At 17:45 Beijing time on October 5, 2021, half of the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Syukuro Manabe and Klaus Hasselmann for their contributions to "physical modeling of the Earth's climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming", and the other half to Giorgio Parisi for their "contributions to the physical modeling of the Earth's climate, quantitative variability and reliable prediction of global warming". Discovered the interaction between disorder and fluctuations in physical systems from the atomic to planetary scales."
It is worth noting that Syukuro Manabe, one of the nominees for this year's Nobel Prize in Physics, is the winner of the 11th Crawford Earth Science Prize in 2018.
Syukuro Manabe and Susan Solomon
As early as 2018, Syukuro Manabe was known for "understanding the trace amounts of gases in the atmosphere in the Earth's climate system."
A significant contribution has been made in the role of "this award" was jointly nominated by Professor Susan Solomon.
The 11th Crawford Earth Science Awards 2018
How much do you know about the Nobel Prize and the Crawford Prize? Let's take a look back.
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The Nobel Prize is already one of the most influential awards in the world today, especially in the field of natural sciences, which is recognized as the highest honor for researchers.
The Nobel Prize covers a very limited field of natural science, only physics, chemistry, physiology and medicine, not even mathematics, which is very important for the natural sciences, let alone the earth sciences...'
I remember that when I watched TV, I often heard such a saying: the "Nobel Prize" of a certain world. Like what:
● Mathematical "Nobel Prize": There are Fields Medal, Abel Prize, Wolf Prize in Mathematics;
● Computer "Nobel Prize": There is a Turing Award (A. M. Turing Award）；
● Press "Nobel Prize": there is a Pulitzer Prize;
● Architectural "Nobel Prize": There is a Pritzker Architecture Prize;
There is also the music industry, the film industry, the sports industry, the fashion industry, the industrial design industry, the nursing industry, the environmental science community, and so on.
What other "Nobel Prizes" do you know? Welcome to add yo! Interested friends can also refer to the source [11,12] Oh ~ :)
So, what are the "Nobel Prizes" in the earth science community?
In the field of international earth sciences, the main ones that compete with the "Nobel Prize" are the Vetlesen Prize and the Crafoord Prize in Geosciences. This article focuses on the Clafford Prize:
The Crafoord Prize was co-founded by Holger Crafoord, a wealthy Swedish man in the 1980s, and his wife, Anna-Greta Crafoord, in precisely the areas of science that the Nobel Prize did not cover.
Next, Xiaobian will introduce it from the following three aspects:
1 Holger Crawford
Holger Crawford
Crawford, whose original name was Alf Erik Holger Lundquist, was born on 25 July 1908 in Stockholm, Sweden. His mother ran a grocery store, and Clafford helped his mother take care of the storefront from an early age. After graduating from high school in 1927, he continued his studies at the Stockholm School of Economics.
Finance and business have been part of this young man's daily life since childhood, so he is very comfortable with learning about the economy.
Crawford in his youth
His mother later remarried, and his stepfather was james harry Crafoord. Hence his name Crawford.
After qualifying as an economist, Crawford worked for Åkerlund & Rausing (ÅR) in Lund, Sweden, which went on to become one of the world's leading packaging companies.
ÅR is the predecessor of tetra Pak, a well-known multinational food packaging and processing company in Sweden.
At the age of 31, he was appointed Deputy CEO of ÅR, and a few years later he assumed the position of CEO, becoming a well-known "big man" in Swedish industry and commerce.
Crawford worked for AR
In 1935, he married Anna-Greta Löfdal, and the two had three daughters.
The Clafford family
Later in life, by chance, he happened to discuss kidney failure with Nils Alwall, a professor of urology, and learned that if a dialyzer could be developed to purify its artificial blood (i.e., "artificial kidney"), the disease could be cured.
Clafford and R&D staff are testing a kidney dialyzer
At a time when most people would choose to retire, 57-year-old Clafford, braved the risks and decisively attacked, continued to found Gambro AB in Lund, taking on the development of the "artificial kidney" technology.
After the successful development of this kidney dialyzer, once it was promoted, it was immediately widely used in Europe and even the world.
Subsequently, he encouraged employees to innovate and vigorously develop new products in other cutting-edge medical fields, making Gambroe quickly become one of the high-tech companies in the field of medical devices at that time.
Clafford chatted with Gambrow employees
In addition to his status as an industrialist, Clafford was a generous philanthropist.
In 1980, he and his wife jointly donated 3 million Swedish kronors to establish the Clafford Foundation. In addition to funding and encouraging scientific research, part of the Foundation's funds are used for welfare, social, artistic, sporting or other purposes for the benefit of the public.
The Clafford couple in their later years
For the end of his life, Claverd endured severe rheumatoid arthritis.
An acute blood poisoning on 21 May 1982 took his life, and Lund has since lost one of the greatest figures in the city's history.
At Claverd's memorial service, a eulogy at the Lund Museum of Cultural History read:
"He is an outstanding example of society with great energy, a great man who stands on the bridge connecting the "two cultures" – science and technology and humanities and arts. ”
2 Crawford Award
One of the important functions of the Clafford Foundation (also known as the Anna-Greta and Holger Crafoord's Fund), founded by the Claffords in 1980, is to select the Clafford Prize.
Clafford Foundation
The Clafford Prize, awarded in collaboration with the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and the Crawford Foundation, covers four areas: astronomy and mathematics, biological sciences (especially ecology), earth sciences and polyarthritis (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis).
Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
The Clafford Prize has been awarded annually since 1982, each time to only one research field. Awards and grants are made in the following order:
⚫ First year: Astronomy and Mathematics
⚫ Year 2: Earth Sciences
⚫ Year 3: Biological Sciences
⚫ (Repeat)
Crawford Prize in Astronomy and Mathematics, Earth Science Prize, Biological Sciences Prize and Polyarthritis Prize
Among them, the Mathematics and Astronomy Awards have been awarded separately since 2012.
It is worth mentioning that the Polyarthritis Award is a separate responsibility of a special committee, and the prize and prize money will only be awarded if it proves that progress in this field is worthy of awarding, with the aim of greatly promoting the development of medicine in the field of polyarthritis and reducing the number of patients.
Grandpa Clafford is really great, he suffered from rheumatoid arthritis before he died, and he did not forget to help the descendants of the same disease after the death, and gave the old man a big thumbs up!
The amount awarded has been changing, from SEK 350,000 in 1982 to the new Multiarthritis Award of SEK 6 million in 2021. The maximum number of winners is 3 (the number of mathematics and astronomy winners after 2012 is calculated separately).
Nominations for various awards in Crawford for the past 6 years
The winners are announced in mid-January each year, and the prize money and certificates are awarded on the Crafoord Days, which takes place in April-May.
During Crawford Day, the laureate will be asked to give a Crafoord Prize Lecture, followed by an international scientific discussion called the Crafoord Prize Symposium, which will be held on topics from the winner's research field.
During Crawford Day 2019, Clafford Prize winner Sallie W. Chisholm is giving a speech
In addition, every year Lund will hold the "Crafoord Academy Lectures", inviting well-known experts and scholars in various fields to give popular science lectures, aiming to highlight the Crawford Prize and attract young people to study science.
2019 "Crawford Academic Lecture"
Martin Jakobsson, chair of the Earth Science Prize Committee, is making an opening remark
3 Crawford Prize in Earth Sciences
As one of the four major awards, the Crafoord Prize in Geosciences has attracted widespread attention from earth scientists around the world and has been called the "Nobel Prize" of the earth science community.
Earth Science column on the Crawford Prize website
Since the first Clafford Earth Science Prize in 1983, it has been held every 3-4 years, and has been successfully held for 11 times, and a total of 16 experts and scholars from different countries focusing on different fields of earth science have won this honor.
Next, let's follow the small editor to get to know these legendary "geological bulls" one by one!
First nominations in 1983:
Edward N. Lorenz from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Professor Henry Stommel from woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Professor Edward Lorenz and Henry Stomer
● Field: Geophysical fluid dynamics
● Nominations: In a unique way, it has contributed to a deep understanding of the mass movement of the atmosphere and the oceans.
Grandpa Edward was also the originator of the "butterfly effect," remember the classic saying: When a butterfly flaps its wings in one part of the world, it will eventually cause a hurricane in another place?
"Butterfly Effect" comics
1986 Second Nomination:
Claude J. Allègre, from universitè de Paris, France
Gerald J. Wasserburg, from the California Institute of Technology
Professor Claude Areeg and Gerald Wasserburg
● Field: Isotopic geochemistry
● Nomination: Geological interpretation of groundbreaking research and results on isotopic geochemical relationships within the allowable range.
3rd Nominations in 1989:
Professor James A. Van Allen from the University of Iowa
Professor James Van Allen
● Field of interest: Magnetolayer physics
● Nomination Words:
Pioneering explorations of space, particularly the discovery of energetic particles trapped in the geomagnetic field, formed the radiation belt around our planet Earth– the Van Allen Belt.
4th Nominations in 1992:
Professor Adolf Seilacher from the German Institute of Geology and Paleontology and its museum (Institut und Museum für Geologie und Paläontologie)
Professor Adolf Serach
● Field of reference: Paleontology
● Nomination: Innovative research on the interaction of the evolution of life with the environment in the geological record.
5th Nominations in 1995:
Professor Willi Dansgaard from the University of Copenhagen, Denmark
Professor Nicholas Shackleton from the University of Cambridge, UK
Professor Nicholas Shackleton and Willie Dansgaard
● Field: Application of isotopic geological analysis techniques
● Nomination: Groundbreaking research on Quaternary climate change in the development and application of isotopic geological analysis methods.
6th Nominations in 1998:
Professor Don L. Anderson from the California Institute of Technology
Adam M. Dziewonski, from Harvard University
Professors Don Anderson and Adam Zyvínski
● Areas covered: Deep Earth
● Nomination: Groundbreaking contribution to the understanding of the earth's internal structures and processes.
7th Nominations in 2002:
Professor Dan McKenzie from the University of Cambridge, UK
Professor Dan Mackenzie
● Field: Plate tectonics
Foundational contribution to the understanding of lithosphere dynamics, especially plate tectonics, sedimentary basin formation and mantle melting.
For the plate tectonic theory, one of the four major breakthroughs in natural science in the 20th century, its establishment is not only the credit of one scientist, but the crystallization of the joint efforts of scientists.
The truth of science is often more important than winning an award (picture self-made)
8th Nominations in 2006:
Wallace S. Broecker from the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Columbia University
Professor Wallace Brock
● Areas covered: Global carbon cycle
Nomination: Groundbreaking study of the global carbon cycle and its interaction with climate in ocean-atmosphere-biosphere systems.
9th Nominations 2010:
Professor Walter Munk from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego
Professor Walter Mungk
● Areas covered: Marine geodynamics
● Nominations: Pioneering understanding of ocean circulation, tides and waves and their role in geodynamics.
10th Nominations 2014:
Professor Peter Molnar from the University of Colorado, Boulder
Professor Peter Molner
● Field: Global Structural Studies
A breakthrough contribution to the understanding of global tectonics, in particular the deformation of continents, the structure and evolution of mountain ranges, and the impact of tectonic processes on ocean-atmosphere cycles and climate.
11th Nominations 2018:
Professor Syukuro Manabe from Princeton University
Professor Susan Solomon from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Professor Masayoshi and Susan Solomon
● Areas covered: Atmospheric dynamics and global climatology
Nominations: Made an important contribution to the understanding of the role of trace atmospheric gases in the Earth's climate system.
Among them, atmospheric physicist Syukoro Manabe created the first global climate model after pioneering research on atmospheric dynamics in the 1960s. In this model, he links the processes that occur in the atmosphere and on the ground to ocean motion and their thermal equilibrium. This new approach, which uses large-scale numerical simulations to predict how Earth's temperature is affected by atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, is a major breakthrough.
This achievement can serve as a powerful tool for studying Earth's complex climate system. Syukoro Manabe has long been a world leader in physically based numerical climate models, and the first global climate model he developed was the basis for all modern climate research.
Atmospheric composition and proportion of trace elements
Insert a video
A demonstration video of the principles on the official Website of the Crawford Prize
Interested partners can refer to the video by themselves
(Reference[13])
Looking back, from the establishment of the Crawford Prize to countless scientists today, whether it is for the winning scientists, or Holger Crawford himself, science is such an inexhaustible charm, let each of us be fascinated and crazy!
On February 1, which has passed this year, the new Crawford Prize was awarded to Dan Kastner, who has made a major breakthrough in the field of polyarthritis, for describing a new set of rare autoinflammatory diseases. His findings brought new knowledge to the medical community of polyarthritis and advanced the development of effective treatments.
Dan Kastner, from the National Human Genome Institute
This year's Multiarthritis Award has already been awarded, so in the middle of January next year, the sacred moment of the 2021 Crawford Earth Science Awards will be announced.
Previously the 2018 Crawford Earth Sciences Prize
Most recently, the Crawford Academic Lecture on Earth Sciences,
Speaker: Professor Maureen E. Raymo of the Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory at Columbia University
Interested friends don't forget to pay attention to it in time!
References:
[1]https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holger_Crafoord
[2]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crafoord_Prize
[3]https://www.crafoordprize.se/startsida
[4]https://www.crafoord.se/en/
[5]https://www.kva.se/en/priser/crafoordpriset
[6]https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tMsP-LQ5-Co&t=47s
[7]https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CmUkz4gmPnI
[8]https://www.swedesintexas.com/getperson.php?personID=I165564&tree=sit0001
[9]http://www.ict.edu.cn/html/lzmwy/jyforum/n20180801_52265.shtml
[10]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetra_Pak
[11]https://www.douban.com/note/635766466/
[12]https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2021/summary/
[13]https://www.crafoordprize.se/press_release/the-crafoord-prize-in-geosciences-2018
[14] Meho L I.Highly prestigious international academic awards and their impact on university rankings[J]. Quantitative Science Studies,2020:1-25.
[15] The Royal Swedish Academy of Science.The Crafoord Prize 1982-2019[EB/OL]. [2021-01-2].https://www.crafoordprize.se/about-the-prize.
Nie Liang. Introduction to the "Crawford Prize" in Sweden[J].Global Science and Technology Economic Outlook, 1994(09):53-55.
GUO Xiaoqiang. Crawford and the Crawford Prize[J].Science,2004,56(05):53-55.
Editor: Wan Peng
Editor: Chen Tianxin
Proofreader: Jiang Shumin Zhu Jianning