This article refers to the Northern History Volume 99 Liechuan 87th Turkic Tiele.
Legend of the She-Wolf
According to the Northern History, the Turks were a tribe of The Huns, the entire tribe was wiped out by the enemy, leaving only a little boy, the hatred between the two sides should be particularly deep, the other side did not kill the boy cleanly, but cut off his hands and feet and threw them into the swamp, leaving him to fend for himself. But no one expected that this boy had domesticated a she-wolf, and by relying on this she-wolf to hunt back the meat, he actually survived.
Later, when the Qiu family heard that the boy was still alive, they sent people to hunt him down again, and the boy ran away on the she-wolf and fled to the mountains east of the West Sea and northwest of Gaochangguo, where he was far away from the inhabited, surrounded by mountains, and dense grass, and he lived in a cave to escape the disaster.
Later, this brother did not know how to marry his daughter-in-law, gave birth to ten boys, and each took ten surnames, and Ashina was one of them. In order to add to the legend, he said to the outside world that these children were born to she-wolves. Ashina was the best of the ten children, so he became the head of the family, and since legend has it that they were all children of wolves, their flag totem was the wolf's head.
After continuous multiplication, this small family gradually increased to hundreds of households, and after several generations of development, by the time Ashina Axian set up, the mountains could no longer support this family tribe. In the middle of the 5th century, the Ashina family, led by the leader, came out of the mountains to live in the steppe, and in order to survive, the Ashina family defected to the then steppe overlords, the Ruoran people. The Ruoran people migrated them to the southern foothills of the Jinshan Mountains (present-day Altai Mountains), because the Altai Mountains resembled the battle helmet "DouJin", and the pronunciation of "DouJin" in the Ruoran language is Turkic, so this tribe is called Turkic. They were also assigned to work by the Rouran people, forging iron for the Rouran people, and the Turks became the iron slaves of the Rouran people.
The rise of the Turks was overthrown
In 546 AD, the Turks had become strong, so the Turkic tribes, led by the leader Ashina Tumen, began to attack the Tiele tribe, and after defeating the Tiele tribe, they merged the 50,000 tribes of the Tiele tribe into the Turkic tribe, and the Turks were called a large tribe from then on. At that time, the Khan of the Ruoran people was Anajie, who during the Northern Wei Dynasty took advantage of the Six Towns Uprising to lead troops south and occupy the south of The Desert, and even married his daughter to Gao Huan, so that the Rouran people were once again highlighted for a period of time.
Ashina Tumen felt that he had developed and was qualified to be related to his master, Theraran, so in 552 (the third year of Northern Qi Tianbao), he sent someone to propose to Anaji. Anashi was furious, his own slave actually wanted to be his son-in-law, categorically refused, and also sent someone to scold Isina Tumen, this kind of convenient behavior of riding on the neck made the hot-blooded man Ashina Tumen unacceptable, so he slashed the messenger with a knife, and joined forces with Gaoche and other tribes to attack Rouran, and Anashi's soldiers were defeated and committed suicide. After the death of the Rouran people in their old battle, the remnants became three gangs, and Anajie's son An Luochen fled to Northern Qi with some of them and defected to Gaoyang, with yuzhong in the east standing iron and iron, and the western yuzhong supporting Anagui's uncle Uncle Deng as the new boss.
Ash tumen killed the former boss and immediately trembled, so he named himself khan, called Yili Khan, became the emperor of the steppe, and the Turks became a force in northern China that could sit on an equal footing with Northern Qi and Northern Zhou, and became the object of competition between Northern Qi and Northern Zhou.
In that year, Yili Khan fell ill and died, and his son Ashinakoro succeeded him as The Khan of Yishiji, and the first thing after The Khan of Yishiji khan succeeded to the throne was to send troops to attack the remnants of Ruoran, and once again won a great victory.
In 553 AD, Ashinakoro died. Before his death, because of the young age of his son, Koro abandoned his son to take pictures, and established his younger brother Qijin as khan, who succeeded him as khan and became the third khan of the Turkic khanate, that is, mugan khan. The first thing after succeeding to the throne was to send troops to Rouran and defeat Rouran in the east, so he could only go south to surrender to Gao Yang, who led his troops north to meet the Rouran people and thwart the Turks' troops.
Gao Yang abolished the title of Khan of Anluochen, and then packed up all the remnants of Ruoran and placed them in the Mayi area, and the Ruoran people became a buffer between Northern Qi and the Turks. This kind of life under the fence was not easy, so in the following year, in March 554, Anluochen fled back to Mobei with his men, and Gao Yang immediately led his troops to pursue, and catching up was a fat beating.
In 555 AD, the Turks, led by Muzhan Khan, launched a hunt for the remnants of the country and the extinction of the country, Uncle Deng and Anluochen were defeated, and in desperation, they took more than a thousand remnants of the family to run south to Guanzhong and surrendered to Yuwen Tai of Western Wei, at that time, Yuwen Tai had not yet recovered from the Battle of Mount Yao, and did not dare to fight with the newly rising steppe empire Turks, so under the pressure of the Rouran emissaries, the entire clan of AnLuochen and more than 3,000 people were handed over to the Turkic emissaries, and then all of them were beheaded outside the Qingmen Gate of Chang'an. Below the middle man, he was enslaved, and the Ruoran Khanate was completely destroyed.
After the Turks, led by The Mugan Khan, after destroying their former master, Ruoran, launched a war of conquest of the steppes, defeating Tuguhun in Qinghai to the west, The Dada founded by the Dayue people in Xinjiang, defeating the Khitan to the east, and annexing the Yenisei River Valley in the north. It established a great empire that stretched to the west of the LiaoHai in the east, the West Sea (one said caspian sea, one said Aral Sea), the south reached the desert, the north north sea (Lake Baikal), and the east and west were five thousand miles north and south.
The Turks were very similar to the customs of the Huns, wearing shawls, living in tents, grazing their cattle and grass every day, eating beef, mutton and cheese, wearing animal skins, having no moral restraints, respecting the young and strong, and despicing the old and the frail. Fear ghosts and gods, believe in wizards, be proud of dying in battle, and be ashamed of dying of illness.
The largest official position in the Turkic Empire was Ye Hu, and the smaller one was called "Shi", and there were a total of twenty-eight ranks below, such as Secret Service, Qilifa, and Tutunfa, all of whom were hereditary officials. The weapons used are horned bows, darts, armor, mallets, knives, swords, etc. It should be said that the weapons of the Turks were still very advanced in the era of cold weapons. The Khan's bodyguards were called vassals. There are no writings, and military service and taxes are counted on wood with carved marks.
Left and right Fengyuan were honored by two Central Plains sons
At that time, Northern Qi and Northern Zhou were deadlocked, and after the rise of the Turks, they both wanted to unite with the Turks to attack the other side, even if they could not unite, they did not want to have a vendetta, so Northern Zhou and Northern Qi could only compete to give gifts and repairs to the Turks.
When Yuwen Tai was alive, he agreed with the Turks that he would become the son-in-law of MuZhan Khan, but yuwen tai died just after he was hired, so the two sides coordinated and asked Muzhan Khan to marry his daughter to Yuwen Tai's son Yuwen Yong. When Northern Qi heard about it, he felt that something bad was going to happen, and immediately sent emissaries to see Muzhan Khan, giving more dowries than Northern Zhou, and also wanted to marry Muzhan Khan, and Muzhan Khan was shaken, and he was ready to repent, and planned to arrest Yang Zhan, the emissary of Northern Zhou, and send it to Northern Qi, Yang Zhan was furious, and found Muzhan Khan and scolded, "When the remnants of Rouran ran to Chang'an, our former boss Yuwen Tai cut off the remnants of Rouran out of friendship between us, and now you have to repent because of a little property, you are treacherous, you tm is treacherous, Aren't you afraid of ghosts? Muzhan Khan was very ashamed to be scolded, so he broke off his hook-up with Northern Qi, sent his daughter to Chang'an, and sent an army with Northern Zhou to attack Northern Qi.
On October 27, the third year of Baoding (563), the Northern Zhou generals Yang Zhong, Da Xiwu and the Turks attacked Northern Qi's Shanxi and captured more than twenty cities in Northern Qi, and in the first month of the fourth year of Baoding (564), the Northern Zhou and Turkic combined forces besieged Northern Qi's old lair, Jinyang, and the Northern Qi emperor Gao Zhan personally oversaw the battle at Jinyang, and the Northern Zhou and Turkic allies did not capture Jinyang, and the Mugan Khan, seeing that there was no benefit, began to rob and retreat when he had enough.
Yang Zhong and others in the Northern Zhou Dynasty also withdrew their troops after the Retreat of the Turks, which was the first time that Yang Zhong observed the Turks up close and concluded that the Turks were easy to deal with. Back in Chang'an, he said to his boss Yuwen Yong, "The Turks are unorganized, undisciplined, have many leaders, do not listen to each other's dispatches, obviously they are a group of rookies, and the emissaries sent to the Turks before say how good the Turks are, and the soldiers who are engaged are very afraid of the Turks, and the emissaries are all straw bales and should all be killed." Yuwen Yong had not yet killed his main rival, Northern Qi, and how could he go to war on both sides, so he did not adopt Yang Zhong's suggestion.
After the death of mugan khan, the khan was passed to his younger brother Tuo Bao Khan, because the size of the Turkic Empire at that time was too large, so Tuo Po Khan divided the empire into two as soon as he succeeded to the throne, and two small khans were established under himself, and the east was given to his nephew Regtu (the son of Ashina Koro) as Erfu Khan; the west was divided into younger brothers But, called Li Khan.
When tuoba khan was the most fierce time of the Northern Zhou and Northern Qi, he rushed to give gifts to the Turks and win over the Turks, and the Turks lived a special beauty. TuoBao Khan often said to his subordinates, "You see, I have two sons in the south, Northern Zhou and Northern Qi, and they all compete to be filial to me. ”
Once, when Tuoba Khan went to Northern Qi to rob, he snatched a monk named Huilin back, and Huilin said to Tuoba Khan, "Northern Qi is rich because they believe in Buddhism." And to teach Tuo Po Khan karma and other Buddhism, Tuo Po Khan believed very much, so he took refuge in Buddhism, built a temple for Huilin, and went to Northern Qi to seek sutras such as "Pure Name", "Nirvana", and "Huayan", and Tuo Po Khan ate and prayed to the Buddha every day from then on, pursuing spiritual enjoyment.
Civil unrest split, counterattacks from the Central Plains
In 577 AD, Northern Qi was destroyed by Northern Zhou, and Tuoba Khan knew that his good days were due to the confrontation between Northern Qi and Northern Zhou, so he pushed Out Gao Shaoyi, who had escaped from Northern Qi, to become the new emperor of Northern Qi, gathered the old northern Qi troops, and gathered a Large Turkic army to fight for Northern Qi and began to attack the northern frontier of Northern Zhou.
How could Yuwen Yong instigate, in 578, in the first year of Xuanzheng, he took the Sixth Army north to do Tuo Bao Khan, but Yuwen Yong's body was not good, and he died before he could leave. All military operations were canceled.
In February of the first year of the elephant year (579), Tuo Bao Khan asked Northern Zhou for peace. The Northern Zhou Emperor Yuwen Yun thought that Tuoba Khan wanted to repair it, so he made the daughter of Yuwen Zhao the King of Zhao a Princess qianjin and married Tuoba Khan as his wife. At the same time, he sent someone to tell Tuo Bao Khan, "You see, both of our families have become relatives, are you giving us Gao Shaoyi?" TuoBao Khan courted for relatives in order to obtain the treasure of Northern Zhou, and simply ignored Northern Zhou's request, and then led his troops to Shanxi to rob. This time, the Northern Zhou Dynasty completely recognized the bandit nature of the Turks. But at that time, Yang Jian was busy usurping the throne and did not have time to take care of the Turks.
In the first year of the kai emperor (581), the year when Yang Jian established the Sui Dynasty, Tuoba Khan also fell ill and died, and before he died, he said to his son Anluo: "My Khan position was given to me by my brother, after I die, you don't have to fight, give the Khan position to my brother's son Daluo." So he passed the throne to the Great Luo.
But DaLuo's mother was born poor, many people were dissatisfied, Anluo was born noble, supported a lot, when the two sides could not argue, the photographer came, the photographer said: "If you set up a temple, I will lead my brothers to be a courtier with peace of mind, but if it is a big khan, then do a fight with me." The prestige of Theotu was very high, so Anluo became the new Turkic Khan, but Daluo was very unconvinced, always sent people to scold Anluo, Anluo couldn't help his cousin, this khan also did the nest, so he found Tuotu, "Brother, or you should be a khan, otherwise we Turks will have civil unrest, it is not that I killed Daluo, or Daluo killed me, you come to be a khan, Daluo will have nothing to say, it is best for us Turks." "What dog blood."
Thus Ashina Regul became the new Khan, called Shabaoli Khan, and Anluo became known as the Third Khan. However, Da Luo was still not convinced, so he found the picture and said, "You, my son of the Khan of the Anluo, both of you are Khans, why am I not a Khan?" I was not convinced. Sha baoli Khan had no choice but to seal the Great Luo as Apo Khan. But in his heart he hated him.
The Sui Emperor Yang Jian was very stingy with himself, not to mention the Turks, so the gifts exchanged between the two sides were pitiful, and Sha Baoliu Khan looked down on me. In February of the third year of the reign of Emperor Kai (583), he began a full-scale offensive along the northern frontier of the Sui Dynasty with his Turkic troops. The livestock of Wuwei, Tianshui, Anding, Jincheng, Shangjun, Honghua, and Yan'an were snatched clean.
Yang Jian was furious and sent Yang Shuang the Prince of Wei, Yang Hong the King of Hejian, Dou Lu ji (mistaken for Dou Lu Ji in the History of the North), Dou Rongding, Gao Jiao on the left, and Yu Qing on the right to attack the Turks in eight ways. Shabaoli Khan led Apo Khan, Qaghan Khan and others to meet the Sui army. The great defeat of the Turks, coupled with the epidemic at that time, caused heavy casualties among the Turks.
Sha baoliu was worried about Apo Xiaoyong, and worried that this defeat would shake his prestige among the Turks, so before Apo could withdraw, he led people to raid Apo's tribal lair and kill Apo's mother, who lost his lair and became a homeless stray dog. You can only go to The Datou Khan in the west.
Datou Khan was shabaoliu's uncle, and when he heard that this was repaid, he gave Apo a hundred thousand troops to enter The Dry Sha Baoluo in the east, and at that time the Turkic greedy Khans were also deprived of Sha Baoluo, so they joined the Western Turk side, and Sha Baoliu's younger brother Qincha had a vendetta against Sha Baoluo, and also defected to the Western Turks, and the Eastern and Western Turks began to fight with you and me.
This time the form was reversed, the Eastern and Western Turks all brought gifts to the Sui Dynasty to borrow soldiers, Yang Jian saw that your dogs were biting dogs, and he wished that the Turks were all dead and clean, so he rejected both of them.
In the fourth year of the Kai Emperor (584), one of the wives of Sha Baoli Khan and Princess Qianjin, who was also a relative of Northern Zhou, wrote to Yang Jian, saying that this time Sha Bao slightly wanted to return to the Sui Dynasty, and Princess Qianjin herself also asked Emperor Wen of Sui to accept her as a daughter, so Emperor Wen of Sui sent Kaifu Yi and the third division Xu Pinghe to the Turks, renamed Princess Qianjin as Princess Dayi, gave her the surname Yang, and compiled her into the Sui Dynasty's clan roster. At that time, Yang Guang was defending the Turks in Shanxi and requested to take advantage of the Turkic civil unrest to send troops to dry sand bowls, but Yang Jian did not agree.
Sha Baoluo continued to send emissaries to express his intention of submission, while Yang Jian sent Shangshu's right servant Yu Qing to the Turks, with the che general Sun Sheng as his deputy envoy. At first, Sha Baoluo still pretended to be forced, saying that he never knelt on others, and Changsun Sheng was very good at talking, "Our emperor Yang Jian is your old father-in-law, you are not kneeling others, you are kneeling your own father-in-law, what can't you do?" Shabal Khan smiled and said to his subordinate officials and nobles, "It seems that it is necessary to bow down to my father-in-law." So he stood up and bowed, prostrated his head on the ground, and then knelt down to accept the Sui Wen Emperor's seal book and put it on his head. After a while, he felt very ashamed, so he gathered with his subordinates and wept. Yu Qing asked Sha Baoliu Khan to be a vassal of Sui, and Sha Baoliu Khan asked his attendants, "What is a courtier?" The left and right attendants replied, "The courtiers mentioned in the Sui Dynasty are what we call slaves." Sha Baoli Khan said, "I can become a slave of the Great Sui Heavenly Son, and the full battle of Yu Yu is full of power." So he gave Yu Qingze a thousand horses and married his cousin to him.
At that time, Sha Baoluo was beaten by the Western Turks and had no place to stay, so he asked Yang Jian to protect him, so Yang Jian asked him to go to Baidaochuan for a temporary rest and sent Yang Guang to support him. Sha Baoli was able to regroup and defeat Apo Khan, but the Tribe of Abba Khan took advantage of the emptiness of shabal khan's rear troops to send troops to sneak attack and take away the wife and children of Sha Baoli Khan. The Sui army defeated the tribe of Abba Khan on behalf of Sha baoli Khan and gave all the captured human and animal goods to Sha Baoli Khan. Sha baoli Khan was very happy, so he made a pact with the Sui Dynasty, using the desert as the boundary between the two countries.
As a result, the Sui Dynasty and the Turks ushered in a diplomatic honeymoon period, and Sha Baoluo was very obedient and always submitted to the Sui Dynasty. After the death of Sha Baoliu Khan, he was succeeded by his brother Ye Hu Zhi LuoHou as Khan, and was called Ye Hu Khan (No. 1 Mohe Khan). In the eighth year of the Kai Emperor (588), Yehu Khan was killed in the Western Expedition, and Yongyu Lu, the son of Sha baoliu Khan, succeeded him to the khan's throne, with the title of Jiashidonadu Lan Khan (Dulan Khan for short).
Later, the Sui Emperor Yang Guang supported the Qimin Khan to toss the Turks, and in the early days of the Sui Emperor, the Turks had been crippled, but with the Sui Emperor's eastern conquest of Goryeo and the weakening of the country, the Turks rose again during the time of the Qimin Khan, and besieged the Sui Emperor at Yanmen Pass.
At the end of the Sui Dynasty, the Turks once again ate the war dividends, between the various warlords left and right, the national strength rose again, in 626 AD, the Turks under the leadership of the Jieli Khan, the troops pointed directly at Chang'an, Tang Taizong Li Shimin took out all the financial reports of the national treasury to let the Turks withdraw to the steppe.
However, with the restoration of the tang dynasty's national strength, in the first month of the fourth year of Zhenguan (630), Li Jing led a horse riding 3,000 horses, attacked Dingxiang at night, and broke the Turkic army. Capturing Jieli Khan alive in the marmot cave, the once-mighty Turkic Empire began to decline completely, and in the following years, it was gradually dismembered and destroyed, and the generals of the Ashina family began to work for the Tang Dynasty. Jieli Khan himself was often called out by Li Shimin to dance for his own amusement.
The Western Turks and The Later Turks stumbled to the time of the Tang Ming Emperor, and this article will not be repeated.
Turks are a steppe empire that rises again after the Xiongnu, the rise of the steppe empire generally exceeds the central plains empire, the reason is that the survival rules of the various tribes on the steppe are very simple, they can't join, when the Turks rise, the nomadic tribes on the steppe immediately take off the banner of the Rouran people and hang the wolf head flag of the Turks, under the leadership of the Ashina family, they began to rob everywhere, and the expansion mode of the later Mongol Empire was similar, and their power quickly expanded to a huge extent during the expansion period.
But such empires often need only one defeat to fall apart, and then quickly civil strife and conquest each other until the next steppe overlord rises. This was not the case with the Huns, the Turks, and the Mongols.
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