I am Tang Di, a history buff. Welcome everyone [attention] I, let's talk about the past and the present, and discuss the general trend of the world. Gentleman I, just to learn and make friends!
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="9" >1, the economic blockade of new China by the US authorities</h1>
In May 1951, although the U.S. authorities made a decision to negotiate an armistice in Korea, they did not change their policy of making enemies of the Chinese and the Korean people, and further used the United Nations to impose sanctions on China and North Korea.
At the same time as its decision to negotiate an armistice in Korea, on May 18, it once again manipulated the UN General Assembly and adopted a resolution imposing an embargo on China and the DPRK, imposing on all STATES Members of the UN to impose supplies and materials of strategic value on the embargo on China and the DPRK in order to affect the battlefield situation and reduce the pressure on the "UN Forces".
As early as half a year ago, the United States imposed a comprehensive embargo on China. Following the adoption of the resolution by the United Nations General Assembly, in June and July 1951, Britain and France listed their respective embargoed items. The United Kingdom listed 13 categories, and France listed 10 categories of materials embargoed against China. On October 26, the U.S. Congress approved the Mutual Defense Assistance Control Act of 1951 (the "Battle Act"), which further forced direct and indirect recipients of U.S. aid to cooperate with the United States to impose an embargo on China, and made a more detailed and specific list of embargoed items. Under the threat and inducement of the United States, more than 40 countries have imposed embargoes on China.
In fact, at the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, the US imperialists were not willing to accept defeat in China, that is, they adopted a policy of political subversion, diplomatic isolation, military encirclement and economic blockade of New China. In November 1949, the United States gathered 15 Western countries and secretly formed the "Paris Coordinating Committee", which was specifically responsible for controlling trade with socialist countries such as the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, as well as controlling trade with China, and prohibiting the shipment of strategic materials to China. At the same time, the United States actively supports and cooperates with the Chiang Kai-shek clique in using the navy and air force to blockade coastal cities and ports Chinese mainland and obstruct the entry of merchant ships of any country into the ports of Chinese mainland.
In June 1950, at the same time as the United States intervened in the Korean Civil War, its 7th Fleet invaded the Taiwan Strait and directly blocked the Chinese mainland. Chinese after the beginning of the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea, especially after the US military was dealt a heavy blow in the Korean battlefield by the second battle of the Chinese Volunteer Army, on December 2, 1950, the US Government Yibu, starting from December 3, imposed a comprehensive embargo on China.
On 7 December, it was additionally announced that the scope of such embargoes would include Hong Kong and Macau. On December 16, it was further announced that all public and private chinese property in the United States would be placed under U.S. control and that all U.S.-registered vessels would be barred from sailing to Chinese ports. This is a retaliatory action taken by the United States against the participation of the Chinese Volunteers in the war against China.
On February 1, 1951, in order to save the Korean battlefield, the United States could not wait to manipulate the United Nations General Assembly to pass a resolution slandering China as an "aggressor", calling on all countries and authorities not to give China any assistance.
The purpose of the United States is to further isolate New China and exert pressure on New China in order to achieve the goal of us military occupation of all of Korea. The resolution imposing an embargo on China and North Korea adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on May 1 is a further economic sanctions against China and North Korea in accordance with the United Nations resolution of February 1.
The United Nations resolution of 1 February 1951 decided that the Committee on Collective Measures of the United Nations General Assembly would form a Committee on Additional Measures to study additional measures against China. The Committee on Collective Measures of the Un General Assembly is composed of representatives of 14 countries, including Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Myanmar, Canada, Egypt, France, Mexico, the Philippines, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States, Venezuela and Yugoslavia.
The representatives of Myanmar and Yugoslavia refused to participate in the work of the Committee on Additional Measures. The Committee on Additional Measures, which held its first meeting on 16 February and established a responsible group of representatives of three member states from Turkey, Belgium and Australia, recommended that a five-member subcommittee be appointed to consider studying additional measures against China and North Korea. On 8 March, the Committee on Additional Measures held its second meeting and approved the composition of a subcommittee of representatives of the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Australia and Venezuela. On April 19, the subcommittee proposed an economic embargo on China.
This recommendation was adopted at the third meeting of the Committee on Additional Measures on 3 May. On 7 May, his delegation introduced a draft resolution imposing an embargo on China and the Dprk. On May 14, the Committee on Additional Measures approved the U.S. proposal for adoption by the United Nations General Assembly. The United States proposal was opposed by representatives of the Soviet Union, Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, Czechoslovakia and other countries.
On May 17, when the First Committee of the United Nations General Assembly discussed the United States proposal, the above-mentioned countries refused to participate in the discussion, and stated that the embargo issue was purely within the competence of the Un Security Council and did not fall within the competence of the Un First Committee and the UN General Assembly. In the vote in the First Committee, Afghanistan, Myanmar, Ecuador, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Pakistan, Sweden and Syria abstained.
The United Nations General Assembly adopted the U.S. proposal on May 18. The proposal declares:
"Imposes an embargo on weapons, ammunition and instruments of war, atomic energy materials, petroleum, transport equipment of strategic value and materials useful in the manufacture of weapons, ammunition and means of war in areas under the control of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China and the authorities of the DPRK."
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="68" >2, background of the campaign to donate aircraft cannons</h1>
By May 1951, the Chinese Volunteer Army had been fighting in Korea for seven months and had won a major victory in the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea. However, due to the disparity in weapons and equipment, especially the absence of the air force to participate in the war, no tanks to participate in the battle, and the number of artillery is also very limited, it is actually difficult to be in combat.
Around mid-May, after the first Chinese people's condolence group organized by the Chinese People's Association for Resisting US Aggression and Aiding Korea completed their condolences and returned home, they successively reflected these difficult situations of the volunteer army in combat. However, china's financial burden in carrying out the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea and resuming domestic construction is very heavy, and it is impossible to temporarily allocate financial funds to purchase the above-mentioned weapons and equipment needed for combat.
In view of this, on June 1, 1951, the General Association of Chinese People's War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea issued the "Call on Implementing the Patriotic Pact, Donating Aircraft Cannons, and Giving Preferential Treatment to The Families of Martyrs." The Call states:
"According to the reports from the front, according to the reports of our condolence mission to the DPRK, we Chinese the combat effectiveness of the People's Volunteer Army and the Korean People's Army, and we can completely overwhelm the enemy in all aspects. In order for our brave and warlike volunteers to destroy more enemies with smaller sacrifices and achieve final victory in the war at an early date, we must quickly supply the front with more aircraft, artillery, tanks, anti-aircraft guns, anti-tank guns and other weapons.
We suggest that patriotic compatriots from all walks of life throughout the country, men, women and children, carry out patriotic campaigns to increase production and increase the collection of people, and use one or all of the newly increased number of people to purchase aircraft, artillery, and other weapons and dedicate them to the volunteer army and the People's Liberation Army to strengthen their might and consolidate our national defense. Aircraft, artillery, tanks, etc. donated from various places will be given the name of the donated unit as a glorious memorial. "We hope that everyone will carry forward their patriotic enthusiasm to a high degree, and continue to develop the patriotic pact campaign, carry out the campaign to increase production and donate weapons, and give preferential treatment, so as to provide more effective support to the front line and strive for the final victory in the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea."
On the same day, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued a directive stating:
"In order to further popularize and deepen the campaign and education to resist US aggression and aid Korea, the Central Committee has decided to carry out a patriotic pact campaign throughout the country, a campaign to increase production, donate weapons, and give preferential treatment to the dependents of martyrs and disabled soldiers, so as to enhance the people's political consciousness and patriotic enthusiasm, encourage morale at the front, and solve some financial difficulties. At present Chinese the General Association of The People's War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea has issued a specific call, and it is hoped that it will be implemented immediately. "The campaign to donate weapons must be combined with increased production or other campaigns to increase collections. If in the next six months, people from all walks of life can donate an average of 25 to 10 catties of rice per person on a voluntary basis and from the income they have worked hard to increase, the whole country will have billions of catties of rice, which will be a great help to the front line and the state finances. ”
According to the instructions of the CPC Central Committee, on June 7, the General Association of Chinese people's War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea issued the "Circular on Specific Measures for Donating Weapons to Support the Chinese People's Volunteer Army" on the issue of donating weapons.
The Circular provides for a number of specific methods for the organization of the arms donation campaign, the main ones being:
(1) To demand that the general branches and branches of the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea in all localities immediately invite representatives of local people's organizations, organs, and patriotic personages from all walks of life to discuss and formulate specific propaganda and mobilization plans for donations, and to carry out fully in-depth propaganda and meticulous organizational work;
(2) The donation movement in factories should be combined with increasing production and reducing costs, in rural areas with deep ploughing and the development of family side businesses, and in the industrial and commercial circles with improving business operations to increase income. Other sectors should also seek more positive contributions;
(c) All donations must be made entirely of volition and no one may be forced to do so. Donations can be made in one lump sum or a certain amount can be declared in advance and then paid in installments. The entire donation campaign is tentatively scheduled for a period of six months.
(4) For the sake of calculation and planning, all donated foreign currency and objects are calculated at a RMB discount, with RMB 1.5 billion being counted as a fighter, RMB 2.5 billion as a tank, RMB 900 million as a cannon, and 800 million yuan as an anti-aircraft gun, and all donations are entrusted to the people's banks of various localities. The "Circular" also makes clear provisions on the methods for publicizing the donation situation and preventing diversion for other purposes.
In October, the CPC Central Committee and the Chinese Political Consultative Conference will continue to strengthen the work of resisting US aggression and aiding Korea, as one of the three central tasks of the whole country at that time, and the General Association of Chinese people's War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea will take the increase in production and economy and the donation of weapons as the central link in the work of resisting US aggression and aiding Korea.
Under the organizational leadership of the General Association of Chinese people to resist US aggression and aid Korea, the general branches, and the branches, the campaign to donate weapons to resist US aggression and aid Korea was rapidly launched throughout the country. People of all parts of the country, all ethnic groups, all walks of life, organs, organizations, democratic parties, etc., have adopted various methods to raise funds for donations. Staff of Chinese embassies and consulates abroad, returned overseas Chinese, and overseas Chinese compatriots have also actively made donations.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="77" >3. </h1>
According to incomplete statistics from the General Association of Chinese people's War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea, by June 10, people from all walks of life in the capital had successively issued initiatives to donate aircraft such as the "Shijingshan Worker," "Beijing Railway Worker," "China Clerk," "Beijing Farmer," "Beijing Farmer," "Beijing Eastern Suburbs Farmer," "Lu Xun," "Teacher," and "People's Movie."
Shanghai, Tianjin, Wuhan, Guangzhou, Changsha, Zhengzhou, Xi'an, Chengdu, Shenyang, Dalian and other cities and Hebei, Shanxi, Anhui, Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia and other provinces and regions, as well as the Chinese customs system, The Civil Aviation System of China, the Ministry of Water Resources of the State Council, the China Book Distribution Corporation, the Democratic Parties, the Central Committee of the Youth League, the All-China Youth Federation, the All-China Federation of Students, the All-China Women's Federation, the Sino-Soviet Friendship Association, the Red Cross Society of China, the China Press and Publication System, the China Federation of Returned Overseas Chinese, the Chinese Financial System, the Chinese Education System, In June, the China Christian Reform Movement Committee and others also initiated the initiative and donated "Citizen", "Worker", "Erqi Victory", "Farmer", "Peasant Patriotic Harvest", "New China Farmer", "Mao Zedong Hometown", "Cotton Farmer", "Industry and Commerce", "Democratic League", "China Youth", "China Children", "Chinese Student", "China Women", "China Customs", "Civil Aviation", "People's Water Conservancy", "Zhongtu", and "China Finance" "Overseas Chinese", "Bethune", "Sino-Soviet Friendship", "Christian Innovation", etc., as well as the craze for donations named after regions and counties. Other provinces, municipalities and districts have also set off a wave of donations.
By June 29, the industrial and commercial circles in Beijing, Tianjin, Shenyang, and Wuhan had pledged 30 fighter jets each, the Nanjing industrial and commercial circles had pledged 10 fighter jets, the people of Northeast China had pledged 203 fighters, the people of North China had pledged 234 aircraft, the people of Hubei had pledged 100 aircraft, the people of Shandong had pledged 120 to 130 "Shandong Air Force Divisions", the people of Jiangxi had pledged 81 fighters of the "Bayi Air Force Division", and the people of Southern Jiangsu had pledged 120 of the "Southern Jiangsu Air Force Division".
Many of the initiative's sponsors have made contributions at the same time as they launched the initiative. Writers Ding Ling, Zhou Libo, and others donated 5 million yuan, 10 million yuan, and 6 million yuan to 1 million yuan respectively while initiating the donation of the "Lu Xun" aircraft by the Literary Association and the literary and art system; Li Jishen, Jiang Guangnai, Wang Kunlun, Cai Tingkai, Chen Mingde, Qu Wu, and Liu Yazi pledged 50 million yuan, 10 million yuan, and 6 million yuan to 1 million yuan respectively while initiating the donation of the "Democratic League" aircraft; Zhang Lan, Lei Jieqiong, and other people from other democratic parties also made donations at the same time as launching the initiative. At the same time that returned overseas Chinese in Beijing initiated the donation of the "Overseas Chinese" aircraft, many returned overseas Chinese donated more than 200 million yuan on the spot. Overseas Chinese in Pyongyang donated more than 7.8 million yuan to the end of July.
In the whole donation campaign, 1 fighter jet was donated by overseas Chinese in Jinjiang, Fujian Province, more than 1 billion yuan was donated by returned overseas Chinese in Kunming, and returned overseas Chinese from Beijing, Guangdong, Shantou and Taishan also made a large number of donations. On October 1, National Day, Gao Guizi, a member of the Chinese Democratic League, paid off all the money for the one plane he had pledged. Filmmakers Xu Xiaobing, Su Heqing, Zhou Feng, Wu Liben, Li Hua, Xu Lai and He Shide will receive all the prize money of 129 million yuan from the Stalin Prize for Literature and Art to purchase the "People's Film" aircraft, while the winning Zhou Libo will donate all 15 million yuan to the purchase of the "Lu Xun" aircraft.
Most of the workers throughout the country donate 1 to 3 workers or 5 to 6 workers' wages every month, pointing out one or all of the bonuses, and also participating in voluntary labor and overtime production as donations; some said that they donated until the final victory of the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea; peasants donated by means of thrifting food and clothing and carrying out sideline production: the industrial and commercial circles donated 1% to 2% of the turnover, and some donated 4% to 5%; primary school students saved pocket money donations from their parents; and students in colleges and middle schools used vacation work-study to donate Many writers donate one or all of their remuneration for their creations; artists mainly carry out charity performances, charity sales (selling calligraphy and paintings, etc.), and charity exhibitions (exhibitions of arts and crafts, etc.), and donate all the proceeds from these activities.
Mei Lanfang, a famous Peking Opera artist, performed two charity performances in Hankou in June, receiving 100 million yuan and donating all of them.
Wang Yaoqing, Shang Heyu (80 years old), Ma Decheng (76 years old), Zhang Dejun, Hao Shouchen (69 years old), Tan Xiaopei, Bao Jixiang, Liu Xikui, and other veterans of Peking Opera who have withdrawn from the art stage for more than ten years or even 20 years in Beijing and Shanghai have also re-staged charity performances in response to the call of the Chinese People's Association for Resisting US Aggression and Aiding Korea, and have performed many performances in Beijing and Shanghai, donating all the proceeds.
Since July 17, in a month and a half, 13 opera genres have performed more than 200 charity performances, and all 1.5 billion yuan of income has been donated. Chang Xiangyu, a famous Yu opera actor, led the Xiangyu Opera Society to perform more than 170 performances in Shaanxi, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong and Jiangxi provinces in half a year since August, and donated 1 aircraft of the "Xiangyu Opera Society".
In October, the religious Panchen Lama Erdene Choekyi Gyaltsen donated 130 million yuan in one go. Under the impetus of Vice Chairman Xi rao Gyatso of Qinghai Province, all the monks of Huangzhong Pagoda Temple and Huotong Guanghui Temple in Qinghai donated 130 million yuan in October. Ethnic minorities everywhere have also actively donated. A Hui woman in Lintan County, Gansu Province, donated silver oceans, gold rings, silver nudes, silver bracelets and so on that she had treasured for many years. Wujini Shaohan, a 103-year-old Uyghur of the Uyghur ethnic group in Dihua City (now Urumqi), Xinjiang, insisted on collecting ears of wheat and spinning thread to donate weapons. A 75-year-old ethnic minority elderly man named Han Baowang in the city has insisted on picking up waste paper every day since July 1, and by mid-September, a total of 650 kilograms were collected, and all the money sold was donated. There are also elderly people who sell water every day and donate all the proceeds. There are countless vivid examples of similar donations from peoples of all ethnic groups throughout the country.
By the beginning of November, staff of Chinese embassies and consulates abroad had donated more than RMB1.56 billion.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="79" >4, how much was donated in total? </h1>
On December 27, 1951, the Chinese People's Association for Resisting US Aggression and Aiding Korea issued a notice to end the arms donation campaign.
The notice states:
Encouraged by a high degree of patriotism, the people of the whole country enthusiastically responded to the call of the Association on 1 June to launch a weapons donation campaign, which was about to successfully complete its mission at the end of December of this year. As of December 26, the total amount of donations received by the head office of Chinese Min min bank has reached more than 4,728 billion yuan, more than 19% of the total number of pledges nationwide before October 30. Among them, East China is more than 36%, Central and Southern China is more than 13%, Southwest China is more than 16%, Northeast China is more than 9%, North China is more than 15%, and Inner Mongolia (an autonomous region directly under the central government) is more than 47%. Contributions in the Northwest Territories accounted for 88 per cent of the total pledges.
After January 1952, the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea was transformed into a work centered on patriotic conservation, but the people of the whole country continued to donate. From June 1, 1951 to May 31, 1952, the People's Bank of all provinces and municipalities across the country remitted arms donations from the General Association for Resisting US Aggression and Aiding Korea in the past year, totaling more than 5,565 billion yuan, which was equivalent to 3,710 aircraft at 1.5 billion yuan per aircraft, with a remaining surplus of more than 62.3 million yuan.
Among them, East China donated more than 2,132 billion yuan, equivalent to 1,421 fighters, accounting for 38.3% of the total national donations, Shanghai alone donated more than 849.1 billion yuan, equivalent to 566 fighters, accounting for 15.3% of the total number of national donations; Central and Southern China donated more than 1,265.9 billion yuan, equivalent to 844 fighters, accounting for 22.7% of the total national donations; North China donated more than 747.4 billion yuan, equivalent to 498 fighters, accounting for 13.5% of the total national donations. The northeast region donated more than 651.7 billion yuan, equivalent to 434 fighters, accounting for 11.7% of the total national donations: the southwest region donated more than 460.5 billion yuan, equivalent to 308 fighters, accounting for 8.3% of the total national donations; the northwest region donated more than 261 billion yuan, equivalent to 174 fighters, accounting for 4.7% of the total national donations; the Inner Mongolia region donated more than 46.2 billion yuan, equivalent to 31 fighters, accounting for 0.8% of the total national donations.
The campaign to donate aircraft artillery is itself an in-depth mobilization and education among the people of the whole country in the campaign to resist US aggression and aid Korea and defend the homeland and defend the country; it has greatly stimulated the patriotic enthusiasm of the people of the whole country, given tremendous spiritual encouragement and material support to the Chinese Volunteer Army fighting in Korea, markedly improved and strengthened the weapons and equipment of the volunteer army, and also reduced the financial burden of the state.
On June 24, 1952, the General Association of Chinese People's War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea summarized the nationwide people's arms donation campaign, pointing out:
"Workers, peasants, intellectuals, industrialists and businessmen, and people from all walks of life throughout the country have all rushed to contribute their strength in this movement to support the sacred cause of resisting US aggression and aiding Korea and defending the motherland, thus fully demonstrating the great spirit of patriotism and internationalism." "The great achievements of this patriotic donation campaign have greatly strengthened the power of the Chinese Volunteers, enabling them to fight the American aggressors more effectively" and "strengthened nation-building and improved the lives of the people."
Chen Yun also pointed out:
"The donation campaign to resist US aggression and aid Korea not only directly increased the national defense force, but also supported the country's finances." "The War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea not only does not prevent us from recovering and developing economically, as the imperialists have delusionally imagined; on the contrary, our people's economic undertakings have gained the impetus for rapid progress in the struggle to resist US aggression and aid Korea."
(End of text)
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