The xiongnu in history originally originated in the third century BC, a nomadic tribe in the northern grasslands of China, they reached their peak in the early Han Dynasty after several migrations and evolutions, and the history is called "a hundred barbarian powers".
The Xiongnu rose in the early Han Dynasty, but declined in the middle of the Han Dynasty.
In the time gained by the "peace and affinity", the Han army vigorously developed its military, and then fought with the Xiongnu many times, such as the Battle of Henan, the Battle of Mobei... They all repelled the Huns and even split into two Hun tribes, the north and the south.
The Southern Xiongnu did not fight and moved south, bowing to the Han Dynasty and even climbing relatives to the Han Dynasty, claiming to be the descendants of the Han-Hungarian and pro-dynasties.
The Northern Xiongnu were belligerent and unwilling to submit, claiming to have purebred Hun blood, but in the repeated round-ups of the Han army, the Northern Xiongnu had no choice but to move west again and again.
In the process of moving west, the Northern Huns fled from Central Asia to Eastern Europe, and these Huns had been glorious in Europe for a period of time when the "Whip of God" Attila, the Hun king, fell...
The Southern Xiongnu first intermarried and integrated in the frontier areas near the Han Dynasty, and finally evolved into the Khitans, Mongols, Manchus... Ethnic minorities on the northern frontier.
<h1 class="pgc-h-decimal" data-index="01" > the history of the Huns, when did it originate?</h1>
In fact, there were different degrees of contradiction between the nomadic civilization represented by the Xiongnu and the agricultural civilization of the Central Plains people in the Yellow River Basin.
As early as the Yellow Emperor's time, the leader of the Yellow Emperor led tribal warriors to chase "meat porridge" in the north.
During the Xia Dynasty, "meat porridge" continued to invade the northern Xinjiang region of the Central Plains. However, in the Yin Shang period, the "ghost fang" replaced the "meat porridge" as a nomadic people who invaded the northern part of the Central Plains.
During the Western Zhou Dynasty, the replacement of "ghost fang" by "ghost fang" became a major concern for the Central Plains Dynasty at that time, for which the King of Zhou repeatedly led an army to expel the nomadic peoples in the north.
Among them, the "Book of Poetry and Tsai Wei" records the crusade of this period, "The jingmu family, the reason for the fox." Not to mention the reason for the qiju, the fox. ”
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the nomadic peoples in the north were still scattered and did not have a more centralized regime, among which "Rong Di", "Dong Hu"... Ethnic minorities controlled the power of the northern steppes, and at this time there was no name for the Huns.
However, according to research, the name of the Xiongnu appeared at the latest during the Spring and Autumn Warring States period, and the reason why it is rarely recorded shows that the Xiongnu at that time were not strong enough to pose a threat to the Central Plains Dynasty.
Similar to before the rise of the Mongols, people at that time only knew that north of the Central Plains there was the Liao state founded by the Khitans and the Western Xia established by the Dangxiang people.
This tests whether a nomadic people can emerge a leader who consolidates its own external development, whether it can lead its own tribe, gradually annex the surrounding small tribes, and even replace the once prosperous and powerful old nomadic tribes until it reaches its peak.
When the Huns really influenced the Central Plains Dynasty, it already represented the emergence of an excellent leader.
They could absorb the old nomadic peoples from various periods such as Xia, Shang, and Zhou, and finally form a new nomadic tribe "Xiongnu" in the Spring and Autumn And Warring States periods.
<h1 class="pgc-h-decimal" data-index="02" > who were the pioneers of the Huns? </h1>
The first leader of the Huns, "Tou Man Shan Yu", was the founder of the Hun state and the leader who led the Huns to rise.
Sima Qian once recorded in the "Chronicle of the Xiongnu": "At that time, the Eastern Hu was strong and the Yue clan was prosperous, and the Xiongnu were single in Yuetouman"
Touman Shan Was brave and good at war, born in the Xiongnu nobility, had a certain foundation, and attracted a large number of tribes to join with his personal charm.
He formed a Hun cavalry to conquer many nomadic tribes by force, laying the foundation for the huns to build a state.
With the continuous expansion of the Xiongnu's power, the grassland area north of the Central Plains was no longer enough to satisfy the appetite of the Xiongnu, and the Eastern and Western sides were already constrained by the Eastern Hu and Yue clans, so Touman Shan Decided to attack the Central Plains from the south.
At this time, the Central Plains was at the end of the Warring States period, and the countries that had direct territorial contact with the Xiongnu were Qin, Zhao, and Yan, of which the territorial border between the Zhao state and the Xiongnu was the longest.
Therefore, the main army of the Xiongnu was basically attacking the Zhao army, and the King of Zhao sent the general Li Mu to garrison the frontier in order to prevent the invasion of the Xiongnu.
This also shared a lot of military pressure for the Qin state, and during this period, it could take the opportunity to vigorously develop domestic military capabilities and lay the foundation for the annexation of the six countries.
When the main army of the Xiongnu attacked the Central Plains, the Eastern Hu and Yue clans of the northern steppe, their forces took advantage of the opportunity to grow, began to gradually encroach on the territory just occupied by the Xiongnu, and ToumanDan could not slow down the pace of the south and began to consolidate his power.
At this time, in the Central Plains, the Qin State finally ended the turmoil of the Warring States period with the posture of sweeping away the Six Kingdoms, and ushered in a period of great unification, known in history as the "Qin Dynasty".
At this time, the Qin Dynasty army will be as scrappy as a fierce tiger, and the Qin army, known as the fierce, after solving the civil unrest, in the face of the threat from the northern grasslands, they did not back down at all, but chose to take the initiative to attack.
The Qin general Meng Tian led his troops to attack the Xiongnu cavalry many times, defeated the Xiongnu cavalry many times with his superb battle plan, and finally forced the Xiongnu to retreat to the desert area north of the Yin Mountains and hetao Plain.
At this time, the Xiongnu state was facing an embattled dilemma, and when the elderly Head Mandan was more ambitious than young, he chose to preserve the existing sphere of influence and no longer open up to the outside world.
Faced with this situation, many of the Huns of the main war faction were very miserable, and the orders of the Xiongnu leaders had to be obeyed, so they were suppressed, until the eldest son of The Head Man Dan Yu, Mao Dun Shan Yu, became king, which brought about a turnaround.
And Mao Dundan was able to become the leader of the Huns, which had a very disgraceful experience, that is, to kill his father and seize power!
<h1 class="pgc-h-decimal" data-index="03" > the last step in the reign of The Modun</h1>
As the eldest son of TheoMan Shan Yu, the prince of the Xiongnu Kingdom, and later hailed as Genghis Khan 1,000 years earlier, Mao Dun Shan Yu can be said to have shown extraordinary wisdom and courage since childhood.
Such an excellent successor can be described as the luck of the Huns, but contrary to his wishes, Mao Dundanyu, who should have naturally inherited the leader of the Xiongnu state, embarked on a road of no return because of his father's choice.
When Tou Man shan was old, he had extremely high rights and many temptations, and he could not avoid being immersed in beauty.
His favored concubine, the young and beautiful Que clan, bore him a son, and the Que clan was very ambitious and wanted to make his own son Shan Yu of the Xiongnu, so he constantly asked the old Shan Yu Touman to make her son the prince of the Xiongnu.
Tou ManDan May have been a little confused, and after being persuaded several times by Concubine Ai, he ignored the advice of many courtiers and wanted to appoint his younger son as his successor.
This news reached the eldest son, Mo Dun Shan Yu, and after that, Head Man Shan Yu used the reason of making friends with the "Yue Clan" to let the eldest son Mo Dun go to the Yue Clan as a "proton", at this time, although he was alert, he still retained a trace of father-son feelings in his heart.
Mao Dun thought that his father might be confused for a while, and when he went out for a few days, he might be able to read his good, so he obeyed his father's decision and went to the enemy country Ofetsu clan as a proton.
However, Touman Shan, knowing that his own son was still a hostage of the enemy country, still ordered the order to attack the "Moon Clan", which made Mao Dun chill, and perhaps from this time on he had the idea of killing his father.
With his personal ingenuity, Mo Dun successfully escaped from the enemy camp and fled back to the Xiongnu kingdom, and Touman Dan recognized his ability when he saw that his son could return alive.
Therefore, Touman Shan Yu rewarded Mo Dun with a private light cavalry army, wanting him to lead the army to fight, and in the face of his father's reward, although Mo Dun accepted it, his inner plan was still not put down.
After a year or two of training, he finally cultivated a guard that only obeyed his command, and although he sacrificed his beloved wife and horse for this, he never regretted it.
When everything was in place, Mao Dun sent his father ToumanDanyu to a grassland for daily hunting, and ordered the Guards lurking in the surrounding area to shoot TouMandanyu to death.
Then, taking advantage of the situation, he launched a series of bloody repressive campaigns to exclude dissidents, including his stepmother and brother.
<h1 class="pgc-h-decimal" data-index="04" > Who led the Huns to the top? </h1>
After removing the discordant voices, Mao Dun, with the help of the old nobles before him, finally established himself in the orthodoxy of the Huns and became the Shan Yu of the Huns.
After gaining a lot of power from the Xiongnu, Mao Dun, in the face of sneers from other countries, chose to be patient, even if the King of Donghu wanted his wife, he would give it to him.
Therefore, other countries in the outside world thought that the Xiongnu were weak and could not be deceived, and there was nothing to worry about, so they gave Mao Dun a lot of time to train troops, laying a solid foundation for future hegemony.
Unsurprisingly, after several years of training, Mao Dun Shan Yu led his army to attack Dong Hu to the east first, and Dong Hu was destroyed without preparation, and the head of the King of Dong Hu was also beheaded by Mo Dun Shan Yu himself.
Mao Dun single-handedly conquered the "Yue Clan" and forced the Yue Clan royal family to continue to migrate westward, and by this time the Xiongnu people were restricted by the east and west sides, and basically ceased to exist.
Later, Mao Dundan established a powerful Xiongnu empire in the northern steppe, known in history as the "Hundred Barbarian Powers".
This also allowed the scattered nomadic tribes in the north to be integrated, so that the surrounding countries did not dare to underestimate, and established the majesty of ethnic minorities.
At this point, the strength of the Huns reached the peak of history, and Mo Dundan was not satisfied with the status quo, so he once again led the Xiongnu troops south to attack the Central Plains.
At this time, the Central Plains region was at the end of the Qin Dynasty, the society was extremely turbulent, the former Six Kingdoms were trying to restore, the new Chu and Han regimes were at war, and the northern guard was extremely weak.
The Mongol general, who was once feared by the Xiongnu, died tragically because he was framed by the domestic courtiers, and the chaos in the Central Plains caused the Qin troops stationed in the north to garrison the Great Wall to flee, and this situation seemed to give the Xiongnu an opportunity to invade from the south.
So the Xiongnu took the Loufu area left behind during the reign of King Wuling of Zhao, and then the Xiongnu soldiers crossed the Yellow River and took the area around the Hetao Plain, which had been occupied by Meng Tian ...
In 202 BC, while the Huns were busy occupying and managing the land, the Four-Year-Old Chu-Han War came to an end.
Han Gaozu Liu Bang once again unified the Central Plains, saw that the Central Plains region was once again unified, and there were some rebellions in the northern grasslands, and Mao Dun saw a fire in the backyard, so he had to slow down the pace of going south.
<h1 class="pgc-h-decimal" data-index="05" > how to deal with the menacing Huns? </h1>
After solving the rebellion on the steppe, Mao Dundan continued to attack the nascent regime "Han Dynasty" in the south, and the Han Dynasty had just been established, its national strength was empty, and the soldiers were tired.
However, at that time, Liu Bang did not truly understand the strength of the Xiongnu, so in the face of the invasion of the Xiongnu, Liu Bang personally led an army of 320,000 to defeat the Xiongnu and deter other countries.
In the first engagement, the Han army won a great victory, which made Liu Bang think that he should take advantage of the victory to pursue and completely eliminate the Xiongnu who violated the borders of the Han Dynasty.
Therefore, Liu Bang, without following Liu Jing's advice, pursued more and more courageously, until finally discovered that he had fallen into the trap of the Xiongnu to lure the enemy deeper.
Han Gaozu Liu Bang was besieged by Xiongnu soldiers in Baishan Mountain for a full 7 days, although the dilemma was finally solved, but after experiencing this dangerous situation, Liu Bang also clearly understood the threat of the Xiongnu.
They not only knew brute force, but also knew how to strategize, but also because the Xiongnu were in a prosperous situation, and the foundation of the Han Dynasty was not stable enough to deal with such a big enemy.
Liu Bang had no choice but to compromise with the Xiongnu and buy a stable period of time for the Han Dynasty by paying a large amount of old offerings and peace.
However, the "hundred barbarian powers" established by Mao Dundan, because they were conquered by force, coupled with the continuous conflicts of various nationalities in the country, there were rebellions from time to time, and if they blindly expanded their sphere of influence, they would only aggravate the division of the country.
It took a while for Mao Dundan to consolidate his country's power, and in the face of proposals from the Central Plains Dynasty, he could get benefits without spending a single soldier, so he accepted the Han Dynasty's peace plan.
Although the Xiongnu and the Han Dynasty were related, the Huns still invaded the frontiers of the Han Dynasty on a small scale.
<h1 class="pgc-h-decimal" data-index="06" > the collapse and division of the Hun Empire</h1>
After years of recuperation, the military capabilities of the Han Dynasty were further developed, and in the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, there was a weapon specially made for the Xiongnu cavalry, the "Ring Head Knife".
As a result, the Han army changed from a defensive posture to an active attack, and in 121 BC, the "special soldiers" led by the young hero Huo Zhiyi won the Battle of Hexi in a way that won fewer victories and more victories, after which the Han-Hungarian war was mostly based on the victory of the Han army.
After many defeats, the Huns have long been unable to do so, and in order to solve the Xiongnu's problem more quickly, Huo went ill with the strategy of "capturing the thief before capturing the king".
On many occasions, he led the light cavalry for days and days, raiding the camp of the Xiongnu nobles behind the enemy and killing the royal family that commanded the Huns in battle.
After the slaughter of most of the powerful Xiongnu royals, the Xiongnu fell into a leaderless situation, and the various royal families within them wanted to become Shan Yu, and after the lack of such a powerful person as Mao Dun Shan Yu, serious divisions arose within the Xiongnu.
This split into the Southern Xiongnu, who submitted to the Han Dynasty, and the Northern Xiongnu, who were resolutely opposed, and the Han army continued to send troops to repel the Northern Xiongnu to the western desert.
In February of the third year of Yongyuan, the Han army, under the leadership of the Southern Xiongnu, found the Northern Xiongnu entrenched in the western region, and fought again, the Northern Xiongnu were defeated and retreated, and the Northern Xiongnu Led the people to continue to move west to Central Asia...
Since then, the Xiongnu in the Chinese history books have basically been surrendered Southern Xiongnu.
<h1 class="pgc-h-decimal" data-index="07" > the "demise" of the Southern Huns? </h1>
The surrendered Southern Huns claimed to be blood relatives of the Han Chinese and descendants of the Han Xiongnu and their relatives, so the Han Dynasty used the Southern Huns as a barrier to their north and stationed them on the frontier.
At the end of the Han Dynasty, the Central Plains were in chaos, and the Southern Xiongnu invaded the south again, and Cao Cao, the last prime minister of the Eastern Han Dynasty, sent troops to conquest and defeated the Xiongnu. It was divided into five tribes from a single unit, which was directly supervised by the imperial court.
During the Southern and Northern Dynasties of the Wei and Jin Dynasties, some of the Southern Xiongnu people xiao warriors successively established a short-lived dynasty, but most of them were short-lived and eventually disappeared into the long river of history.
They were not exterminated, but they were divided again and again, and they all produced their own beliefs, and through the Sinicization of the Central Plains, it can be said that they were integrated into the Han cultural circle.
For example: the Xiongnu Tu tribes, by virtue of the fact that they have a part of the han royal bloodline, call themselves "Liu", the Xianbei tribe changes their surname to "Yuwen", and other Xiongnu have the surname "Lan" and "Qiao"...
In agriculture, the Xiongnu brought to the Central Plains a good helper hybrid species of farming, "horse mule", "donkey mule"...
In life, the Xiongnu brought rouge gouache to the women of the Central Plains, so that ordinary women were as beautiful as beauty...
<h1 class="pgc-h-decimal" data-index="08" > the splendor of the Northern Huns</h1>
In 1886, Hong Jun, a waiter in the late Qing Dynasty, inadvertently discovered a history book documenting medieval Europe in the collection of the Tsarist Library during a visit to Tsarist Russia.
It reads: In the second half of the fourth century AD, a Hun cavalry from the east drove the Goths out of the forest, and when they ran to Eastern Europe, they destroyed the once-mighty Roman Empire, and Attila, known as the Whip of God, established a powerful "Hun Empire".
For this Hun cavalry that swept through Europe, the Historian Ding Qian of the Republic of China even drew a road map for the migration of the Northern Xiongnu from China to Europe according to a limited historical record: starting from the steppes of the northern Central Plains, passing through Kangju, passing through the Caspian Sea, entering the Hungarian steppe...
<h1 class="pgc-h-decimal" data-index="09" > summary</h1>
The Huns, from their origins, developments, peaks, divisions, and integrations, reflected various conflicts between different cultures of mankind.
Although it seems to be divided, in fact, it will eventually go together, and only tolerance can accelerate the integration of various ethnic groups like a catalyst, and the old saying that harmony is precious is this principle.
And what ethnic groups did the Southern Huns become so far through fusion?
According to the distance of the bloodline, it can be Mongols, Manchus... Even the Han Chinese between you and me have the blood of the Huns.