Recently I wrote an article ranking by the degree of retention of places of interest and monuments, who is the first ancient capital in China's history? (Below) article, everyone is more interested in these ancient capitals. One of the least known is Yecheng. Where exactly is Yecheng? Why did Yecheng become the ancient capital of the Six Dynasties? Why is it that in the chaotic world of the two Jin Dynasties and the Northern and Southern Dynasties, most of the regimes that divided the north were set to have Their capital in Yicheng instead of Luoyang?
1. Where is Yecheng?
When it comes to Luoyang, people who don't understand history have also heard about it. If you ask about ancient and modern things, please only look at Luoyang City.
But when it comes to Yecheng, many people may not know what this place is, and there is no prefecture-level city called "Yecheng" in China today.
So, where is Yecheng?
Yecheng is actually a thousand-year-old capital, as early as the Spring and Autumn Period, Yecheng existed, then called "Yi County, the first overlord of the Spring and Autumn Period Qi Huan Gong, after the "Nine Princes, One Kuang Tianxia", in order to consolidate the hegemony, built Yecheng on the zhanghe River.
In the early years of the Warring States period, Yicheng (i.e., Yi County, hereinafter referred to as Yecheng) was captured by the State of Wei, and everyone who had read historical science books such as "Five Thousand Years Up and Down" when they were children had read the story of "Ximen Leopard Ruling Ye".
The story tells that in the early Warring States period, the King of Wei sent a man named Ximen Leopard to govern Yecheng.
When they arrived in Yecheng, Ximen Leopard saw that it was very desolate, and the residents fled in large numbers, so they asked the local residents what was going on.
Local residents said: This is all for The River Boy's wife.
Ximen Leopard was puzzled and asked who was Hebo?
The residents said: Hebo is the god of the Zhanghe River, and every year he marries a young and beautiful girl. If he hadn't been sent to him, the Zhanghe River would have flooded and flooded the fields.
Ximen Leopard asked: Who said this?
The inhabitants said: The witch said. Every year, the local gentry came forward to do happy events for Hebo and forced the people to pay money. They had to collect millions of dollars every time they made trouble, and only spent two or three hundred thousand to do happy events, and the rest was divided with the witches.
It turned out that witchcraft was prevalent here, next to the Zhanghe River, a tributary of the Yellow River, and every year the river flooded, and the local witch said that the river god in the river was angry, and to appease the river god, he had to marry him, so every household here had to give their daughter to the river god as a wife. When the daughter reaches the age of 15, the local people will put a reed mat on the zhanghe river, dress the girl up, let her sit on the reed mat, and float down the water. When we reached the center of the river, even the girls sank. So families with girls fled to other places.
Zhanghe River
Ximen Leopard was really stupid when he heard it, but he did not immediately arrest the witch, he knew that using force could only be obtained for a while, and winning people's hearts was the most important.
Therefore, Ximen Leopard vigorously supported Hebo's wife and wanted to make this grand ceremony beautiful.
When it was time for Hebo to marry, the Zhanghe River was full of ordinary people, and when they saw the witches come out, many people even knelt down.
Ximen Leopard knew that he could not come hard, but could only outwit.
When the bride came out, the girl knew that she was going to die, and she was terrified and full of tears. Ximen Leopard said that this girl was too ugly, and Hebo would be very angry, so it was better to ask the wizard himself to ask Hebo, saying that he threw the witch into the water, and the witch swung a few times and sank.
After a while, Ximen Leopard asked again, why don't you come back, please go and urge it! Saying that, he threw several of the witch's female disciples into the river, and after a long time, they still didn't come up.
Ximen Leopard said, it seems that Hebo is angry, but the women are useless, or throw you men down, saying that you want to throw down the gentry, the gentry is frightened and prostrates, and does not dare to go down.
In this regard, the common people understood that witches and gentry are all cheating money and harming people. Since then, no one has ever mentioned marrying a daughter-in-law to Hebo, and the Zhanghe River has not sent heavy water.
Ximen Leopard mobilized the common people to dig twelve channels to divert the water of the Zhanghe River into the fields. The crops are irrigated and the annual harvest is good.
This is the famous story of Ximen Leopard, who faced the ignorant people and did not blindly use brute force, but used wisdom to break this bad habit.
After that, Yicheng became an important town in the northeast of the State of Wei, although dozens of kilometers away from The city was the capital of the State of Zhao, Handan, but Yicheng has always belonged to the State of Wei, and because of the merits of ximen leopard governance, it has firmly won the hearts of the people.
After the unification of Qin, Yi County belonged to Handan County, but perhaps the locals missed the State of Wei very much, in the Han Dynasty, this area was named "Wei County", although the State of Wei was in Daliang, today's Kaifeng, but Yi County has since become synonymous with the State of Wei, which has had the greatest impact on history is that Cao Cao was sealed here as the King of Wei, the capital of the State of Wei here, and later the "State of Wei" in the Three Kingdoms was thus named, so Cao Cao's State of Wei was actually related to the impression left by the State of Wei in the Warring States Period.
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Three Kingdoms were divided, and Anyang and Yecheng became the absolute protagonists, all because of Cao Cao.
Cao Cao originated during dong zhuo's rebellion, he went to suppress the rebellion, had his own capital, and later when he was serving as the assassin of Yanzhou, he collected 300,000 Yellow Turban troops and recruited Yuan Shu, leaving Yuan Shao as a strong opponent in the north, Cao Cao and Yuan Shao fought a decisive battle at Guandu, and he set fire to yuan shao's grain and grass accumulated in Wuchao and won the victory.
Yuan Shao's base camp was in Yecheng, so Cao Cao unified the north and captured Yicheng as much as the Battle of Guandu. Although Yuan Shao lost the Battle of Guandu, his sons were powerful in the north, and Yicheng happened to be near Hebei, so it became Cao Cao's stronghold for pacifying the Yuan clan.
In May of the eighteenth year of Jian'an (213 AD), Emperor Xian of Han enfeoffed Cao Cao as the Duke of Wei, and established the state of Wei, the capital of Yicheng, which became the capital of the state of Wei. This city of Ye, after cao cao's large-scale reconstruction, gradually moved towards glory. After Cao Pi became emperor, Yecheng, as the capital of the capital, was one of the most important cities in the north at that time.
Cao Cao ran the city of Yecheng, where he built the famous Tongquetai. Tongquetai is probably the most famous attraction in Yicheng, Cao Cao built the Tongque, Golden Tiger, Ice Well three in Jian'an for fifteen years, this point is very important, because two years ago, Cao Cao just lost the battle of Chibi, lost the ability to unify all of China in his lifetime, so Cao Cao was also a little slack, did not want to be the emperor of the unified world, only wanted to be a king.
Seven years later, Cao Cao and Liu Bei broke out the Battle of Hanzhong, and this time Cao Cao's words were very profound: "People are not satisfied with their suffering, they are peaceful and long, they look back at Shu, and every time they send an army, their heads must be white." This sentence paraphrases the allusion of Liu Xiu in the Eastern Han Dynasty in conquering Longxi Kui, after Liu Xiu conquered Longyou, he destroyed Bashu with a single blow, but after Cao Cao's defeat at Liu Bei in Hanzhong, he had lost his enterprising ambitions and did not want to unify the world.
Therefore, Tongquetai was very luxuriously repaired, and Cao Cao only wanted to enjoy the pleasures of heaven in his later years, and his son, Cao Zhi, a famous literary artist who wrote "Roselle Fu", liked Tongquetai very much, and often played with literati and rioters there, and he and his brother Cao Pi wrote the famous "Tongquetai Fu".
Ruins of Yecheng
Since then, Yicheng has become the capital of the later Zhao, Ran Wei, Former Yan, Eastern Wei and other kingdoms, related stories I rank according to the degree of retention of scenic spots and monuments, who is the first ancient capital in China's history? It has been described in (middle) and will not be repeated.
In the first year of the Eastern Wei Dynasty (534 AD), The Eastern Wei emperor Gao Huan moved the capital from Luoyang to Yecheng and built the city of Yinan, and Cao Cao built it as "Northern Yicheng". Since then, a situation of coexistence between the north and the south has been formed, and the two sides have faced each other across the Zhanghe River. At that time, Yicheng, both in terms of urban area and population size, surpassed the withered Chang'an during the Southern and Northern Dynasties, and became a metropolis comparable to Luoyang in northern China.
Later, Yang Jian replaced the Northern Dynasty and established the Sui Dynasty, he was very jealous of Wei Chi, Wei Chi simply occupied the city of Yi against Yang Jian, after being pacified by Yang Jian, in order to prevent the resurgence of anti-Yang forces in Hebei, he ordered the burning of Yicheng, and all the people migrated to Anyang, and the generation of names became ruins.
During the Five Dynasties of the Tang Dynasty, Xiangzhou referred to Anyang, and the Anshi Rebellion broke out in the middle of the Tang Dynasty, and the "Battle of Xiangzhou" between the An Lushan rebels and the Tang Dynasty army took place in Anyang.
Therefore, it can only be said that the later Anyang obtained the name of Yecheng, and Linzhang got the land of Yecheng, which is reflected in this situation of disconnection between name and reality.
Some people say, no, as I said before, in the middle of Yecheng, the Zhanghe River runs through the city, the north side is the North City of Yi built by Cao Cao, and the south side is the City of Ye Nan built by Gao Huan. However, today's Zhanghe River is clearly the dividing line between Henan and Hebei, is it difficult to become the city of Yinan in Henan?
In fact, it is not so complicated, because the Zhanghe River has been diverted.
In an article written earlier, Liu Huan interpreted the interesting history of the party - Jiao Yulu was tired and tired, and he paid off the debt of Song Huizong, if he did not know the history of the diversion of the Yellow River, it would be extremely difficult to study the history of North China. Many southern landscapes have remained unchanged for thousands of years, but this is not the case in northern China, and human beings are too small in the face of nature.
After the Jing Kang Rebellion, in order to prevent the Jin army from moving south, du Chong, the Minister of the Northern Song Dynasty, ordered the excavation of the Yellow River levee, causing the Flooding of the Yellow River and the thousand-year flooding of the Huai River, in which the Yellow River seized the seaway of the Huai River, which is called the Yellow River taking Huai into the sea. The Yellow River entered the sea from Shandong to The southward migration of Jiangsu into the sea.
Later, without the infusion of the Yellow River, the Zhanghe River became dry from time to time, and the Zhanghe River changed course many times or disappeared.
Eventually, during the Qing Dynasty, another river, the Haihe River, took away the course of the Zhanghe River, and the Zhanghe River changed from the Yellow River into the sea to the Haihe River into the sea, and from the Yellow River system to the Haihe River system. In this regard, the Zhanghe River became the river of the Haihe River system, and the children of the Yellow River changed their hukou and became the children of the Haihe River.
The new Zhanghe River moved tens of kilometers south, from the center of Linzhang to the dividing line between Anyang and Linzhang, and suddenly separated the two provinces of Hebei and Henan.
Today's Zhanghe River
During the Song Dynasty, because the city of Yicheng had been abandoned for a long time, the city of Yicheng was officially abolished and became a market town, which is today's Linzhang City. Using Baidu maps, you can search for today's Yicheng is a market town. Some of the seven ancient capitals are just ordinary prefecture-level cities, but they have really become market towns, and Yecheng is still the first.
As for whether the culture of Yicheng should belong to Linzhang or Anyang, there is a lot of debate on the Internet, which is not the focus of this article and will not be described.
Yicheng Town, Linzhang City, Hebei Province
At the same time, Daming County, another county in Handan, began to rise, because the town of Wei Bo in the late Tang Dynasty was built here, also because this place has always been the seat of "Wei County", which was named "Wei Prefecture" in the Tang Dynasty. Because "Wei" had the meaning of "Daimyo" in ancient times, the town of Wei Bofan in the late Tang Dynasty renamed this place Damingfu.
Later Tang Zhuangzong Li Cunxun was called emperor here, so the DamingFu had a very high political status, during the Song Renzong period, in order to resist the Khitans, the DamingFu was positioned as the "Beijing" of the Northern Song Dynasty, becoming the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, because of its political status and very prosperous, the population reached one million, and it was mentioned many times in the Water Margin. Similarly, because the Yellow River flooded, it was eventually annihilated, and during the Yuan Dynasty, it became a county town. This brother is even worse than Yecheng, and only one dynasty has been burned, and this earth-shaking change is a model for the natural conditions in North China to change history.
Daimyo Province
Second, why was Yecheng able to beat Luoyang at that time?
The history of the Five Hu and Sixteen Kingdoms period is very chaotic, and it is difficult for ordinary people to sort it out.
Just like the title "Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms" comes from Ouyang Xiu, it has certain human factors, such as not recognizing the Yan, Zhao, Qi and other regimes.
The title of "Five Hu and Sixteen Kingdoms" comes from the "Spring and Autumn of the Sixteen Kingdoms" written by Cui Hong of the Northern Wei Dynasty, which is the first time to depict this chaotic world, you sing me on the stage, in a hundred years, the north has come out of 16 countries, which is the most chaotic in history. And Cui Hong did not recognize regimes such as "Western Yan", which were not only 16 regimes at that time, but more.
The main capitals of these 20 countries at that time were as follows:
The former Zhao capital was Pingyang, and the later capital was Chang'an.
Later, the capital of Zhao was Xiangguo, and the capital was later moved to Yecheng.
Later Yan capital Zhongshan, later moved to longcheng.
Chengdu, the capital of The Han Dynasty. Ran Wei capital Yecheng. Former Cool Capital Gu Zang. Former Yan capital Dragon City. Former Qin capital Chang'an. The eldest son of Western Yandu. Southern Yan is guanggu. Northern Yan capital Changli. The Later Qin capital chang'an. The capital of Western Qin, Jincheng. Xia Du Tong Wan. After the cool capital Guzang. The western liang capital is Dunhuang. Southern Liangdu Ledu. Northern Liangdu Guzang. Zhai Wei Duhua County. Hate pool is hate pool.
At that time, the main capitals of these 20 countries, we can see that Yicheng, Chang'an and Guzang have become capitals many times, which happen to be located in the three main divided areas of North China, Guanzhong and Liangzhou.
In the late Southern and Northern Dynasties, the Northern Wei dynasty was divided into the Eastern and Western Wei Dynasties, evolving into Northern Qi and Northern Zhou, and also with Yecheng and Chang'an as the capital respectively.
However, no kingdom had Luoyang as its capital, so what was going on?
Therefore, returning to the main topic of this article, why did most of the regimes that divided the north in the chaotic world of the two Jin dynasties and the northern and southern dynasties have set their capital in Yicheng instead of Luoyang?
I think there are two reasons.
First, when the north was divided, Luoyang was in the center of the tug-of-war
Looking at the map, you can see that when the north is unified, Luoyang is exactly in the center of the north.
However, when the north split into east and west, Luoyang happened to be on the border between the two regimes. Not only in the center, but also on the border of the tug-of-war. It is for this reason that during the Period of the Five Hu and Sixteen Kingdoms, Luoyang did not become the capital of these divided kingdoms.
During the Sixteen Kingdoms era, Luoyang was often a battlefield
However, when the north was reunified, Luoyang was in the center of the north and became the most suitable capital, which was the latest problem faced by the Northern Wei Dynasty that unified the north.
At that time, the Northern Wei Dynasty was fixed in Pingcheng (present-day Datong, Shanxi), which was close to the Mongolian plateau, on the edge of the agricultural belt, which was not conducive to ruling the vast northern region, the Northern Wei Xiaowen Emperor Tuoba Hong decided to completely change the Northern Wei, he decided to move the capital to Luoyang, in Luoyang, Emperor Xiaowen in just two years, issued a series of decrees, carried out a comprehensive reform of the Xianbei people, ordered the Xianbei people to wear Han clothes, speak Chinese, change the Han surname, the Northern Wei Sinicization reform began in Luoyang City.
Moreover, the Northern Wei Dynasty moved the capital to Luoyang, which had an innate advantage, that is, although there were many wars during the Five Hu and Sixteen Kingdoms period, most of the northern regimes took Yicheng as the capital, and even if they were conquered, it was Yecheng that was burned, not Luoyang.
Therefore, for one or two hundred years, Luoyang was miraculously preserved.
Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei moved the capital, and what lived in it was the palace built by Emperor Ming of Cao Wei and the city of Luoyang. Also called Wei, the two Wei overlapped time and space in Luoyang.
Luoyang JialanJi
2. Luoyang and Yicheng were established as early as the time of Cao Cao
If it is only because of geographical conditions, it seems that it is impossible to explain why so few countries have set the capital of Luoyang. After all, in the sixteen kingdoms era, in fact, there were two countries that almost unified the north, one was to eliminate the Former Zhao and the other was to eliminate the Former Yan and the Former Qin.
Former Qin needless to say, originated in Guanzhong, from beginning to end with Chang'an as the capital of the country, there is no reason to move the capital.
Then, why did former Zhao eliminate and unify Later Zhao in the north, and did not set the capital Luoyang? As mentioned above, in fact, Luoyang was not too much infested by military disasters, and even said that many palaces were ready-made, but Shi Hu moved the capital to Yecheng, but it was not Luoyang, why is this?
Why did the Northern Wei dynasty already unify the north, and it was not until 50 years later, during the reign of Emperor Xiaowen, that the Northern Wei moved its capital to Luoyang?
Because of the different identities of Luoyang and Yicheng, Luoyang is more noble than Yicheng, and the names of all this have been determined in the era of Cao Cao.
In fact, about this, we can look for two clues in history.
The joy of reading history lies in reasoning, and when we look at two short historical stories, everyone may have heard of them.
The first one is about Shi le.
Born a lowly man, Shi Le was originally a slave, who rose up in the chaos of the Rebellion of the Eight Kings and eventually achieved the imperial cause.
Once when he told the ministers which emperor he could compare with in history, the minister Xu Guang said that Liu Bang, the ancestor of Han Gao, was also from a commoner, and His Majesty was comparable to Liu Bang.
Shi Le was busy saying, No, no, I am not as good as Liu Bang, if in The era of Liu Bang, I would be willing to be Liu Bang's subordinates, like Han Xin and Peng Yue.
The minister also said that His Majesty was like Liu Xiu of Guangwu Zhongxing.
Shi Le said, Well, this is okay, if I was in the same era as Liu Xiu, the Emperor of Han Guangwu, I would chase the deer with Liu Xiu to the Central Plains, and in the end, it was not certain who would die.
Later, Shi Le said that he despised Cao Cao and Sima Yi, two people who would only bully orphans and widows, and looked down on them.
Although Liu Bang has been stigmatized a lot in recent decades, many people think that he has no talent, of course, Mao Zedong also said that Liu Bang is the most powerful feudal emperor.
And Liu Xiu, his personal talent is also very outstanding.
Even Su Shi also wrote "The Theory of the Advantages and Disadvantages of the Second Ancestor of Han", why did Shi Le despise Liu Xiu so much, but he admired Liu Bang very much?
In fact, there is a reason for this, Sima Qian's Liu Bang is actually a model of good intentions doing bad things. Liu Bang himself was extremely cohesive and politically talented, otherwise he would not have united a group of people. All the people, such as Han Xin, Chen Ping, Peng Yue, and Yingbu, were actually on Xiang Yu's side, but Xiang Yu couldn't use them, they were all reused on Liu Bang's side, and they did their best. Zhang Liang's restoration of the country failed many times, and his own leadership of the army was also a failure, and after serving as a military master for Liu Bang, he repeatedly made miraculous achievements because Liu Bang had political ability.
However, Sima Qian exaggerated Liu Bang's "Mandate of Heaven", what mother dreamed of seeing a dragon lying on her body, what killed the White Snake Rebellion, in fact, this is to cater to the Western Han Dynasty's "Mandate of Heaven" view, which is the view of the divine right of kings put forward by The Confucian Dong Zhongshu during the Han Wudi period, which means that the emperor has a mandate of heaven, and you should not think about it too much. However, these records, which people now seem absurd, also weakened the understanding of Liu Bang's political talents, thinking that he was just lucky, but in fact, it was not.
Therefore, on the one hand, Shi Le admired Liu Bang's political ability, and on the other hand, he felt that Liu Bang had a destiny and did not dare to make a mistake. In the face of the shattered world after the rebellion of the Eight Kings, Shi Le dared to claim the king's hegemony, if he met Han Gaozu, he said that he absolutely did not dare to make a mistake, he could only be willing to be a courtier, how could a person compare with the true son of heaven?
Liu
Therefore, Liu Yuan, who was a contemporary of Shi Le, with the national name "Han", was to fight for legitimacy and win the support of the Han people. However, after the fall of the Western Jin Dynasty, and a large number of Han Chinese in the north crossed south, Liu Yuan felt that he could no longer rely on the Han people, plus this "Han" national name and Liu Bang's ancestors were really not the same, so he gave up.
After Liu Yuan's adopted son Liu Yao ascended the throne, he felt that the name of the country should be changed, so the name of the country was changed to "Zhao".
Liu Yao was a native of the Southern Xiongnu, who moved south to today's northern Shanxi during the Three Kingdoms period at the end of the Han Dynasty, which was his hometown, which was the land of the Zhao State in the Warring States Period, and Liu Yao felt that he was a Zhao person. If you can't use "Xiongnu" as the national name, you should also use "Zhao" as the national name. At the same time, there is another reason, that is, "Han" symbolizes the Heavenly Han Galaxy, Liu Yao feels that this country name is too big, he is not worthy of use, do not dare to make a second, only rationed to the true destiny of the Heavenly Son. Just like today's Xi'an did not dare to change its name to Chang'an, it only dared to use it as the name of a district.
The second story is about the northern Wei dynasty.
The Dynasty of Northern Wei was founded by the Xianbei Tuoba clan, and Cao Cao's eight rods could not be fought, so why was the name of the country called "Wei"?
This is the question of many people. Cao Wei is already called "Wei", why is Northern Wei still called "Wei", the two Wei are so close together, many people who do not understand history are easy to confuse, such as "Wei" of the "Wei jin southern and northern dynasties", is cao wei or northern Wei? The "Wei" of the calligraphy font "Wei Monument", is it Cao Wei or Northern Wei? Many people don't know. The former was Cao Wei and the latter was Northern Wei.
Wei Bei
Why is the Northern Wei called "Wei"? The Book of Wei collected by Northern Qi Wei is explained in detail, and we open the history books to see.
The Book of Wei and taizu records:
In June, the edict was agreed upon by the Division. Qun Chen: "Before the former Zhou And Qin, the land where the world lived, there was a state and a family, and the king of the world, that is, the number of inheritance. Since the Han Dynasty, the strikes and princes have been guarded, and there is no successor to the times, and those who have come into their own hands are not the capital of the land. Today's country has been inherited from generation to generation, and the foundation of the cloud generation. Ministers, etc. think that if they take the long term, they should take the name of substitution. The edict reads: "Former ancestors, the general imperial capital, control the kingdom, although they practiced the throne, they did not determine Kyushu." Caught in the fallen, in the season of hundreds of generations, the world is divided, and the glory lacks the Lord. Although the folk customs are special, Fu Zhi is in virtue, so he leads the six armies, sweeps away Middle-earth, fiercely rebels and eliminates them, and obeys them in a long way. It is advisable to still be called first, thinking that it is Wei Yan. Announce the world, salty and knowledgeable. ”
Originally, Tuoba Jue at that time had rebuilt the "daiguo" and was ready to use "dai" as the name of the country, but although this word was used to refer to the daidi of Datong, it also had the bad meaning of "substitution".
The famous minister Cui Hao suggested that Tuoba Jue change the name of the country to "Wei", because the State of Wei in the Warring States Period was located in the Area of Henan, so Wei was synonymous with the Central Plains, and the Tuoba people thought that they were descendants of the Yellow Emperor, the Yellow Emperor and the Yellow River were related to Henan, and Henan was Wei, so the Tuoba clan who wanted to enter the Central Plains took the name "Wei State".
At the same time, Cui Hao told Tuoba Jue that if he wanted to enter the Central Plains, he should emulate Cao Wei, which meant telling Tuoba Jue: You don't want to be Han Gaozu, it is impossible to pacify the world in a few years. But you can learn from Emperor Cao Pi of Wei and merge the world step by step.
Cui Hao
"Therefore, he led the Sixth Army, swept away Middle-earth, rebelled fiercely, and obeyed. It is advisable to still be called first, thinking that it is Wei Yan. This sentence means that the Xianbei people must inherit the Chinese civilization, inherit the orthodoxy, and unify the world.
Therefore, this "Wei" really has something to do with Cao Wei. It is only to imitate Cao Wei, first as the king, then as the emperor.
Combining the above two stories, what truth did everyone realize?
That is, the ancient Mandate of Heaven was very important.
Dong Zhongshu's "divine right of kings" and "mandate of heaven" will constantly open up the sense of distance between the top and the bottom of society, so that the bottom layer loses its thoughts, abandons resistance, and facilitates rule.
Since the emperors are all gods and immortals, and the heavens and men have sensed it, then the rights of the natural kings are granted by the gods.
This is epoch-making in Chinese history, in Europe, after the collapse of the Roman Empire, the christian forces occupied a dominant position, in medieval Europe, the rights of the monarch were given by the pope, and the king had to be crowned by the pope to become emperor, until Napoleon claimed the emperor. If the Pope likes you, he will give it to you, and if he doesn't like you, you will step down, and the theocracy will prevail over the imperial power.
In the Middle Ages, Emperor Henry IV of the Holy Roman Empire of Germany announced his resistance to Catholic reforms, so Pope Gregory VII issued an edict deposing The German Emperor Henry IV and excommunicating him, and the German princes immediately began to rebel, saying that if the emperor could not be redeemed by the pope, they would not recognize the emperor.
Thus, in January 1077, in the midst of the storm, Henry IV personally went to the castle of Canossa to intercede for his sins, but the pope closed the gates of the castle and delayed Henry's entry. It took three days and three nights to receive him, henry IV knelt down to plead for repentance, and the pope forgave him, which was the shame of the famous Canossa in the Middle Ages.
Is this possible in Europe, but is it possible in China? No divine power can surpass the imperial power, what Zhang Tianshi or other sect masters, the emperor trampled him to death like stepping on an ant.
Therefore, in ancient times, the distinction between kings and "emperors" was very large.
Anyone can be called king, and only those who have the Destiny can be called emperor.
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, although the world was in chaos, only a very small number of people dared to claim the title of emperor, such as Yuan Shu, who was not afraid of death, thinking that getting the jade seal of the country was orthodox, and soon the world attacked it. He didn't even have Luoyang, he wanted to be called emperor by Shouchun, he drank a lot, he thought he was the State of Chu, that was also the fate of being destroyed by the State of Qin.
Yuan Shu
Therefore, only those who have a mandate of heaven can be called emperors and establish a "dynasty".
He who has no mandate deserves only to be kings and to establish a "kingdom."
Therefore, the Five Hu and Sixteen Kingdoms, although you sang and I appeared, in fact, these are just "countries", they are not worthy of being called "chao", nor do they dare to call "chao", the real orthodoxy is in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, although the Eastern Jin Dynasty is only half of the country, it is a veritable "dynasty".
Later, the Southern Dynasty replaced the Eastern Jin Dynasty, both the Southern Dynasty and the previous Eastern Jin Dynasty, which was a "dynasty", the so-called "dynasty", that is, an orthodox dynasty with an emperor, while the Northern Wei, like the Five Hu and Sixteen Kingdoms, was at best a "state" rather than a "dynasty".
Neither the Five Hu and Sixteen Kingdoms period of the northern division nor the five dynasties and ten kingdoms period of the southern division can be called the Southern and Northern Dynasties.
During the Five Hu and Sixteen Kingdoms period, the south was a "dynasty", and the north was only a small kingdom, for example, Ran Min once called himself emperor, and after his defeat, Murong Juan of Former Yan said to him, What are you, and you also deserve to be called The Son of Heaven? Ran Min said, the world is in chaos, and you Yidi dare to rebel. I am a hero, why can't I be an emperor? Murong Juan was furious and killed him. This shows that at that time, people had a strict view of the Mandate of Heaven, and ran min and these people, even if they were called emperors, no one was convinced.
During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, the north was a "dynasty", the south was only a small kingdom, and when the Southern Tang Kingdom destroyed the Chu State and the Min Kingdom, it was indispensable and also began to be called emperor. Later, Later Zhou Shizong Chai Rong stormed the Fourteen Southern States of Southern Tang and Huainan, and after the defeat of Southern Tang, the first thing he did was to cancel the imperial title and rename it the kingdom, for Chai Rong, only the northern orthodoxy was the "dynasty", and the south was only worthy of being called "kingdom".
Chai Rong
However, even though the Northern Wei Dynasty already had the Central Plains and had many tributes, the Southern Dynasty still did not recognize the existence of the Northern Dynasty, did not recognize its orthodoxy, and considered it to belong to the usurpation.
The situation in the Northern Wei Dynasty at that time, the first point that Cui Hao said, was achieved by emulating Cao Cao's claim to the throne. The second point is to imitate Liu Bang to become the son of the true destiny and establish a dynasty, but it has not appeared for a long time.
Only when Emperor Xiaowen moved the capital to Luoyang did he truly realize this wish.
So everyone knows, why is it not the founding emperor of the Xiaowen Emperor Yuanhong, the temple number is "Gaozu", Gaozu means the first emperor.
Because Emperor Xiaowen was the first emperor to move the capital to Luoyang, he was naturally Gaozu, and only the king before him was the emperor, and the emperor after him was the emperor.
Similarly, there is the Qing Dynasty, although the emperor Taiji's period was renamed the Qing Dynasty, but the Qing Dynasty was not orthodox, only during the Shunzhi Emperor's period to move the capital to Beijing, the Qing Dynasty is orthodox.
Now we all know why during the two Jin Dynasties and the Northern and Southern Dynasties, most of the regimes that divided the north were set to have their capital in Yicheng instead of Luoyang.
Yicheng was the capital of the State of Wei, a fief of Cao Cao's Wei king, representing wang qi, and the small kingdom that divided the north was already satisfied.
Luoyang was the capital of the Eastern Han Dynasty, representing the imperial qi and dividing the small kingdoms in the north, and none of them had the courage to set the capital Luoyang, and did not dare to move the capital to Luoyang until the Northern Wei Dynasty, which had unified the north for 50 years.
Therefore, during the two Jin Dynasties and the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Liu Yuan did not dare to set the capital Luoyang. Shi Le did not dare to set the capital luoyang. Tuoba Tao did not dare to set the capital luoyang. Because Luoyang symbolized the spirit of the emperor and orthodoxy, they did not dare. Shi Le felt that the Destiny of Heaven was not in him, and he would never dare to set the capital luoyang.
Some people say that Chang'an is not also the imperial capital, why do small kingdoms dare to set the capital Chang'an, this is because although Chang'an is the imperial capital, it is not in heaven and earth. Luoyang is in the midst of heaven and earth, and in ancient times, whoever occupied the Central Plains was orthodox. The small kingdom in Guanzhong can only be fixed as the capital of Chang'an, and it must rely on Tongguan to defend the enemy, and there is no other choice. However, Chang'an did stimulate the imperial qi of Jian Jian, and eventually unified the north, in a vain attempt to destroy the Eastern Jin Dynasty, but lost the north at the Battle of Shuishui, and finally the destiny was still not in him.
Even if it is said that Zhu Yuanzhang was proclaimed emperor in Nanjing in 1368, many people also felt that he was not orthodox, no way, half of the country and mountains, and not the imperial inheritance of the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty. However, Zhu Yuanzhang's Northern Expedition not only won the Central Plains, but also won the Yuan Capital, and who does not recognize him as orthodox? At this time, it did not hurt to set the capital nanjing, even so, Zhu Yuanzhang still wanted to move the capital, and always felt that Nanjing was not orthodox enough.
That is to say, Luoyang not only has political and military significance, but also has religious significance, is considered to be in the "heaven and earth", after Emperor Xiaowen moved the capital luoyang, Northern Wei finally ushered in the orthodox status, countless Han people recognized the orthodoxy of Northern Wei, there is evidence to support this:
After returning from the Southern Dynasty Liang Chen Qingzhi's envoy to Northern Wei, he lamented to his friends: "Since the Jin and Song Dynasties, Luoyang has been a wasteland, and this is called the north of the Yangtze River, all of which are Yidi. Yesterday to Luoyang, the first to know the Yiguan Shi clan, and in the Central Plains. The etiquette is rich, the characters are yinfu, the eyes are illiterate, and the mouth cannot be passed on. ”
It can be seen that Luoyang represents the orthodoxy in heaven and earth. The small kingdom did not dare to set the capital Luoyang, but only dared to choose Yecheng. Many people who claimed to be kings and overlords foresaw that their destiny was inferior to that of Han Gaozu, and only dared to be Emperor Wen of Wei, which was the main reason why many regimes at that time set the capital of Yecheng instead of Luoyang.