangping, like other cities in the Warring States period that minted coins, had a self-minted currency "Xiangping cloth".
Xiangping cloth
Knife
However, in the Warring States period, in general, Xiangping played a border fortress position relatively isolated from the center of the Yan kingdom. Because the Liaodong region where the Yan state is located, there are two major barriers in the west, one is the danger of The Yiwu Mountain (Yiwu Lushan), and the other is the so-called "Liaoze", that is, the contiguous wetlands in the middle and lower reaches of Yushui (Daling River) and Luanshui (Liaohe).
The Liao River was called "Lu shui" from the Warring States to the beginning of the Han Dynasty, and "潦" is a description of the state of water siltation and impassability (see the phrase "the water is exhausted and the cold pond is clear" in the Preface to the Pavilion of the King of Teng), and the name also clearly reflects the hydrological characteristics of the Liao River.
Therefore, after the Qin army attacked the Yan capital Jicheng (around present-day Guang'anmen in Beijing) in 226 BC, King Xi of Yan fled east with the Court of the State of Yan and crossed the Yanshui River until Xiangping stopped, in the process, Prince Dan was also able to get out of danger because he hid in the reeds of the Yanshui Water, although soon after, he was forced to commit suicide and became a meeting gift from his father to the Qin State in order to seek peace.
Incidentally, Qin Wuyang, the deputy whom Jing Ke assassinated the King of Qin, was the grandson of General Qin Kai, who had originally pioneered Liaodong. However, Sun Tzu was obviously not as angry as his grandfather, and his face changed color in fright when he entered the Qin Palace, and he also took the lives of himself, Jing Ke and countless Yan people.
The Yan kingdom lived for a total of four years in Liaodong, during which time it was also living more and more embarrassingly, and even the quality of the money "Xiangping cloth" made was much worse than that of the previous "Ming Dao".
In the thirty-third year of King Xi of Yan (the twenty-fifth year of Qin Shi Huang, 222 BC), Qin captured Wang Xi alive by breaking through Liaodong, and the State of Yan was destroyed, and the "Gantang Zeze" of Summoning Gongyi was thus broken. However, Xiangping, the capital of Liaodong, did not decline, and it was still the eastern outpost of the Qin state, and in the first year of Qin II, the second emperor toured the east and also arrived in Liaodong.
Wei Manchu Korea and Han Four Counties
Immediately afterward, the guards who had traveled to the frontier areas of the Former Yan Region beheaded their lieutenants, and the death knell of the Qin State was officially sounded.
There may also be some grass thieves on the Liaodong County side who have taken this opportunity to be greatly active, although their size is not as large as the old nobles of the Six Kingdoms and the commoners such as Chen Sheng and Liu Bang in the south, but they also frighten some of the residents of Liaodong County and fled to the side of the former Yan State's vassals, Jizi Joseon (Shidu WangJiancheng, present-day Lelang District, Pyongyang, North Korea).
However, in general, Liaodong did not suffer from any major turmoil in the turmoil at the turn of the Qin and Han Dynasties. Although Xiang Yu once made the anti-Qin Yan king Han Guang the "King of Liaodong", in fact, this prince sat in the throne (present-day Jinji Prefecture) and was still far away from Liaodong. This can also be seen that in the eyes of people at that time, Liaodong was a desolate place where rabbits did not nest.
It was not until Emperor Han Gao quelled the rebellion of his old brother Lu Xie that Liaodong once again attracted the attention of the imperial court, and after Lu Xuan's defeat, the rest of the guards crossed the Muddy River (Datong River), changed into the clothes of the Qi people, fled to Jizi Korea, and overthrew the rule of the Jizi royal family against the guests, so that the blood of this Yin people was exiled to the sea.
Subsequently, Han Liaodong Taishou listed Wei Manchu's state as a foreign vassal of the Han Dynasty, and repaired the Great Wall left by the Yan State and the Qin Dynasty, so xiangping this border city was safe again.
By the time of Emperor Wu, the Han Dynasty's foreign policy had changed from a peaceful model to a war model, seizing the Hetao region and the Hexi Corridor from the Xiongnu, destroying South Vietnam and East Vietnam in the south, and using the name of Wei Joseon's collusion with the Xiongnu (especially during the reign of Emperor Wen of Han), and by killing Han Liaodong Duwei (stationed in Xi'an ping County, now Changdian Town, Kuandian Manchu Autonomous County, Liaoning), the Wei Dynasty was suppressed.
In this battle, the Han army advanced by land and water, and on the land side, led by Emperor Wu of Han's favorite general Xun Yan, the recruits from Liaodong crossed the Manchurian Han (Qingchuan River) into Korea.
This battle was very headache-inducing, the Korean side for resistance or surrender at both ends, the Han army side of the two generals discord, Han Wudi and remote command. However, in the end, the Han Dynasty still won the victory, controlling the Wei Korean regime in the northern part of the Korean Peninsula + Gaima Plateau + Changbai Mountain, and finally became the "Han Four Counties" of the Han Dynasty.
In the following period, the Han Dynasty mainly used troops against the Xiongnu on the western front, and the eastern front was relatively peaceful. Liaodong County, also only attacked by the Wuhuan people during the Zhao Emperor's reign.
In the Han Dynasty, Liaodong County was not only an important military base on the border, but also an important steel base and salt industry base, and the iron officials and salt officials were located in Pingguo County (present-day Gaizhou, Liaoning), and there were also iron ore and iron smelting workshops near Xiangping in Liaodong County.
The Han Dynasty Immortals, with the help of the people's desire to escape from the reality of suffering, also peddled the idea of feathering into immortals, and there was also a case in Liaodong County, that is, the story of the famous Ding Lingweihua crane flying away. Tao Yuanming's "Afterword to search for god" includes this deed, which is roughly as follows:
Ding Lingwei, a liaodong man, went to Lingxu Mountain to learn the Tao, and then turned into a crane, flew back to his hometown, and stood on the Huabiao pillar in Liaodong County, but he was almost shot down by an ignorant teenager with a slingshot, so he had to fly away, and also chanted: "There are birds and birds Ding Lingwei, go home for a thousand years and return today, the city is like the old people, why not learn the immortal tomb." ”
Ding Lingwei's experience really reflects the impermanence of life. Because life is impermanent, people will be like the Western Zhou people who denounced the "giant rat", pursuing the "promised land", but there is a "promised land" in the world.
Liaoyang White Pagoda Park Ding Ling Wa Hua crane statue
Senzan Sendai
Legend has it that Ding Ling wafers the place where the crane is
From the late Western Han Dynasty to the early Xinmang period, due to the Han Dynasty's successful policy of peace with the Xiongnu and the remnants of the former foreign martial arts deterrence, the northern border counties were relatively peaceful. However, after the Eastern Han Dynasty, it was often attacked by the newly rising Xi'an Bei, Wuhuan, and Qi peoples (the indigenous peoples of the Changbai Mountain area, of which Goguryeo was a branch).
After the middle of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the imperial court basically abandoned the old land of Xuanju County, moved it inland to Liaodong County, and established a new Xuanju County in the northern part of the original Liaodong County, with its county rule in Goguryeo County (the second Goguryeo County, in the present-day Hunnan region of Shenyang, Liaoning, and the old first Goguryeo County in the Yongling area of Xinbin County, Liaoning).
In addition, during the reign of Emperor An of Han, the imperial court also divided the wetland area of the lower reaches of the Daling River - the lower reaches of the Liao River and the area west of the Lu Mountains of Yiwu and established the Liaodong vassal state to settle the rebellious Wuhuan and Xianbei people. In this way, the border defense pressure in Liaodong County has become even greater.
The external troubles of Liaodong County became more and more serious, and also triggered the local people's hope for a savior, and during the Han Huan Emperor's time, Yin Kui, a Liaodong man who was good at astronomical arts, said: "After fifty years old, when there are real people who rise from Liang Pei, their sharp edges cannot be taken seriously." The prophecy he made was appended to Cao Cao's official Crossing Yuan Shao 50 years later.
In addition, a teenager who once lived in Liaodong and Xuanzhuan counties also had a great influence on the history of the late Han Dynasty. This person was Gongsun Du, the son of Gongsun Yan, a minor official of Xuanju County, who was born in Liaodong.
Fight all over The Liaodong Gongsun Du
Gongsun Du (公孙度), courtesy name Shengji (or Shuji), was a native of Xiangping, Liaodong Province, whose father, Gongsun Yan, fled to the neighboring County of Xuanju in order to escape persecution by the officials of the county.
In Xuanju County, the young Gongsun Du met the first nobleman of his life, Shi Xuanju Taishou Gongsun Jue, because he had the same name as Gongsun Bao, his son Gongsun Bao, who died early (Gongsun Du was named Leopard in his early years, later renamed Du) and tonggeng, so he was well taken care of, and was appointed as a county official, and Taishou also hired him a family affair.
Later, Gongsun Du was successively promoted to Shangshulang (an administrative staff officer at the emperor's side), and Jizhou Assassin History (ShizhiYi County, in present-day Linzhang County, Hebei), and was dismissed from office because of rumors during his tenure at Jizhou Thorn History.
After Dong Zhuo entered the capital, he was promoted to Liaodong Taishou because of his friendship with Dong Zhuo's subordinate Xu Rong (a native of Xuanju County). He returned to his hometown through the appointment of the imperial court, which was controlled by Dong Zhuo. He probably felt that Dong Zhuo's life would not last long, so he simply went home to become the Earth Overlord.
The local tycoons of Liaodong County looked at such a parent official who had trained in the central government, but they did not think how great he was, but felt that this person was too low-born, so they slighted him. Gongsun Du then came to ma Liwei.
Before Gongsun Du arrived in office, Gongsun Zhao of Xiangping County recruited Gongsun Kang, the son of Gongsun Du, to be the commander of the army, and at that time, it was a humiliation to let the descendants of well-known figures become soldiers, and after Gongsun Du arrived, he immediately ordered Gongsun Zhao to be killed with a whip at the market in Xiangping County.
Subsequently, Gongsun Du again attacked the local tycoon Tian Shao and others in the county, and killed more than a hundred people before and after, many of whom originally had no grievances against him, but they could not escape death, no wonder Chen Shou, the author of the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", commented that Gongsun Du was "cruel and undisciplined". Of course, such a hot hand to rule the county is also related to the fact that he has no foundation and is not so difficult to ensure the division.
Soon after the lower Ma Liwei, Gongsun Du began to conquer the four sides, attacking Karasuma (Wuhuan) in the west and Goguryeo in the east, both of which won a great victory. In addition, he married his daughter to the king of buyeo. The barbarians around Liaodong County were thus subordinated to such a new lord who flaunted his might. Gongsun Du may also have taken this as an opportunity to join forces and cross the surrounding counties of Xuanzhu Lelang and expand his influence.
After a major internal and external campaign, Gongsun Du also learned about the chaos in the Central Plains since the coalition forces had been fighting for Dong. Although Gongsun Du's appointment to Liaodong was arranged by Dong Zhuo, at this time, he did not want to defect to either Bao Dong or anti-Dong, but only wanted to be a Tu Emperor far away from the central government, and also said to his subordinates Liu Yi and Yang Yi: "The Han Room will die, and I should be called king."
It just so happened that someone also offered Xiangrui, when a large stone grew in the place of the god of the Yanli Shrine in Xiangping County, which was more than one inch long, and there were three small stones under it to make its feet. Someone said to Gongsun Du, "The shape of this stone resembles the crown of Emperor Xuan of Han, and the Yanli where it is located is the same as your father's name." The shrine is a place where the gods of the land are worshipped, indicating that you should own the land under the heavens, and there are three dukes as an auxiliary. ”
This large stone is probably a "stone shed" deliberately moved by someone, that is, a kind of Stone Age megalithic worship site commonly found in the Liaodong Peninsula. Gongsun Du was very happy when he heard xiangrui's news, but he did not rush to become king, but adhered to his "cruel and undisciplined" nature and committed a lot of slander.
Stone sheds commonly found in the Liaodong Peninsula region
There was a celebrity in Liaodong County, Li Min, who had served as the Taishou of Hanoi, and Gongsun Du wanted to invite him to take up a post in the mountains, but this person took his family to avoid the island (probably the Changshan Islands in the Yellow Sea). When Gongsun Du learned of this, he was so angry that he dug up Li Min's father's grave, split the coffin and burned the body, and destroyed Li's clan.
Gongsun Du's trespassing behavior was not limited to etiquette, and even took officials sent by the imperial court as hostages, such as the Imperial Court's Lelang Taishou Liangmao (probably dispatched by Cao Cao's Xuchang Imperial Court), and he sent people to intercept him, fearing that Gongsun Du had arranged his own candidates in Lelang County.
Gongsun Du's methods of ruling the county were harsh, but the Central Plains region was in constant turmoil after the disbandment of the Dong coalition forces, especially Yuan Shao's yuan shu brothers formed their own parties and fought, causing many people in the Central Plains to rush to Liaodong across the sea in order to seek temporary peace.
Among them were Guan Ning, Bing Yuan, and Tai Shi Ci, who later played a prominent role under Liu Sui and Sun Ce. The scribes Guan Ning, Bing Yuan, and Wang Lie also gave lectures in Liaodong and flourished the culture of Liaodong.
Gongsun Du also took the opportunity to send troops from the sea to capture Donglai Commandery (東莱郡, in modern Longkou, Shandong, which governs the northern part of the present-day Jiaodong Peninsula) from Qingzhou by sea, and set up Yingzhou Thorn History in Donglai County. At the same time, Liaodong County was also divided into liaoxi and middle liao counties (the two counties were bounded by the Liao River. The Daling River - Yiwu LuShan was the eastern boundary of Gongsun Du's Liaoxi Commandery, which was then occupied by Gongsun Du, and arranged for his subordinates to be Taishou.
Gongsun Du himself proclaimed himself Marquis of Liaodong and Mu of Pingzhou in Xiangping, and also worshiped Tiandi in the southern suburbs of Xiangping City, and set up temples of Emperor Han Gao and Emperor Guangwu of Han by the way. This temple building is obviously to put a patch of loyalty to the idea of loyalty to his act of transgressing the ritual law, and in essence it may be the repair of the old temple of sacrifice, because in the Western Han Dynasty, the Han Dynasty counties set up the temple of Emperor Han Gao, and in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Guangwu Emperor Temple was also set up in various counties.
In the ninth year of Han Jian'an (204 AD), Gongsun Du's life came to an end, but in this year, his Liaodong separatist regime ushered in two major events.
One was that Cao Cao attacked Yicheng, and then went around to pacify the counties of Jizhou, the city was empty, Gongsun Du saw that Yuan Shao's two sons could not resist Cao Cao, so he moved the idea of sending troops to the Central Plains, wanting to use 30,000 infantry and 10,000 cavalry to directly attack Yecheng, and all the generals were willing to send troops, thinking that even if they could not take any city, they could go to fight the Grass Valley, but in the end they were dissuaded by Liang Mao.
Liang Mao said: "Now that the world is in chaos and the country is in danger, general, you have an army of 100,000, and you can sit back and watch the success or failure." As a heavy minister of the country, Cao Cao worried about the safety of the country, felt the pain of the people, led the volunteer soldiers to eliminate thieves for the world, the merit is great, no one can compare, because the world has just been calmed down, the people settled down, so there is no blame for the general, and the general is ready to go west, attack Yecheng, success or failure is not a morning can be decided, I hope the general considers it! ”
Although Gongsun Du was good at killing people and had quite a transgressive act, he was still very concerned about matters of life and death, and gave up the plan to sneak attack Yecheng.
Soon after, in order to completely eliminate the Yuan forces, Cao Cao also tried his best to win over Gongsun Du, sending emissaries to make Gongsun Du the Marquis of Yongning Township, and at the same time arranging for him to be a miscellaneous general in the imperial court with the title of "General of Wuwei". The rank of the miscellaneous general was the same as that of Taishou, and the title of Xianghou was far less than that of Gongsun Du's self-proclaimed "Marquis of Liaodong", so Gongsun Du responded domineeringly: "My king Liaodong, He Yongning also!" "The seals sent by Cao Cao's emissaries were hidden in the arsenal.
Across the Korean Gongsun Kang
Shortly thereafter, Gongsun Du died, and Gongsun Kang, who succeeded him, gave the title of "Marquis of Yongning Township" to his younger brother Gongsun Gong.
The first affairs that Gongsun Kang dealt with after he ascended the throne was to compete with Cao Cao for control of the three counties of Karasuma. Seeing that the Yuan clan was weakening, he thought a little about several counties in the west, so he sent the emissary Han Zhong to give The Qiao King Su Shuyan, who was helping Yuan Tan to oppose Cao, to YinShou, wanting to divide and disintegrate the Wuhuan people.
At the same time, Cao Cao also sent an emissary to lead the way (this person had served Yuan Shao in the management of the Wuhuan cavalry, and was also Liu Bei's iron brother in his youth) to the King of Qiao, and the barbarian chieftain of the border area felt that he was not very knowledgeable, so he asked The leader: "When Yuan Gong said that he was ordered by the Son of Heaven, he named me Shan Yu; now Cao Gong said that he would play the Son of Heaven and seal me as Zhen Shan Yu; the Liaodong side gave me another title." So who should I be orthodox? ”
"Once upon a time, Duke Yuan issued orders on behalf of Tianzi and had the right to be knighted; later, when he went against Tianzi's will, Duke Cao replaced him, saying that he would play tomorrow's son and reseal you as ZhenDanyu." Liaodong is just a remote county, how can it be knighted without authorization! And Gongsun Kang's emissary Han Zhong could only brag about it: "My Liaodong is in the east of the canghai sea, with millions of male soldiers, and the rest of the country and the Qibu are all under the orders of my lord." In today's situation, the strong are the leaders, how can Cao Cao be solipsistic! ”
Zhao Zhao then loudly rebuked Han Zhong: "Cao Gong treats others with integrity, is respectful and wise, assists the Son of Heaven, crusades against rebellion, appeases obedience, and calms the chaos of the whole country." All of you in Liaodong are stubborn and treacherous and arrogant. Now, relying on the dangerous terrain and far away from the Central Plains, he betrayed the imperial court, dared to grant official titles without authorization, insulted the Son of Heaven, and should be punished with capital punishment, how dare he insult and slander such a minister as Cao Gong! Saying that he had drawn his sword at each other, he grabbed Han Zhong's hair, but fortunately, the master of the place, King Qiao, rushed over barefoot and pulled the two apart, and then King Qiao accepted Cao Cao's seal.
The emissaries of the Liaodong side faced the emissaries of Cao Cao's side, and wen's martial arts were not comparable, so it can be seen that this time Gongsun Kang wanted to touch the fish in muddy waters, but the result was not worth the loss. The following year, King Qiao also sent troops to help Cao Cao suppress Yuan Tan, the son of Yuan Shao, who had rebelled after Cao Cao's surrender. In the same year, Zhang Liao attacked Donglai Commandery, and the Gongsun clan defeated Liu Yi, and the Gongsun clan's exploration of the Shandong Peninsula was a complete failure.
At this time, Yuan Shang's two brothers Yuan Xi also felt that the sun was too late to go, and had to take a large number of old troops to Wuhuan, which led to the famous Battle of White Wolf Mountain two years later, in which Duan Dan was beheaded by Cao's army Zhang Liao,the remnants of the Wuhuan people were destroyed by Cao Cao at Liucheng (present-day southwest of Chaoyang, Liaoning), and the leaders of the Wuhuan people, Su Fumaru, Lou Ban, and Wu Yan, followed the er Yuan brothers to Liaodong.
At this time, Guo Jia, a famous strategist under Cao Cao, said that he should not rush to attack Gongsun Kang and wait for Gongsun Kang and Yuan's two tigers to fight and the fisherman to gain profits. Later, when the Eryuan brothers were preparing to ascend to the hall to meet with Gongsun Kang, Gongsun Kang arranged an ambush, beheaded the Eryuan brothers and the wuhuan chieftain, and passed on their heads to Cao Cao to show their intention of submission. This is the whole process of the famous "Guo Jia's Legacy of Ding Liaodong".
After that, Cao Cao ordered Gongsun Kang to be the Marquis of Xiangping under the false imperial court, and Gongsun Kang accepted, after all, this was a county marquis title, Xiangping was still his own territory, and the name was much louder than his father's "Marquis of Yongning Township", which was enough to order the people with this name.
Since Gongsun's attempts in his later years and Gongsun Kang's plan to win over the Wuhuan people went bankrupt, the Gongsun regime had never thought of Zhongyuan again and single-mindedly became the overlord of tujue. However, Liaodong County's growing mouth is also necessary to expand its territory. So Gongsun Kang had thoughts about the territory of the nearby Goguryeo and Samhan people.
In fact, as early as the time when Gongsun Du was alive, in the second year of Jian'an (197), there was a large-scale war between Goguryeo and the Gongsun clan, and Goguryeo was defeated and the capital city was destroyed. The following year, King Gao Yanyou of the Mountain ("Iymu") expanded the castle of Yunayan north of the city and renamed it Maru capital. In the fourteenth year of Jian'an (209), the king of the mountain moved the capital to Marudu.
However, in this year, the capital of Goguryeo was once again attacked by Gongsun Kang, and it is possible that the route of the Liaodong Army was along the right bank of the Mazi River (Yalu River), but Gongsun Kang ordered the city to be set on fire, and the city wall was not destroyed, and the King of Goguryeo once again fled.
Fight all over North Korea Gongsun Kang
In order to combat Goguryeo's invasion of Xuanju and Lelang counties. Gongsun Kang also married his daughter to the King of Baekje in order to cooperate. In fact, before the debut of Gao Tande, the god of war in the last years of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Goguryeo had always been a small frontier country that could be severely injured (later Yuqiu Jian and Murong Hao also attacked the capital of Goguryeo), but it was a small frontier country that could not be killed, who called the ravine to avoid the soldiers.
In addition to expanding the territory, Gongsun Kang also created a new Fang County in the southern land of Lelang County, ruling Fang County, in order to facilitate the conquest of the original Local Han and Tao forces. It also expanded the living space for central plains immigrants.
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