Reading Tongjian (13) King Xianwang of Zhou showed goodwill to Qin, and Qin Xiangong was committed to reform

In 364 BC (the fifth year of King Xianwang of Zhou and the twenty-first year of Qin Xiangong), the Qin army crossed the Yellow River in the east. At Shimen, he fought a battle with the combined forces of Wei, Han, and Zhao, and won a great victory, beheading the enemy's first rank of 60,000 (Shimen was located southwest of present-day Yuncheng, Shanxi). King Xian of Zhou rewarded Qin with a congratulatory dress.

The last time the Qin army crossed the Yellow River in the east was in 624 BC (the 36th year of the Duke of Qin Mu), 260 years ago, when Qin led an army across the Yellow River to attack the Jin Dynasty with Meng Ming as the general, defeated the Jin army, and occupied Wang Guan and Yan (located west of present-day Wenxi, Shanxi). In the following year (the thirty-seventh year of the Duke of Qin), the State of Qin again went west to attack the King of Rong, annexed twelve countries, opened up thousands of miles of land, and dominated Xi Rong. King Xiang of Zhou sent emissaries to send twelve faces of the golden drum as a reward to congratulate him.

Both times are called rewards. But the meaning is very different. During the zhou xiang king's period, although the status of the son of heaven in the Zhou Dynasty had been shaken, the prestige of the son of heaven was still there, so that reward could be regarded as a relatively real reward. After 260 years, during the reign of King Xuan of Zhou, the Zhou Dynasty had only seven cities left in its land, and its prestige was almost lost, so this reward was actually a gesture of goodwill to Qin for protection.

One

After King Zhou Ping moved east to Luoyang, the Zhou Dynasty gradually declined, from King Weilie of Zhou to the later Successive Zhou Tianzi, it can be said that a generation is not as good as a generation. So he made friends with the great powers, first getting close to the State of Qi, and in 370 BC, the Duke of Qi Huan also made a special trip to Luoyang to meet King Lie of Zhou (mistakenly recorded as the King of Qi wei in the Zizhi Tongjian), which was rumored to be a beautiful talk for a while. Later, the qin state rose, and Zhou Tianzi began to make friends with the qin state.

In 374 BC (the eleventh year of the Duke of Qin), Zhou Taishi Danjin saw the Duke of Xian and said: "Zhou used to be one with Qin, and later separated, and after five hundred years of separation, it will be merged again, and in seventeen years there will be a king." "Clearly bring closer to the Qin state."

In 364 BC (the fifth year of King Xian of Zhou), he gave Qin Xiangong a dress to congratulate the great victory of Shimen, and Qin Xiangong was hegemonic.

In 360 BC (the ninth year of King Xianwang of Zhou), King Xianwang gave the meat sacrificed to King Wen and King Wu to Duke Xiao of Qin, who was in the second year of his reign.

In 343 BC (the twenty-sixth year of King Xianwang of Zhou), King Xianwang made Duke Xiao of Qin the Prince of Fangbo, recognizing the status of overlord of the princes of the Qin state.

In 336 BC (the thirty-third year of King Zhou Xian), King Zhou Xian congratulated Qin Huiwenjun on his ascension to the throne of the State of Qin.

In 334 BC (the thirty-fifth year of King Zhou Xian), King Zhou Xian once again gave Qin Huiwenjun the meat sacrificed to King Wen and King Wu.

In 325 BC (the forty-fourth year of King Xian of Zhou), King Huiwen of Qin was proclaimed king, that is, King Hui of Qin. Since then, the princes have each claimed to be kings.

During the forty-eight years of King Zhou Xian's reign, he made overtures to Qin five times, and the meaning of seeking the protection of the Qin state was already very obvious.

King Zhou Xianwang saw the prospects for the development of the Qin State from Qin Xiangong's reform and attempt to govern a powerful country, and his judgment of the general trend of historical development was correct, and it was also the right choice to make good friends with the Qin State.

Two

Qin Xiangong's reign of twenty-four years was a critical period in the development of the Qin state, and the series of reform measures he implemented laid a solid foundation for the later Shang martingale transformation law, and was the beginning of the Qin state's eventual sweep of liuhe and unification of China.

Qin Xiangong launched a series of reform measures (image from the Internet)

In the eighteen years before Qin Xiangong ascended the throne, there were nineteen wars between the princely states, involving the six powerful states of Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao, and Wei, and several small states such as Wei, Zheng, Song, and Lu, while the Qin state had no war in the west. It was in this relatively peaceful environment that Qin Xiangong implemented a series of reform measures.

In 384 BC (the year of Qin Xian's common year), the system of living burial (stop from death) that had been practiced in the Qin state for more than three hundred years was abolished. Abolish the "well field system" and promote the "initial rent of grass", and levy a tax in kind according to the actual land area.

In 383 BC (the second year of Qin Xiangong), the capital was moved from the old capital Of yongcheng to Liyang, and the construction of the city began in Liyang (present-day Xi'an, Shaanxi Province).

In 379 BC (the sixth year of Qin Xiangong), the county system was implemented in the border areas of Pu, Lantian, and Shanming, which was directly controlled by himself and sent officials to manage on his behalf.

In 378 BC (the seventh year of Qin Xiangong), the city was first established, and began to standardize the management of industry and commerce, and extracted business taxes. The initial line of the city and the first rent of grain caused the income of the Qin state to rise sharply, and its economic strength increased.

In 375 BC (the tenth year of the Reign of Qin Xiangong), in order to register the household registration, the five households were organized into one, helping each other when the farmers were busy, and conducting military training when the farmers were idle. If someone breaks the law, sit together.

After eighteen years of reform and governance, recuperation, the national strength of the Qin State has been enhanced, and the military strength has been enhanced. In 366 BC (the nineteenth year of the Reign of Qin Xian), the State of Qin began to fight foreign wars. The first battle was directed at the combined Forces of Han and Wei, which occupied the Hexi region, and defeated two armies at Luoyin (present-day Dalihuayin, Shaanxi) to retake the qin state's homeland of Hexi.

In 364 BC (the twenty-first year of the Reign of Qin Xiangong), the Qin army crossed the Yellow River in the east to attack the State of Wei, penetrated deep into the territory of the State of Wei, and beheaded 60,000 people, achieving an unprecedented victory.

In 362 BC (the twenty-third year of the reign of Duke Xian of Qin), the Qin army defeated the Wei army at Shaoliang (present-day southwest of Hancheng, Shaanxi), captured the Wei general Gong Shu and the Prince of Wei, and captured Pangcheng (southeast of present-day Hancheng).

Duke Xian of Qin (424 BC – 362 BC), courtesy name Zhao, was a chinese poet (or minglian). He had been in exile in the State of Wei for twenty-nine years, and in 385 BC (the second year of the Duke of Qin), he returned to China, killed Zhao Chang, the Duke of Qin, and his mother, and regained the throne.

The "Study Times" once carried Cui Qing's article "Qin Xiangong who opened the curtain on the rise of the Qin State", which said: "Qin has a dedication to the gong, who succeeds to the throne in a year of confusion, who is well versed in the way of dialectics, who has become a country and has been able to retract it freely, and the country has gradually strengthened, so history calls him the 'Yuan King' of Qin." "In his 23 years in power, he grasped the overall situation of the situation, was good at solving difficult things and dilemmas in a dialectical way, gathered his fingers into fists, and sought progress in stability, playing the prelude to the Shang martingale transformation method and opening the curtain on the rise of the Qin state."

Lü Buwei's "Lü Shi Chunqiu" commented on Qin Xiangong: "The dedication of the gong can be said to be able to use rewards and punishments. Whoever rewards is not with love, punishes not with evil, and returns with contemplation. What is good is rewarded for evil, and what is not good is punished for love. ”

The State of Qin was finally able to end the Warring States dispute, unify the world, and create the great qin dynasty, and Qin Xiangong made great contributions.

attach:

The original text of the Zizhi Tongjian:

In the seventeenth year of King An of Zhou (385 BC), Qin Shuchang rebelled against the Duke of Hexi and established himself; he killed his son and his mother, next to Shen Zhiyuan.

In the third year of King Xian of Zhou (366 BC), Qin defeated Wei Shi and Han Shi at Luoyang (should be Luoyin).

In the fifth year of King Xian of Zhou (364 BC), Qin Xiangong defeated the Division of the Three Jins at Shimen and beheaded 60,000 people. The king gave him the garment of a mochi.

In the seventh year of King Xian of Zhou (362 BC), Qin and Wei fought against Shaoliang, and Wei Shi was defeated;

The original text of the Chronicle of History:

Dedicate the year of the Common Era to death. In the second year, the city oak yang. Four years of the first month of Gengyin, filial piety. In the eleventh year, Zhou Taishi saw the dedication of the gong: "Zhou Gu and the Qin state are separated, do not reunite at five hundred years old, and combine seventeen years old and overlord." "Sixteen years, peach winter flowers." Eighteen years, rain and gold oak yang. Twenty-one years later, he fought with the Jin Dynasty at Shimen, beheaded 60,000 people, and Tianzi He Yidi. Twenty-three years later, he fought against Wei jin against Shaoliang, and captured his general Gongsun Zhen.

Dedicated to the public, seven years, the first line of the city.

Ten years (ten years of Qin Xiangong), for the household registration.