In the fifteen national styles of the Book of Poetry, the societies and cultures described are different. For example, "Zhou Nan" and "Zhao Nan" are closer to the big and small Ya, because this is the place where the two great statesmen Zhou Gong and Zhao Gong are governed, and the system is more advanced. Not far from the places of Zhou and Zhao were Zheng, Wei and other places. Confucius once said that "Zheng Sheng is obscene", and it is estimated that what he left without abridgement was already what he thought had reached the standard of innocence, but compared with "Zhou Nan" and "Zhao Nan", "Zheng Feng" still appeared to be more free and unrestrained. There are several articles in "Wei Feng" that are bold and unpretentious, such as the satire of good people (noblewomen) in "Ge Yan", such as the satire of gentlemen (noble men) in "Vatan", and the satire of the greed and ugliness of the monarch in "Shuo Rat". On the one hand, these poems reflect the contemptuous and outspoken upright character of the people of Wei, and on the other hand, the Zhou officials were able to collect all the poems and play them in the palace capital—this is recorded in the twenty-ninth year of the Xianggong in the Zuo Chuan, which is enough to show that the Zhou Dynasty government had the grace to accept the words of the people.
The most unique of the Fifteen Kingdoms is the "Feng Feng", which has a total of seven chapters. In present-day Shaanxi, although it was not far from the political center of the Zhou Dynasty at that time, these songs had little to do with the local area except "July", and it can be said that "Feng Feng" was not limited to geography, but was made around the governance activities of the Zhou Gong and his people. Among them, "Owl" is generally believed to be written by Zhou Gong, and several other poems, some people think that "July" and "Dongshan" were also written by Zhou Gong, while "Broken Axe", "Vake", "JiuZhi", and "Wolf Trek" are songs written for Zhou Gong by everyone- soldiers or people where Zhou Gong went. Compared with the other national styles and Yasong in the Book of Poetry, which span hundreds of years, the time of writing these poems in the "Feng Feng" should be concentrated before and after the reign of the Zhou Gong and the Eastern Crusade, that is, the initial period of the Zhou Dynasty. The works in the Book of Poetry belong to the relatively early period and the interval between creations is not large, these poems are more like a cross-sectional dissection of the society of that time, and provide very valuable material for understanding the social activities and changes of the time. Historically, the interpretation of these songs has been different, and the interpretation angles are also inconsistent. The Feng Feng was written and written by and for the Zhou Gong, who was the most important institutional formulator and executor in the early days of the Zhou Dynasty. The thought of The Duke of Zhou influenced the history of the Zhou Dynasty for nearly eight hundred years, and also had a continuous impact on the history of later generations, Confucius once remembered the Zhou Gong, and often met in dreams, which shows Confucius's recognition of the thought of the Zhou Gong. Interpreting the poems related to the Zhou Gong in the seven capitals of the poetry classic "Feng Feng" helps to peek into the thought of the first Zhou Dynasty, and has some understanding of the social conditions and institutional changes in the early Zhou Dynasty, which cannot come from the interpretation of traditional history books, because the records of history books generally filter out some social and historical details that can only be passed down in literary and artistic works such as poetry.
"July" is the first article of "Feng Feng", and it should also be the core of "Feng Feng". There are not many classic books in the early Spring and Autumn Period, let alone the agricultural books that only existed in later dynasties, and this poem begins in July and takes the moon order as the order, telling the main contents of the work and life of farmers. This poem is the longest in the national style and covers all aspects of agricultural affairs. Whether it was done by the Duke of Zhou is not entirely certain, but it should be true that the Duke of Zhou dedicated it to the young King of Zhou and taught him to understand agricultural affairs and people's feelings. Compared with other poems in the Wind, this poem is more like that of Ya or Ode, especially the last sentence of the "Long Life Without Boundaries" greeting, which also appears in "Xiao Ya Fu Tian". Putting "July" in "Feng Feng" is that Zhou Leguan did not want to put it together with poetry praising the King of Zhou.
"The Owl" was a work of the early days of the Zhou Gong's reign, the king was young, the Zhou Gong ruled on behalf of the government but was attacked by political enemies, coupled with the spread of rumors by political enemies led to his being misunderstood by the people. In a fable that children can understand and accept, the poem expresses the pain in the face of crisis, and the determination and strong tone that cannot be knocked down by pain and exhaustion, and strives to protect the homeland: "Drifted by the wind and rain, give Wei Yin a whine."
"Dongshan" writes about the long process of Zhou Gong's Eastern Crusade. Wang Fuzhi pointed out that "the ancient soldiers and farmers are one", "July", to lao nong also." "Dongshan", to labor soldiers also. "July" and "Dongshan" are two poems that can be said to be the most complete poems about the major events of the Spring and Autumn Peasants. "July" uses the ratio, "Dongshan" uses Xing. "I wandered to the east, and I didn't return. I'm from the East, Zero Rain and Mist" recurs in the poem, with generosity and sorrow alternately emerging on the journey. The "Zuo Chuan" records that Ji Zha, the son of Wu Guo in the 29th year of the Xiang Dynasty, sent an envoy to the State of Lu and asked the people of the State of Lu to play Zhou Music for him, including the "Feng Feng": "For this song "Feng", it is said: 'Beautiful! Swing! Happy but not obscene, its Zhou Gong Dong? It may be "July" or "Higashiyama". This performance made Wu Gongzi sigh, "Look at it! ”
"Broken Axe" is a work after the victory of the Zhou Gongdong Crusade, depicting the fierceness of the war, and even the sword and axe were cut down. The surviving soldiers were honored by The Rest and Zhou Gong.
"Vauc" is a short poem, but it is more obscurely interpreted by later generations. Fang Yurun, on the one hand, disagreed with the interpretation of books such as "Preface to Mao's Poems" in the "Primitive Book of Poetry", and on the other hand, simply said that "this poem is not detailed, and I dare not force it... Therefore, it is better to be quezhi than to know the one who knows. "Looking at the fifteen national styles, the cultural differences and development imbalances in China have long existed, but in the spring and autumn, the west is developed and the east is backward. This poem is a concise discipline of the Easterners based on the advanced Lile civilization in the west after the success of the Zhou Gongdong Expedition: "How about marrying a wife?" Non-media are not allowed. ”
As Fang Yurun said, the "Nine Folds" is the work of the Easterners, "This Easterners want to stay in the Zhou Gong, and their sorrowful works are poems to send them." It expresses the eastern people's belief and attachment to the Zhou Gong. It is estimated that the "Feng Feng" was placed at the end of the fifteen national winds of the "Book of Poetry", which is mainly because the singer is not limited to the land of the Feng, otherwise with the status of the Feng in the "Land of Longxing" in the Zhou Dynasty, the "Feng Feng" could have been placed in front of the two souths, that is, placed in the front part of the Book of Poetry.
"Wolf Trek" is one of the most humorous poems in the Book of Verses. The Preface to Mao's Poems says, "Wolf Trek, Mei Zhou Gongye." "How to american law? It is vague. Han Yu borrowed the mouth of a student in "The Solution of Advanced Learning" and said that he was "blamed for his stumbling forwards and backwards", describing him as a failure in the official arena, which is a correct interpretation of this poem. This poem could not have been used to joke with Zhou Gong, and even if such jokes had been made, it would not have been possible to write them down and circulate. The seven poems in "The Wind" are all related to the activities of Zhou Gong, and the next five are related to his own military and institutional dissemination activities, and it is safe to guess that this poem was written after the victory of the Eastern Crusade, and was a witty song sung by soldiers after capturing the rebellious generals in the east alive--the old wolf stepped forward on his chin, stepped back and stepped on its tail. The "Gongsun" in the poem refers to the leader of the rebel army rather than the Duke of Zhou. It's a bit like the Yankee minor key that emerged during the American Revolutionary War — how happy is it to take advantage of the enemy army?
The above seven articles of "Feng Feng" respectively talk about farming, crisis, conquest, repair, system dissemination, popular trust, and even witty humor. The ancient peasants and soldiers are great things. These poems systematically and intensively reflect the process of society and change in the early Zhou Dynasty. At that time, the social structure was mainly home and country, the main advanced culture was etiquette and music, and the main collective activities were agriculture and soldiers, and these social activities were to maintain this social structure, with the family as the world and the world as the home, and spread the civilization of liturgy. The world is within the reach of the Zhou Kingdom's forces.
Understanding the original imprint of Chinese culture and society through the Book of Poetry is helpful to understand the later historical development of China, such as the dynasties after the Zhou Dynasty in China, many of which are still named after the zhou princely states, such as Jin, Tang, Song, and even the revived Zhou, which shows the depth of the Zhou Dynasty imprint, as the "Book of Poetry , Daya Wenwang" said: "Although the Zhou Dynasty is an old state, its life is renewed." If you want to more fully understand the old state of the Zhou Dynasty, which gave birth to countless thinkers and poets, starting from the "Book of Poetry", you can also study the poetry in the fifteen national styles separately, and compare them with the poetry classics of other nationalities, and even compare them with the poetry classics of other nationalities, such as the "Song of Songs" and "Psalms" in the Western classics, which also have similar records of the "Book of Poetry" for the western early folk culture and society.
Column Editor-in-Chief: Wang Duo Title Image Source: Visual China Photo Editor: Xu Jiamin
Source: Author: Han Yi