A piece of history
Precipitation over time
The context will be clearer
A city
Weathered by wind and rain
Its charm will be fully revealed
Ancient City of Xinzhou
It's such a city
After several years of restoration, protection and revitalization
Blessing culture, cultivating characteristics, and greatly increasing passenger flow
From the Spring Festival of the Year of the Ox to the "May Day" small holiday
Lively folk customs, strong New Year flavor, traditional snacks
Let the tourists of the ancient city burst out
It has become one of the many tourist attractions in Shanxi
A dark horse
Ride the dust
Hegel said
"History is a pile of ashes, and there is a residual temperature in the depths of the ashes"
Uncover the dust of history
Discover the mysteries of the ancient city
Let me take my time
1
A city of expatriates
The Emperor of the Absolute Style left his name
A place name is the essence of history, a place name is a piece of history; a place name is a beautiful style picture. In history, the ancient city of Xinzhou has different place names according to the changes in regional divisions and institutional levels in different periods, namely Jiuyuan, Xiurong and Xinzhou.
Ancient City of Xinzhou. Originated from the "Ancient City of Xinzhou, Shanxi"
Jiuyuan Ancient County's unique style
In the Qing Dynasty, in front of the Xinzhou Prefecture Office Yamen, there was once a huge archway, which read "Jiuyuan Ancient County", and the archway was carved with beams and painted buildings, which was magnificent. In such an important prime location as the state office, why build such an archway?
Ancient City of Xinzhou. Originated from "Shoushan Xinfu"
The place name Jiuyuan is very famous in history. The geographical location is in the present-day Jiuyuan District of Baotou City. During the Warring States period, the Zhao army, which had undergone the reform of "Hufu Riding and Shooting", greatly increased its combat strength, and the iron horse swept through southern Inner Mongolia and expanded its territory. In order to prevent the invasion of the Xiongnu, the Zhao State built the Great Wall along the Ula Mountains, and built a large city in the southern part of the largest mountain pass, now known as Hademengou, named Jiuyuan City, and there were heavy troops in the city, making it a military town in the northwest of the Zhao State.
After Qin Shi Huang unified the Six Kingdoms, he ordered the general Meng Tian to lead an army to seize the Hetao area, build 34 county seats along the Yellow River, and set up a new county west of present-day Baotou City, east of the Houtao Plain, and on the south bank of the Yellow River, named Jiuyuan County, and the county administration was located in Jiuyuan City, one of the 36 counties under the heavens.
Jiuyuan City is famous and is also related to the mystery of the death of the First Emperor. In order to consolidate its rule and guard against the Xiongnu, the Qin Dynasty built a 700-kilometer-long avenue from ganquan Palace in xianyang to Jiuyuan City. Qin Shi Huang died of illness on the way to Jiuyuan City, and after his death, he arrived at Jiuyuan City without mourning, and then transported back to Xianyang. As a result, Jiuyuan City is closely linked to this major historical event and continues to appear in historical records.
In the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the local force Lu Fang occupied Jiuyuan City, and the capital city was located in Jiuyuan City. Later, Lu Fang surrendered to the Han Dynasty, and Jiuyuan City returned to the Han Dynasty. Although Jiuyuan City is on the border, the land is fertile and the water and grass are abundant, which feeds a large number of people. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the world was in chaos, and the residents of Jiuyuan City fled in all directions to avoid war, and Jiuyuan City had ten rooms and nine empty spaces. The Xiongnu took the opportunity to move south and occupy Hetao.
In the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Qiang and Han peasant revolts broke out in the northern Jin Dynasty, the war burned for nearly 50 years, the people were displaced, just as the so-called "Qiluobi Xichi Pavilion is exhausted, Qinse extinguishes the Hills and Ridges", and the current xinzhou territory is also deserted and inhabited, and people go to the empty buildings. After Cao Cao unified the north, in order to change the regulation of the flow, restore production, and calm the people's hearts, he listened to the suggestions of the minister of the DPRK and the Central Government to "drive the displaced people into the customs and live in the customs", and soon implemented it. The Chronicle of Emperor Wu of the Three Kingdoms records: "In the twenty years of Jian'an, the four counties of Yunzhong, Dingxiang, Wuyuan, and Shuofang were reduced, and each county was placed in one county to lead its people, and the counties that were reduced were considered to be xinxing counties." ”
At that time, the newly established Xinxing County, the county was administered in The village of Mahui in present-day Xinfu District, which was subordinate to Hezhou and had jurisdiction over the four counties of Jiuyuan, Dingxiang, Yunzhong, and Guangmu. Later, the three counties of Yuanping, Shuyu and Pingcheng were added. The newly established Jiuyuan County was established by the merger of Wuyuan County in the early Han Dynasty, because Wuyuan County was ruled in Jiuyuan, so it was named Jiuyuan County, and the county rule was in the ancient city of Present-day Xinzhou. As for which county ordered the establishment of the city, the history books do not have an exact record. However, there is an idiom called "Liang Xi zhi the most", Liang Xi is the history of the state at that time, and the most natural rule is the best governance, indicating that Jiuyuan County was socially stable and production developed at that time.
Jiuyuan County lasted for 231 consecutive years from the establishment of the Han Dynasty during jian'an to the seventh year (446) of the Northern Wei Dynasty Taiping Zhenjun and the merger of the province.
Just 36 years before Jiuyuan County was abolished, another county name appeared in the northwestern region of the county, Xiurong.
Xiurong's name comes from the emperor
"Xiurong" is first and foremost a complex geographical concept involving many zoning changes, the earliest ancient city was located 25 kilometers northwest of the present-day city between Qicun and Xinzhuang, and was placed in the second year of Northern Wei Yongxing (410). The Taiping Huanyu Chronicle, published during the reign of Emperor Taizong of Song during the reign of Emperor Taizong of Taiping, states: "Xiurong County, the county of Qu county in the hanyang, was placed here in Jiuyuan County at the end of the Later Han Dynasty, and xinzhou was placed here in the eighteenth year of the Sui Kai Emperor, and Xiurong County, which was placed in present-day Xi'an, fifty miles northwest of the present-day county, was moved to Xiurong County in present-day Wei Prefecture, which belonged to Xinzhou. "Qing Yi Tongzhi": "Xiurong Ancient City, fifty miles northwest of the prefecture, later Wei County, for Xiurong County." The Historical Atlas of China clearly states in the Northern Wei map that The prefecture had jurisdiction over Xinxing County, Xiurong County, and Yanmen County. Xiurong County and Xiurong County are in the same place in the northwest of the territory.
Xiurong Commandery was established from the second year of Northern Wei Yongxing (410) to the abolition of Xiurong County in the eighteenth year of the Sui Kai Emperor (598), starting with Xin Prefecture and moving Xiurong County to Jiuyuan City. Xiurong County existed in the territory for 188 years. Xiurong County was established from the Northern Wei Dynasty, through the Sui, Tang, Song, Yuan, until the early years of Ming Hongwu, Xiurong County was merged into Xinzhou, which existed for more than 900 years. For the people of Xinzhou, Xiurong can be described as deeply rooted in the hearts of the people.
Secondly, "Xiurong" is still a humanistic concept. Why is it called Xiurong County, Xiurong County? This also needs to start with a local hero. The "Records of Yuanhe County" records: "Liu Yuanhai was born of a god, and his posture was beautiful, because he thought he was also famous." In the second year of the establishment of Jiuyuan, the imperial court divided the people of the Southern Xiongnu into five parts, southeast, northwest, and central, of which the northern part was Xinxing County.
At that time, the northern marshal was called Liu Bao, and Liu Bao gave birth to a son, Liu Yuan. The Xiongnu nobles once claimed to be the grandson of the emperor of the Han Dynasty on the grounds of being a hun and a relative, and used their grandfather's surname as a surname. The Xiongnu used the surname Liu, which is a sign of the gradual sinicization of the Xiongnu. Liu Bao was the first Xiongnu to adopt the Han surname in history.
Liu Yuan's birth was quite magical. Liu Bao's wife, Hu Yanshi, asked the gods for a gift at the Dragon Gate, and after a while, there was a big fish with two horns on its head, swinging its scales and swimming to the place where the gods were sacrificed, swimming around but not leaving. When the wizard saw this, he was very surprised and said, "This is a good sign." That night, Hu Yanshi dreamed that the fish he had seen during the day turned into a human, holding something in his hand, about half the size of an egg, shining brightly. He handed it to Huyan and said, "This is the essence of the sun, and if you eat it, you will be able to give birth to your son." After 13 months, the Huyan clan gave birth to a son. The baby has a "Yuan" character in the left palm, so it is named Liu Yuan, the character Yuanhai.
Liu Yuan was exceptionally intelligent as a child, and he lost his mother at the age of 7 and cried out. The personal image is "a posture of Qiyi, eight feet and four inches long, more than three feet long, and beware of three red hairs, three feet and six inches long." The history books say that Liu Yuan "ming criminal law, forbidden adultery and evil, light wealth and good charity, pushing sincerity to receive things, the five junjie all to go, you, Ji mingru, back door Xiushi, not far away, also travel thousands of miles, also travel." ”
In the first year of the Jin Dynasty (304), Liu Yuan was in Zuoguo City, and was supported by the Xiongnu people as DaDan Yu, and the capital was established as a stone, and he openly rebelled against the Jin. Soon, Liu Yuan set up an altar in Zuoguo City to worship heaven and earth, that is, the king of Han, the era name "Yuan Xi", posthumously honored Liu Chan as the Emperor of Xiaohuai after the Three Kingdoms Shu, and sacrificed the ancestors of the Han family. Then, Liu Yuan led his troops south and conquered the Central Plains. In the second year of Yongjia (308), Liu Yuan officially proclaimed himself emperor at Puzi (蒲子, in present-day Yi County, Shanxi), changed his name to "Yongfeng", and moved the capital to Pingyang (present-day southwest of Linfen).
Although the Xiongnu Han Kingdom only existed for 14 years, its rise and fall were also sudden, which made people sigh. But in the eyes of the locals, Liu Yuanzi is beautiful and is a great figure. The Zizhi Tongjian contains such a text: Emperor Guangwen Liu Yuan wore cloth clothes, there was no double-layered cushion in the place where he lived, the empress concubines did not wear silk satin, and the horses pulling carts did not feed the millet valley, which was the reason for cherishing the people. It is precisely because he loves and cares for the people that the people love him, remember him, and miss him, that they call this place "Xiurong".
The ancient city of Xinzhou is a pleasant place
Just as the name of Wenxi County originated from the "good news" of Emperor Wu of han, and dengfeng County originated from Wu Zetian's "Songshan Fengchan", Xinzhou also has an extraordinary origin. In the eighteenth year of the Sui Kai Emperor (598), he established Xin Prefecture. The "Records of Yuanhe County" records that "Xinzhou is named after the border of Xinchuankou (Xinkou)". How did "Xin Kou" come about? The "Land Record" of the Cao Wei period says: "Han Gao went out of the siege of Pingcheng and returned to this division, and the sixth army was Xin Ran, because of its name."
Here comes a major event. It is said that the famous "Siege of Baideng" in the early Han Dynasty. In 200 BC, the Xiongnu tribes living on the Mongolian plateau attacked the Han Dynasty from the south, united with the rebels of Han Wangxin, quickly captured Yanmen Pass, occupied Jinyang (present-day Taiyuan), and continued to march south, seriously threatening the Han capital Xi'an. As a result, Han Gaozu's ancestor Liu Bang personally led an army of 300,000 to attack the Xiongnu, and after the Han army entered Taiyuan County, it won successive victories. Liu Bang believed that the Xiongnu were not too erer, and there was nothing to fear, so he did not listen to the advice of the strategists, took the enemy lightly, and when he pursued to Pingcheng (present-day Datong), he was besieged by the Xiongnu's 400,000-strong army in the area of Baideng Mountain (northeast of present-day Datong City). At that time, it was the middle of winter, the Shuo wind was hunting, the weather was cold, the Han army went deep alone, the grain and grass could not be helped, and it was besieged by the Xiongnu for seven days and seven nights, without eating or drinking, and there were countless deaths and injuries. At the time of crisis, the strategist Chen Ping quietly went deep into the enemy's tent, bribed the Xiongnu Shan Yu's wife Fu Shi with heavy money, and said a basket of good words, and the Xiongnu army was able to retreat south in a hurry, and fled straight to Xinkou to turn the crisis into safety. At this time, Liu Bang, who was nervously tight, smiled and smiled, relieved that he had not been destroyed by the whole army and destroyed the country. The smile is like "Xinkou", because "Xin" is connected to "Xin", so the place is called Xinkou. The name Xinzhou was also born from this.
"Siege of Bai Deng" battle map. Originated from the web
From 200 BC to the Sui Kai Emperor years, the time interval is nearly 800 years, although the "Xinzhou" place name is late, but the long river of history still gives "Xinzhou" supreme care, so that it continues to this day, although it is a little strange to read, but it is difficult to drown its former style.
As of now, there are not many place names left behind by the state's historical establishment. Looking at the map of China, from east to west, from north to south, only 71 remain, of which 5 are provincial capitals, 39 are prefecture-level cities, and 27 are county-level cities. What an honor to live in one of the thirty-ninths of the country.
Jiuyuan, Xiurong, Xinzhou, the change of place names implies the integration of nationalities, the frequency of wars and the misery of the people. At the same time, it also carries the long history and thick culture here, making it unique and charming.
2
Defensive city
The war horse galloped with a mournful roar
"Jinbei Lock Key". Photo by Zhang Cunliang
On the upper floor of the north and south cities of Xinzhou, two large plaques are hung high, saying "Three Passes Always Need" and "Jinbei Lock Key", and those who come from the south to the north do their best and do not have the gist. How did this Xinzhou City have anything to do with the "Three Passes"? How is it the "key" place of Northern Jin?
Jinyang, the southern boundary of Xinzhou, is the last city to enter the central area of Shanxi. Beitong Biaoguan, Ningwu and Yanmen are the central dispatching places and logistics support bases of the three passes. "Xinzhou Zhi Bingbei" makes it clear: Near the Xinjing Realm, when the Northern Jin Dynasty Was in Kongdao, the plague of the Henggu Bing Revolution in the past, the annals of the History of Shuo, from the Han Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty, the war was endless, and the people were extremely poor. This is the best exposition of the "three passes always" and "Jinbei lock key".
Standing in the middle of the urn city at the south gate, looking around, the towering towers and tall walls make people feel small, and there is also the horror of catching turtles in the urns with four high walls. From the huge stone strips of the city foundation to the layers of three-dimensional masonry bricks, it is densely packed, the gaps are tight, and the walls are firm, as if people can see the scene of ancient warfare. The swarming enemies, riding on the ladder, wielding large knives, climbed up the city tower, the drums shook the sky, and the war horses roared. In fact, this is not an illusion, nor is it a fantasy, but something that has really happened on the land of Xinzhou. Building a city, first of all, is for defense, Mozi's "Seven Troubles": "The city is the one who keeps himself." "Therefore, from the day the jiuyuan ancient city was built, it was the beginning of the defense of the Xinzhou people."
The south gate of the ancient city of Xinzhou. Photo by Zhang Cunliang
Let's walk along the history of the Xinzhou Wars
Go and trace the history of the ancient city
In the fifth year of the Northern Wei Dynasty (524), the people of The Prefecture raised an army in response to the Rebellion of the Six Towns. Xiurong Muzi Erzhu Rong passed through this place, led his troops to attack the city, and captured Shi Qingbin alive;
At the end of the Sui Dynasty, Liu Wuzhou rebelled, attacked Xinzhou, plundered on a large scale, and destroyed his life;
In the seventh year of Tang Wude, Yuan Junzhang led the Turks to invade and merge the prefecture, and killed in Xinzhou on a large scale, and the people were not happy;
In the first year of Wu Zetian's reign (685), the Eastern Turk Ashina invaded, and Chun Yu, the commander of the Yangqu Road March, fought a fierce battle with him in Xinzhou, and Chun Yu lost at Chu Ping, killing more than 5,000 people.
In the second year of Tang Jinglong (706), the Eastern Turks invaded and plundered the prefecture, and the chickens and dogs were restless;
In the first year of The Tang Dynasty (881), Li Ke used Zhan Xin Prefecture;
In the seventh year of Song Xuanhe (1125), the deputy commander of the Jin Dynasty, Sticky Han, fell to Xinzhou;
On March 3 of the second year of Jin Zhenyou (1214), the Mongol army directly attacked Xinzhou, broke through the city, raised 100,000 cities, and was killed, known in history as "Mongol Slaughter City"; after three years, the Mongol Muhuali besieged Xinzhou, and Jin Ting sent troops to break the siege;
In the 20th year of the Yuan Dynasty (1360), Yuan Ping Zhang Polo Timur and Yuan Ping Zhang Cha Khan Timur attacked each other at Xin;
In the thirteenth year of the Ming Dynasty (1448), the Mongol Wa Labu Taishi also led the cavalry to xin;
In the twenty-second year of Jiajing (1543), the Mongol Tumut cavalry plundered Xinzhou.
These are a few rough wars, not all of them. However, it is not difficult to see from this that there are frequent wars in Xinzhou, and the people of Xinzhou are miserable. As little as three years, and mostly seventy or eighty years apart, they were wrapped up in war, and after the war, it was desolate. In the war, the common people naturally could not escape the doom, that is, the local officials were not much better, some Taishou were killed, some Zhizhou was captured, and some Zhizhou abandoned the city and fled. It is difficult for officials to protect themselves, and the people are not at peace, so the most important thing for the rulers of Xinzhou in the past is to mobilize the people and dig trenches to build a city.
The years do not dwell, and the sun is like blood. From Jiuyuan City to Xinzhou City, the ancient city has undergone frequent destruction and has been frequently built for survival. Between construction and destruction, how many stories have been played out, how many possessions have been spent, how many lives have been lost, and who can know. This kind of life of suffering and fright, like a huge annual ring, binds the city and the people together, and constantly moves forward, making the city more windy and bone- and the people more concentric.
In the twenty-eighth year of Ming Jiajing (1549), the spring and summer were dry, but in the autumn, it rained heavily, and it was overcast for a long time, and the city walls that had long fallen into disrepair could not withstand such an obscene immersion, and even collapsed six out of ten. Suddenly, the news that the Mongol army had invaded Yanmen made people panic. Zhizhou was planning whether to repair the city, and the gentry and merchants pushed representatives to see him and expressed their full support for the construction of the city. According to historical records, when the city was repaired, shops were paid according to capital, officials were paid according to the amount of money, and merchants and people were allocated according to the amount of housing and real estate, and the city was assigned labor according to the household registration (if there was no labor force, it was hired), the villagers were drawn three times, and the prisoners in prison were uniformly dispatched to repair the city, and the sentences for good service could be reduced as appropriate. For a while, the whole city of the state was united in one heart, and it was repaired day and night for more than a month. Of course, this is an emergency temporary repair, or is it as old as the old.
In the 24th year of the Ming Dynasty, the ancient city underwent large-scale repairs, bricks wrapped around the city wall, and new city towers were built. On the outside of the city wall, every certain distance, it is necessary to build a square or rectangular, circular wall with the city wall protruding to the outside of the wall, called "horse face", because of its appearance like a horse face. The horse noodles are set up to effectively eliminate the dead corners under the city walls, and the distance between the horse faces and the horse faces is generally about 70 meters, which is exactly within the effective range of the bow and arrow throwing in the cold weapon era. The horse face of the city wall and the enemy tower are integrated, which can not only move and hide, but also watch and kill, and cooperate with each other, and basically constitute a complete defense system in the defense of the city wall.
The overhaul of the seven years of Tongzhi also gave more consideration to the military defense function. This time, urns were set up outside the four gates. Its shape is the same as that of the city wall, the inner space is generally rectangular in plan, the four walls should be filled with bricks and stones, and the position of the door opening or left or right should be opened at a right angle with the main city gate. An "arrow tower" was built on the front wall of the north and south urns for military defense. The Arrow Tower (commonly known as the Enemy Tower) is a brick structure with three floors above and below, and each floor is surrounded by small windows for watching the enemy situation and firing arrows. Pheasant mounds (commonly known as stacks) were added around the city, damaged walls were repaired, and towers were repaired. It is the layout of streets and alleys, in addition to considering the use of T-shaped streets for military defense, it also forms a lot of natural curved roads according to the topographic and geomorphological planning.
Let Xinzhou famous in the world, is the war against japanese aggression in October 1937, known as the Battle of Xinkou, is the largest battle in North China during the War of Resistance, the Chinese army invested nearly 100,000 people, the command post of the campaign is located in the ancient city of Dongshuncheng Street, the commander-in-chief Wei Lihuang strategized, dispatched troops, again and again to block the Japanese attack, fought for 23 days and nights, and finally forced to give up, the Japanese army occupied the ancient city, life was ruined.
Memorial wall of the Battle of Xinkou. Photo by Chen Bao
Ning is a centurion, and Katsu is a scholar. Looking back at the thousand-year-old city, this is not only a military fortress and a battlefield for fighting, but also an important strategic fulcrum on the dividing line between agricultural civilization and nomadic civilization. Drums and horns and golden iron horses nourish the masculine and martial atmosphere of Xinzhou people, which is also the foundation of Xinzhou becoming the "hometown of wrestling".
3
The City of Love
Bacon casts the soul to enlighten the mind and nourish the heart
Speaking of "love and righteousness", people naturally think of Mr. Yuan Haoqing's poem "Ask the world, what is love, directly call life and death promised", this poem in the 1980s and 1990s, due to the spread of Mr. Jin Yong, was known as "a question through the ages".
Meta good question statue. Photo by Hu Wei
Yes, sir is a native of Honshu, when he was 16 years old, he went to Hezhou to participate in the government examination, when the Jin Dynasty was controlled by foreign relatives, the national strength declined, the Yellow River broke its banks, the insect drought became a disaster, and the rule was crumbling. The country is broken by mountains and rivers, and the city is deep in spring grass and trees. On the road where the smoke flew by, the martyrdom of the geese deeply shocked this young man who was still ignorant, so there was "Yanqiu Ci" recited for a thousand years, becoming one of the "Ten Great Love Poems of Ancient China".
The intercession of time is only the work of a teenager. After experiencing imprisonment and displacement, seeing the overthrow of the Jin Dynasty, witnessing the Southern Song Dynasty being forced into the corner of history, and being highly respected in the Yuan Dynasty in its heyday, Qianfan read it all, and finally returned to the Yeshi Pavilion to collect materials and compile the "History of Jin" with his own strength. It is precisely this kind of dedication to the country's great righteousness and history that, under the condition of poverty and depravity, wrote the "Golden History" that makes today's history full.
Spring flowers and autumn moon, summer to cold, several degrees of ruin, Wild Shiting repaired and repaired, but Mr. Love and righteousness, for the world to leave a permanent memory, eternal poetry. Compared with Chuzhou Drunken Pavilion, Beijing Taoran Pavilion, Changsha Aiwan Pavilion and Hangzhou Huxin Pavilion, It is not inferior.
The great righteousness of the gentleman is to bear responsibility, a kind of responsibility for the home country of the reader.
Relic Mountain Ancestral Hall. Photo by Zhang Cunliang
However, in the ancient city, another kind of great righteousness, loyalty and righteousness, has been recited, that is, the story of the orphans of the Zhao family.
In the Spring and Autumn Period, the natives Cheng Bao, Gongsun Pestle and Han Yu sacrificed their lives to save orphans as a good story. There is a bridge outside the north gate of the old city, everyone calls it "Hidden Lonely Bridge", and legend has it that Cheng Bao once hid under this bridge. There is the tomb of Cheng Infant in Nanguan, and there is the tomb of Gongsun Pestle in Lujiazhuang. In the second year of Ming Jiajing (1523), Li Lian, the governor of Shanxi, in order to advocate ancient style and educate the place, chose the junction with Kuangcun in the northwest direction of the city to sacrifice his life for Biao Binghan and others to protect the orphans of the Zhao clan, and built a temple to enshrine the seven people of Zhao Dun, Han Yue, Gongsun Pestle, Cheng Bao, Lingyuan, Tim ming, and Li Yi, so this temple is called the Seven Sages Temple. Because the spirit of the seven people belongs to the act of loyalty and righteousness, it is also called the "Temple of the Seven Martyrs". So people called this alley the "Seven Sages Ancient Road". Li Lian also built a wooden structure arch at the eastern end of the street, with the inscription "Seven Sages Ancient Road" on the front and the inscription "Jin Martyrs' Ancestral Hall" on the negative side, called "Jin Martyrs' Ancestral Hall".
Li Lian was thrilled by the feats of the seven righteous men, and he was also proud of the land he ruled, and what he could do was to inherit this great righteousness, use street names, use temple sacrifices, and leave the story to future generations.
The man's righteousness is thin and cloudy, and the xinzhou women do not let their eyebrows be raised. The two women, Marten Cicada and Liu E, sacrificed their lives for righteousness and made the world admire.
Statue of a sable cicada. Photo by Zhang Cunliang
The mink cicada can be said to be a household name, known to women and children. A "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" has performed thousands of characters, brotherly righteousness, friend righteousness, junchen righteousness, scholarly righteousness, heroic righteousness, and the greatest righteousness is this weak woman's chivalrous righteousness for the country and the community. In the Yuan Dynasty miscellaneous song "Serial Counting", it is said that the mink cicada's real name is Ren Hongchang, is the daughter of Ren Ang, born in Muzhi Village, Jiuyuan County, Hezhou County, since childhood talented, intelligent and sensitive, so he was selected into the Han Palace, in the palace for the female official in charge of the headdress and crown of the mink cicada, so called "mink cicada". At the end of the Han Dynasty, Dong Zhuo had exclusive power, and the marten cicada saw that the Eastern Han Dynasty was manipulated by the traitor Dong Zhuo, and was willing to repay the favor of his righteous father with his daughter's body. The Peking opera "Fengyi Pavilion" tells that it is Wang Yun who took advantage of Dong and Lü's lust, so he made the mink cicada perform a "serial plan", first secretly promising the mink cicada to Lü Bu, and then explicitly offering the mink cicada to Dong Zhuo, separating the love between Dong and Lü's father and son, and achieving the purpose of eradicating Dong Zhuo and saving the society from danger.
According to legend in Xinzhou, three years before and after the birth of the mink cicada, the peach apricot in Muzhi Village does not bloom; the mink cicada worships the moon at midnight, and Chang'e is ashamed of herself in the month, and hurriedly disappears into the clouds. This is the reason why the mink cicada has the appearance of a shy flower and a closed moon.
Xinzhou ancient city "Sable Cicada Worship moon" performance. Photo by Zhang Cunliang
After the cicada, there was another strange woman. In March of the third year of Jiaping (313), when the Xiongnu Han state was fighting in the east and the west and the country was unstable, the founding emperor Liu Yuan died, the brutal Liu Cong succeeded to the throne, and the beautiful Liu E was made empress. Emperor Liu Cong, who was very fond of Liu E, did his best to please her, and ordered his ministers to build a huge palace for her, the Xiaoyaoyuan. You must know that at that time, there was constant war, life was destroyed, hundreds of industries were withered, and the phenomenon of people eating people was continuous. In order to reduce the burden on the people, Chen Yuanda, a court lieutenant, strongly advised Liu Cong to cancel the construction of the Happy Garden. Liu Cong was furious and wanted to kill Chen Yuanda. Liu Cong is a figure of Gao Yang and Yang Guang in history, and compared with the last two, there is more than enough, murderous, slightly unhappy, he wants to kill. Empress Dowager Liu was informed, and quietly ordered the left and right guards to suspend the sentence, risking the murder of Liu Cong, and persuaded the emperor to abandon the construction plan. Fortunately, Liu Cong was not confused in this matter, pardoned Chen Yuanda, and changed the Xiaoyaoyuan to Naxian Garden.
Liu E sacrificed her life for righteousness, saved Chen Yuanda, and also saved the tens of thousands of people who built the palace.
At the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, Xinzhou produced another strange man named Fu Shan, the character Qing Lord. Fu Shan's ancestral home was Datong, and the sixth ancestor Fu Tianxi moved to The Village of Xinzhou, and his great-grandfather Fu Chaoxuan entered the palace of The Prince of Ninghua and moved to Yangqu County. But the old home in Dun Village is still there, and the old business is still there. Fu Shan's mother was a Qianjin of the Chen clan of the Don Village. Fu Shan lived in Don Village when he was weak, and after li, he often returned to Dun Village to take care of the family business. In the autumn of 1644, Fu Shan had a poem "The Old Family Work of DunCun", which described the scene of the family's ruin.
Portrait of Fu Shan. Originated from the web
Fu Shan is a "strange man" with high moral character, but also a stranger who is detached from the world and full of feelings of family and country. After the death of the Ming Dynasty, Fu Shanning died as a Qing Dynasty official, became a Taoist monk, and the Taoist name was "True Mountain" to avoid shaving his hair. Later, he moved to Donghuangshui Town, Yangqu County, and lived a life of cutting trees and collecting medicines. When he goes out, he always wears a scarlet coat to show that he does not forget the meaning of "Zhu", so he is called "Zhu Yi Daoren". He once wrote a couplet: "The sun is red on the mountain, the three swords of chixian lingjin move; the moon is white, and the heart of a real person is imprinted with a pearl." The first words of this joint are "day" and "month", which are combined into the word "Ming", expressing Fu Shan's idea of opposing the Qing Dynasty and restoring the Ming Dynasty. This couplet still hangs on the door of the Jinci Yuntao Cave to this day.
During the Kangxi Dynasty, the imperial court opened the Erudite Hongzi Department to attract Han scholars and doctors. Fu Shanzong used his infirmity as an excuse to ask the magistrate to resign, but "repeatedly resigned". The magistrate did not recruit, and did not dare to offend, so he ordered someone to carry him to Beijing, and he did not take the exam on the grounds that he was seriously ill. The Kangxi Emperor was also helpless, no need to take the exam, just give it to the officials. The following edict: "Fu Shan's articles are written in plain writing, reading his old age, specially authorizing the cabinet secretary, and writing questions from local officials." At that time, the examiner forcibly ordered someone to carry Fu Shan into the Chao Xie'en, and when he reached the noon gate, Fu Shan burst into tears and fell to the ground, but did not kneel. Fu Shan's illness and refusal to enlist, the high wind and bright festival of the new dynasty, shook the government and the opposition, and there is a poem "Send Mr. Fu Qing Lord back to The Inside": "The spring color of the emperor is prosperous, and Xiao Ran is outside." It is difficult to suppress the tears, not to stain a trace of dust. Side seat Lord Laoming, also the mountain old Yimin. After Fu Shan returned to his hometown, some officials congratulated him, but he called himself a "people" and did not recognize himself as an official. The plaque of "Fengge Pulun" was given by the county order, which was also categorically rejected by him, indicating that zhengzheng feng bones that did not do things and did not have a different surname.
Fu Shan's literature and martial arts are complete, his medical skills are exquisite, and his calligraphy and paintings are also excellent. His calligraphy was extremely high, and he was revered by the people of the time as "the first writer of the early Qing Dynasty". His paintings have also reached a very high artistic realm, and the landscapes, plums, orchids, bamboos, etc. he paints are exquisite and are included in the list of yipin. His calligraphy and paintings have penetrated his own lonely and lofty integrity, and they are full of patriotism.
Fu Shan's old home. Photo by Zhang Cunliang
A city, has its own unique character, the ancient city of Xinzhou after a thousand years of infiltration, constantly bacon casting soul, enlightening the heart, so that the people of the state have developed for the country, for the great righteousness, for the people can give up their lives of the character, both compassion for the heavens, help the weak and save orphans, but also gushing blood, generous to righteousness.
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Ancient city
The regulation is complete and unique
"Kowloon Hill looks at the Clear River, and the water color is leisurely and the sky is long. Absolutely like the scenery of Jiangnan, Yanbo only owes fishing boats. "The small town of Biansai contains the scenery of Jiangnan, and the ancient city is so beautiful."
In the early 1960s, the Shanxi Provincial Cultural Relics Work Committee decided to retain the three city walls of Linfen, Xinzhou and Pingyao in the province, which were representatives of the ancient city and pool provinces, prefectures and counties.
Why can Xinzhou become a representative of the first-class ancient city of Zhongzhou in the nine provinces and sixteen prefectures of the Qing Dynasty? Mainly the ancient city is magnificent and completely regulated, and the main building of the Ming Dynasty is mostly and quite distinctive.
The construction of the city is complete
The ancient city is located on the mountain, the natural landform is integrated, and the overall form is like a lying cow, so it is also called lying cow city. Building the city with the trend of "West Pillow Longgang, East Horse Herding", just in line with the land of China, the west high and the east low trend. The guiding ideology of "adapting measures to local conditions, the way of heaven and earth" and "winning by shape" is highlighted.
In 1596, when the Ming Dynasty was declining, the ancient city of Xinzhou ushered in its own new life. This year, Wei Yunzhen, the inspector of Shanxi, personally inspected and felt that the walls of Xinzhou were thin, the city was small and narrow, and there was no feature. Therefore, it was decided to overhaul and assigned the assistance of Tongzhi Jia Yijing of Taiyuan Prefecture, and Zhang Yaoxing of Xinzhou Zhizhou was in charge of it. Construction began in April of that year and was completed two years later. In this expansion of Woniu City, the circumference of the city wall was first expanded to 2,190 zhang, the height of the city was increased to 4 zhang and 2 feet, and the city wall was all masonry. A new city tower was built above the four city gates, and the names of the original four gates were changed, the east "Yinghui" was renamed "Yongfeng", the south "Kangfu" was renamed "Jingxian", the west "Liuying" was renamed "Xinxing", and the northern "Zhenyuan" was renamed "Gongchen". The four city towers are all hung with huge wooden plaques, the east is "Double Stream Hug", the south is "Three Passes General", the west is "Jiufeng Xiongzhi", and the north is "Jinbei Lock Key".
During this repair, because the urn city was not repaired, the front-line defense facilities - Tuzi Gate - were built at the south and north ends of the main city and the end of the north pass. Its plan is curved ruler-shaped, the bottom is a rammed earth platform, and the top is a wooden building.
When the Nancheng Tower was completed, marking the completion of the repair of the whole city, Wei Yunzhen came to watch the ceremony, surrounded by large and small officials and a large number of staff, climbed the city tower, looked at the whole city, a faction prospered, greatly pleased, improvised poem "Reading Xin Gong Nanlou Jixing": "The sun twilight is more windy, and the generous climbing of the building is with the same." Qianfeng piles snow and dust, and hundreds of pheasants are connected to the clouds and Han Shuxiong. The art of war has been used in ancient times and has been advantageous, and people have also borrowed divine work today. Ding Ning stabbed Shi without any other strategy, and guaranteed the only aftermath. Through this poem, we can feel the officials who have made a difference, the appreciation of their own achievements, and also feel a kind of praise for the changes in Xinzhou City. In order to thank this good inspector, Xinzhou converted the relics of the mountain in the city into the Weizhong Ancestral Hall, also known as the Wei Gong Ancestral Hall, and the four-hour sacrifice is a memorial to this noble man of the ancient city.
After successive generations of repairs, the ancient city of Xinzhou has been standardized and regulated. Unlike other ancient cities, some have two doors, some have three doors, and the ancient city is complete with four doors, east, west, south, and north. Four walls, four city gates, each with an urn city, each with a gate, forming a pattern of "four walls and eight gates", for this reason, the north and south streets have specially built the "eight gates" this characteristic building to commemorate and remind tourists at all times. The walls are tall and majestic, with 44 horse-faced arches. The city gate is magnificent, and the city tower, arrow tower, corner tower, and enemy tower above the city wall are surrounded by a ring, as well as a daughter wall, a battlement, a horse road, a moat, a suspension bridge, and a drainage system. The city gate tower on the city wall has two floors and three eaves, and the hilltop gate tower is more and more majestic. The combination of brick, earth, tile, wood and stone has completed and perfected the city wall as a military facility, which is not only a strong military barrier, but also a set of majestic architectural works of art.
Eight doors. Xinzhou Daily data map
For this reason, the Qing Dynasty Guangxu "Zhou Zhi" Yun: "Thousand Pheasant Wei Ru, Hundred Blocks and Interceptions, Fourth Floor Eagle Ru, Chongyong Repair, Firm and Dense." ”
The regional layout is grid-defined
Although the layout of the ancient city of Xinzhou is not completely symmetrical with the axis, it is also orderly. With the north-south avenue as the axis, the political district, Confucian school district and religious area are laid out to the east of the axis, the academy area and religious area are laid out to the west of the axis, and the commercial area is laid out on both sides of the north and south avenues.
The political district refers to the organ of power, and the state office is located between Xuedao Street and Dadong Street. According to the Ming Dynasty's "Xinzhou Chronicle", the political district is located on the north side of Dongcheng East Avenue, and from west to east, it is arranged in turn by Duchayuan, Ningwudao, Zhouzhi, Ding'an Wangfu, etc., and the north side is distributed with Chayuan and Xinsi, reflecting the characteristics of Ming Dynasty governance. In the Qing Dynasty, due to changes in the political system, the power of Zhizhou increased greatly, and it monopolized the power of governance within the territory, so the state office carried out a large-scale expansion around the original site.
Religious areas are distributed on both the east and west sides of the north and south avenues, the west is related to the Emperor Temple, the Cai Temple, the Taishan Temple, the Wenchang Temple, the Wenshu Temple, the White Crane Temple, etc., and the east is the Confucian Temple, the Bao Gong Ancestral Hall, the City God Temple, the Fire Temple, the Grandmother Temple, the Wu Temple, the Xingguo Temple, the Jiexiao Temple, the Dragon King Temple, etc.
The Confucian and Shuyuan districts are the locations of educational institutions, and on the north side of the state office, there are education areas based on Confucianism, Gongyuan and Yixue, while the Shuyuan is built on the higher terrain of Kowloon Gang, with a quiet environment overlooking the whole city.
The commercial district is mainly distributed on both sides of the north and south avenues, which is the main passage from south to north, with a dense population and many shops, which is the famous "Tea Horse Ancient Road" in history.
Stuffy. Photo by Zhang Cunliang
The main buildings have their own character
Pavilions are the main landscape of the ancient city, and from the Ming Dynasty onwards, on the main streets of the ancient city, the construction of pavilions began. The earliest pavilion was called "Wangxuan Lou" and was built during the reign of Ming Hongzhi. The "Xinzhou Zhi Ancient Monuments" says, "Wangxuan Lou, The Ming Ding'an Prince Zhenguo General Cong Qianzuo. Mu Qi's mother made a high-rise building to stop the clouds and set the moon and watch the sun." The gun shou wang Xuan plaque said: "Wang Xuan".
According to the "Chronicle of the State" during the Wanli Dynasty, there are now eight gates in the north-south passage of the ancient city, with the "Xiurong Building", which is magnificent, and the view of the ancient city is unobstructed.
The style faded, wangxuan tower and Xiurong building were gradually annihilated by history, and the Mingyue Tower towered on the north and south avenues, becoming the main landscape of the ancient city. The age in which the building was built is not recorded in the Chronicle of the State. As for why this building is called Mingyue Building, there is still no exact basis. It's just that it often reminds people of the Song Dynasty Qin Guan's poem "Only the painting building, the bright moon at that time, two places of photography". Looking from the legends and stories of this building, although it cannot capture the shadow of the two lovers, it is always inseparable from the elegance of the literati and inkers.
Today's Mingyue Building. Photo by Zhang Cunliang
There is a large door opening in the middle of the Mingyue Building, pedestrians and horses pass through it, and there is a three-eaves mountain-style building built on the high platform, with layers of four-corner cornices upturned, pillars around the za, the bottom floor open window partition fan surrounding, and wooden fences on all four sides. There is a circular ridge building with a pointed roof in the middle of the top floor, and the high ridge rises, giving people the feeling of going straight up to the clouds, so it is also called "Lingyun Building". The building is beautiful, the workmanship is exquisite, and the art of carving is a must.
The Department is a sprawling complex with a green brick and gray tile tone. On the main axis, one enters the five courtyards, and the main and subordinate are orderly. Enter the gate first into the courtyard, the courtyard has a ceremonial door, three wide rooms, held important activities or welcome important officials to open. The second courtyard is the main courtyard, the main passage is placed in a four-pillar third-floor archway, the plaque reads "Gongshengming" and "Lianshengwei", the lobby is a place for officials to handle official business, with five wide rooms and seven steps. There are six rooms on both sides of the courtyard, namely the office space of officials, households, ceremonies, soldiers, criminals, and workshops. The third entrance, the second hall, is a place to inspect, implement, and negotiate to solve difficult problems and meet visitors. The fourth courtyard is called the three courtyards, which is the "inner chamber", which is the living area of the state official. Behind the three halls is the fifth courtyard, and a pavilion is built for local officials and their relatives and guests to ascend to enjoy the scenery.
The auxiliary buildings are distributed on the east and west sides. On the east side, there are the Land Ancestral Hall, the Hou Ancestral Hall (酂侯) is the founding minister of the Western Han Dynasty, Xiao He), and the Guandi Temple. Behind it, there are Warehouse Courtyard, Mawang Temple and so on. There is a prison in the western area, and there is a "prison temple" directly north of the prison courtyard, as well as the Supervision Hall and the Guandi Temple.
The Temple of Literature is a sprawling complex consisting of a main axis of three courtyards and an east-west courtyard. On a land of more than 20,000 square meters, hundreds of trees are dotted with exquisite structures, and the cornices and arches are flexible and ethereal. The empty place is full of ancient trees and greenery. Panchi contains a pool of clear water, taking the meaning of Confucius's home Panshui shore, teenagers often read at the pan waterside, diligent and tireless, specially built a small bridge flowing water scenery as a memorial.
Temple of Literature in 1973. Xinzhou Daily data map
On the main axis, from south to north, there are Limen Gate, Zhaobi, Lingxing Gate, Panchi, Jimen (also known as Dacheng Gate), Dacheng Hall, Minglun Hall, and Zunjing Pavilion. The buildings around this axis are distributed with Taihe Yuanqifang, Depai Tiandifang, Daoguan Ancient and Modern Fang, Ming Ancestral Hall, Xiangxian Ancestral Hall, Kuixing Building, Zhongyi Ancestral Hall, Xiao Ti Ancestral Hall, Shi Xi Zhai, Ri Xin Zhai and Chongsheng Ancestral Hall.
The main building is the Dacheng Hall, built on nine steps, with seven wide rooms, four deep rooms, eight rafters single eaves hall structure, the top is covered with green glazed tiles, and the middle is embedded with a large Mitsubishi-shaped yellow glazed tile pattern, which is the specification of the high-end "five-ridge hall roof". The ridge tower and the snout are larger than the castle tower. Under the plaque of the "Master of All Ages" in the hall, Confucius, the "Most Holy Ancestor of Dacheng", sat in the middle, and on both sides stood the statues of the "four pairs" disciples.
On the east side of the temple, "Confucianism", "Shooting Garden" and "Eastern Learning" are arranged in turn, teaching the "six arts": ritual, book, imperial, shooting, music, and mathematics. On the west side of the temple, there is a "Western Study", three entrances to the courtyard, and arrangements for officials, teachers, students to study and eat and sleep. The east-west decoration is flexible, incorporating garden factors, appearing elegant and quiet, creating an atmosphere of reading places.
Xiurong College is built next to the Wenchang Ancestral Hall at the source of Kowloon Gang, covering a total area of about 45 acres, sitting north to south. The upper court is the main part of the college, and when you go up the stone steps through the archway, you can see the brick carving pattern of the carp leaping dragon gate on the high platform wall, implying the meaning of knowledge changing fate. The upper courtyard consists of Wenchang Temple, Yamacho-no-ō-ryū, locust-tree-in-courtyard, jujube-tree-in-courtyard, and cypress-tree-in-temple. Climbing up the hill along the west side of the academy, you can see the four-corner pavilion in the middle, the south octagonal pavilion, and the north hexagonal pavilion. The hexagonal pavilion, formerly known as the "Heavenly Pavilion", is about 9 meters high, it is the highest point of the ancient city, standing on the pavilion, overlooking the whole city. There is a brick arch in front of the original hexagonal pavilion, called "Heavenly Qu", which means that the readers of the Academy pass through the "Heavenly Qu" and ascend to the "Heavenly Pavilion", flying yellow and tengda.
The old appearance of Xiurong College. Originated from the "Ancient City of Xinzhou, Shanxi"
The "Tianqing Temple" in the middle courtyard is the oldest building in the academy, and the temple is dedicated to the Taoist ancestors of the Three Qing Dynasties, founded during the Tang Tianbao period and rebuilt during the Kangxi Dynasty of the Qing Dynasty. Because of the vision of the white crane circling and flying on the day of Lao Tzu's birthday, everyone was amazed and changed to "White Crane View". The middle courtyard retained the "White Crane Temple" and a school building was built around it.
Xiurong College. Photo by Zhang Cunliang
The lower house is two quadrangles. In the 28th year of Guangxu, Xiurong Academy was changed to "Xinxing Academy", and the scale gradually expanded, and the plot under the eastern slope of the White Crane Temple was also set up as the site of the college, and at this point, the academy was designated as the lower court, the middle court, and the upper court from the bottom up.
A thousand-year-old city with a thousand charms. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, it was most prosperous. There are folk songs praising: "Xinzhou City, really famous, four walls and eight gates, Mingyue Tower repaired in the middle of the street, twelve archways are good and mighty, merchants gather ancient charm, and brick tile caves in private houses."