Wenxin Carved Dragon is a systematic, well-structured and meticulously expounded literary theory monograph created by The Chinese Southern Dynasty literary theorist Liu Xun, written between 501 and 502 AD (Southern Dynasty Qi and Emperor Zhongxingyuan, second year). It is the first literary theory monograph in the history of Chinese literary theory criticism with a strict system, "large and considerate of the week" (Zhang Xuecheng's "Literature and History Tongyi Poetry"). The book consists of 10 volumes and 50 articles (originally divided into the upper and lower parts, 25 each), based on the aesthetic thought of Confucius, and also adopted Taoists, who believe that Tao is the source of literature, saints are models for literati to learn, and "scriptures" are models for articles. The formation of the writer's creative personality is summarized into four aspects: "talent", "qi", "learning" and "xi". #国学 #
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What is an appendix? It is said that the general literary theory, the unified head and the end, the determination and the seizure, the combination of the end, the milun one, so that the miscellaneous and not the transgressive also. If the structure of the building room is required, the tailoring is to be sewn. Fu Cai Tong Xuewen, YiZheng System: Will take emotion as the god, righteousness as the bone marrow, words as the skin, and palace business as the sound; then pin algae Xuan Huang, Zhen Zhen Jinyu, offering can be substituted for no, in order to cut the middle: the constant number of Si Shu Si. Where the general article is, the multi-branched faction is like the multi-branched faction, the whole faction is based on the source, and the branch-trimmer follows the stem. It is to attach the words of righteousness, to the general program, to drive everything to the same return, to be in agreement, so that although the reasoning is complicated, there is no inversion, and although there are many words, there is no chaos. Fu Yang out of the strip, along the yin and hidden, the head and tail are dense, the surface and the inside are one, and this art of attachment is also. The painter is careful and easy to look at, the shooter is not on the wall, sharp and delicate, and will be sparse. Therefore, it is advisable to be obedient to the ruler, to seek the ruler directly, to abandon the skillfulness of partial goodness, and to learn the achievements of beauty: the sutra of this fate is also slight. Fu Wen has become unguided, his opinions are mixed, his covenant is righteous and lonely, Bo is rebellious, and he has a lot of leadership, and he needs to be a thief. And the distinction is different, the thoughts are different, or the head is made to the end, or the ruler is connected to the inch. However, those who are generally made are widowed, and those who are followed are many. If the unity is lost, this taste will be chaotic; if the righteous vein does not flow, it will be dry. The husband can suspense the reason, and then the verses will be self-meeting, such as the glue of the sticky wood, the stone of the jade. It is the power of the donkey, and the six branches are like a piano, and the method of taming the text is similar to this. Go and stay at will, fix the short in hand, align its steps, and always go. Therefore, the good appendages are like the liver and gallbladder, and the humble ones are homophonous like Hu Yue. It is difficult to change chapters than to create chapters, and easy words are difficult to replace sentences, which has already been tested. In the past, Zhang Tang was imitated and then again, Yu Songcao was repeatedly reprimanded, and the facts were unclear, and the meaning of the words was also out of order. And Ni Kuan is more grassy, Zhong Hui yi zi, and Han Wu sighs, Jin Jing is called a good person, but he is reasonable and clear, sensitive and resigned. From this point of view, it is known that the appendage will be clumsy and far away! If the man breaks the chapter, he will take the vibration of the boat; he will be able to make sense of the words, such as leading the whip. The final achievement, send deep and write far. If the first song is glorious, and the sentence is haggard, the situation is depressed, and the wind is not smooth. This "Zhou Yi" so-called "buttocks without skin, its line and" also. But if the end and the end help each other, the body attached to the association cannot be added to this. Praise: The passage is unified, and the number of emotions is thick. The original is to end, thinning the cloth leaves. The taste of the road is attached, and the suspense is self-connected. As the sum of the music, the voice of the heart.
What is "Appendix?". It means synthesizing the overall organization, making the article coherent at the beginning and end, deciding what to write and what not to write, integrating all parts and organizing them into a whole, so that although the content is complex, the level is still very clear. It's like building a house that has to pay attention to the foundation and structure, and sewing is indispensable for making clothes. Talented young people learning to write should correct the system of writing. It is necessary to take the author's thoughts and feelings as the main body, like the nerve center of man; secondly, the material that embodies his thoughts and feelings, like the bones of the human body; again, the rhetoric and literary style, like the muscle skin of man; and finally the tonal syllables of the article, like the human voice. These points are clarified, and then like a painter mixing colors and a musician arranging syllables, what is suitable is selected, and what is not suitable is deleted, so as to achieve just right: this is the universal law of conceiving and writing. Generally speaking, the article is like a tree with many branches and leaves, and a river has many tributaries; the tributaries must be sorted according to the mainstream of the river, and the branches and leaves must be arranged according to the trunk of the tree. Therefore, in the writing of the composition of the words and content of the work, we should also outline and lead, combine many different ways into a path, unify all kinds of different thoughts; make the content rich but not the order reversed, and the words are numerous but not chaotic. Some of the articles should be prominent, like trees branching out in the sun; some should be omitted, like trees converging in the shadows. In short, the whole text must be complete and thorough from beginning to end, and the content and form should be closely combined into a whole: this is the so-called "appendage" method. But if the painter pays attention only to the hair, it will distort the appearance; if the shooter only looks at a small point, he will not notice the large wall. Therefore, we should give up an inch to focus on one foot, and give up a foot to stretch eight feet; that is, we should sacrifice the smallness of the branches in the article and strive for a comprehensive and beautiful achievement: this is the main method of creation. There is no certain change in the work, and the writer's intentions and opinions are more complicated; if it is too simple, the content is easy to be thin; if it is too complicated, the words are not organized; if it is scrawled, there are many problems; but if it is too hesitant, it is also harmful. And each person's talent is different, the thinking is different; some can be coherent from the beginning to the end, and some are pieced together in a branch- and branch-by-step; unfortunately, there are very few authors who can go through the end, and there are more authors who piece together sentence by sentence. If the article does not have a center of gravity, the meaning of the words and sentences will be chaotic; if the context of the content is not smooth, the whole work will be stagnant and inflexible. It is necessary to have insight into the truth of writing in order to achieve a natural rendezvous of syllables and literary style, just as glue can bind wood and beans can match the spleen. So, the four horses have different forces, but in the hands of a man who can drive, the six reins can be like the harmony of the strings; the different wheels go forward, and the spokes all belong to the same hub. The method of mastering writing is similar to this. The choice or trade-off is determined by the heart of the author; more or less, it is in the hands of the author. As long as the overall reins are controlled, the pace can be consistent. Therefore, a person who is good at arranging words can connect irrelevant things as closely as the liver and gallbladder; but a person who is not good at arranging content will write things that are originally related to each other as irrelevant as Hu heyue. Sometimes it is more difficult to revise an article than to write the whole article, and it is more troublesome to change a word than to rewrite a sentence, which has been proven by experience. For example, during the Western Han Dynasty, Zhang Tang wrote a song chapter, but was repeatedly returned; during the Three Kingdoms period, Yu Song wrote a chapter list, but was reprimanded several times: it was because the reasoning and things spoken were not clear enough, and the words and intentions were not coordinated. Later, Ni Kuan wrote it for Zhang Tang, and Zhong Hui changed a few words on behalf of Yu Song, so the Han Wu Emperor Liu Che was particularly impressed by Zhang Tang's changes, and Sima Shi, the King of Jinjing, was also satisfied with Zhong Hui's changes: That was because the reason was properly said, things were written clearly, and the writing was sharp and the sentences were properly written. From this point of view, we know whether we are good at "attaching", and there is such a long difference in writing! As for deliberating the text, it is like paddling an oar on a boat; using words to match the content is like pulling the reins to swing the whip. The whole text must be arranged successfully in order to express it deeply and far. If the beginning is well written, but the back is too far behind, then the end of the work will be suffocated, and the appeal of the work will not be fully exerted. This is as it is said in the "Zhou Yi Gangua": "There is no skin and flesh on the buttocks, and it is not fast to walk." "Only when the whole text echoes at the beginning and end, and the arrangement of words and content can be said to have reached the highest realm. Summary: The comprehensive arrangement of chapters is not easy, and the types of content are also very complicated. The author must arrange every branch and leaf very appropriately from beginning to end; as long as the content is properly arranged, the thoughts can naturally be coherent. Just as the music must be harmonious, the author's inner words must also be coordinated.
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As the saying goes, there is a "text" and a "pen", thinking that those who have no rhyme are "pen" also, and those who have rhyme are "text". Fu Wen is full of words, both "poetry" and "book", and two other names, from the modern ear. Yan Yannian thought: "The pen is the body, and the words are also the text; the classics are words instead of pens, and biographies are pens instead of words." "Please take the spear and attack him." Who? Isn't the "Wen Yan" of "Yi" a literal text? If the pen is a text, it must not be a classic or a pen. It will be established, but it will not be established. It is given as: speaking for words, belonging to the Han Yue pen, Chang Dao Yue Jing, Shu Jing Yue Chuan. The body of the scriptures, the words into the pen, the pen for the words, can be strong or weak. The Six Classics are not published in the canon, and they are not based on words and writings. Xi Lu's "Wen Fu" is called Qu Exhaustion, but the general discussion is clear, and the entity has not changed. Therefore, knowing the nine changes is through the bandits, and the choice of knowing the words is difficult to prepare. Whoever deliberately creates literature, competes for new beauty, wants to practice words, and studies the art of Moken. Falling jade, or chaotic stone; the stone of lulu, when it seems to be jade. The refined offers, the poor are also fresh; the bloggers are also sparse, and the wu are also complicated; the debaters are clear, and the shallow ones are also revealed; the Austrians are hidden, and the tricksters are also curved. Or yihua and emaciated, or clumsy and wenze. Zhifu tuned the clock not easy, Zhang Qin was really difficult. There is no need to do everything in the middle of the sword; the moving horn waving feathers, why the rhyme of the beginning and the end; Wei Wenbi's chapters are covered with music. The husband does not cut off the roots, there is no sharp tool; without dissecting the text, there is no way to distinguish the generalist. Talent can pass, must know the art, from the non-circle to identify the area, the big judgment regulations, how can you control the source of the introduction, win the WenYuan Ya! It is to control the passage with the art, like the exhaustion of the good game; abandon the art of the heart, such as the invitation of Bosse. Therefore, the text of Bossey borrowed from Qiao, although the predecessor had merit, the back aid was difficult to continue. Less is not connected, more is not known to delete, but how much is confused, He Yanxuan can control! If the husband is good at playing the text, then the technique has a constant number, and it is arranged according to the part, so as to wait for the situation, because the time is right, and the movement is not correct. When the number is extreme, the opportunity is clever, and the righteous taste is born, and the words are mixed. Seeing it is brocade painting, listening to it is silk spring, taste is sweet, Peizhi is fragrant, breaking the chapter's work, Yu Sisheng. Although the husband is strong, he is long, tired, and wasted thousands of miles. In the case of many techniques, there are many techniques in common, one thing carries two, and it is impossible to disintegrate. Therefore, it is listed in one article, and the total change of emotion, for example, thirty spokes, a total of one hub, although it is not enough to see, but also despise the husband's view. Zan yue: Wenchang Pen Garden, there are techniques and doors. Be sure to be general, and be poor in your experience. Multiply one by ten thousand, and lift to cure the complexity. There is no definite contract of thought, and there is a perpetuation of reason.
Nowadays, people often say that there are two kinds of articles, "wen" and "pen"; they think that what does not pay attention to syllables is "pen", and what pays attention to syllables is "text". Texts are supplemented and modified in language, and it is reasonable to say that they can contain works from both the Book of Poetry and the Book of Shang; as for the division into "Wen" and "Pen", it began in the Jin Dynasty. Yan Yanzhi believes that the genre of "pen" is a "word" with literary style; Confucian scriptures are "words" instead of "pens", and commentaries are "pens" instead of "words". In fact, Yan Yannian's statement is somewhat contradictory, that is, please borrow his spear to attack his shield. Why? Isn't the "Wen Yan" in "Zhou Yi" not very literary "speech"? If the "pen" is a literary "speech", then it cannot be said that the scriptures with literary style are not "pens". Yan Yannian wanted to establish a new argument, but I don't think his argument could be established yet. I think that what is spoken is called "speech", what is written is called "pen"; what is written in writing is called "scripture"; what is explained in perpetual reasoning is called "scripture", and what is interpreted is called "transmission". The genre of scripture and biography should obviously not belong to "speech" but to "pen"; the use of pen writing instead of oral speech can be more or less. The Confucian classics are profound and indelible in their content, and they are not determined by Yan Yannian's so-called unscripted "words" and literary "pens". From the Former Rikuji's "Literary Endowment" is said to be very detailed; but it talks about trivial issues without grasping the main points. It can be seen that the changes in things are infinite, and there are fewer people who really know how to write. All those who have carefully thought about creating articles strive for novelty and magnificence, and more require conciseness of speech than delve into the methods of writing. For example, in the piles of jade, there are inevitably some similarities with stones; among rare stones, there are occasional jade-like ones. Similarly, those who pay attention to refinement create articles that are more concise; but those who are poor in literary thinking are also short. Knowledgeable people write well and exhaustively, often writing a thousand words; but people with a messy style also write very lengthy. Those who are good at eloquence write clearly and clearly; but those who are shallow in learning are also very revealing in their words. People with profound ideas are sometimes difficult to understand when they write; but people who pretend to be weird can also write in a roundabout way. Some articles are rich in meaning, but the tonal syllables appear to be poor; some articles are poorly reasoned, but the sentences are very moist. Just like music, it is not easy to ring the bell and play the piano. A musician must play harmoniously, not have to master both large and small instruments; to be able to use instruments and play a role, why should he be able to master all the tunes? Cao Pi's comparison of writing to music is well-founded, because they all require mastery of the law. If the crooked roots cannot be truncated, it is impossible to test whether the saw is sharp; likewise, if the profound truth of writing is not analyzed, it is impossible to see whether the author has a brilliant talent. In order to make the use of literary talents without hindrance, it is necessary to rely on familiar writing methods. If we do not comprehensively examine various genres and generally clarify various laws, how can we grasp the ins and outs of thoughts and emotions and achieve success in the literary world? Therefore, mastering article writing by mastering skills is like a person who is good at chess is proficient in chess; putting aside skills and playing chess by feeling is like gambling by chance. So writing like gambling, by unreliable coincidence, although the previous part of the article is effective, but the later part is difficult to continue. I don't know how to fill in the content is written less, and I don't know how to delete it when I write more, so that no matter how much or less content is written, I will be confused, how can I grasp the quality of writing? As for writing like being good at chess, that technique often has a certain rule, waiting step by step for the feelings to be brewed and mature, because it is timely and timely, so that the writing of the article will never be off track. If the technique is used well and the timing is skillfully mastered, then the meaning of the article will emerge and the literary momentum will flock. Such an article looks like a brocade painting, sounds like an ensemble silk spring, tastes like a luscious delicacy, and smells like fragrant langui: the effect that writing can achieve is very good. Although the maxima is fast, the reins cannot be too long; the bridle is too long, which is only a small disadvantage of one in ten thousand, and it also hinders the horse's journey of a thousand miles. What's more, the writing methods of various genres of the article are diverse, and all aspects must be closely coordinated; if one of them is not coordinated, the whole article will be affected. Therefore, concentrating on this part, and comprehensively considering the different situations of literary creation, it must be coordinated in one hub like thirty spokes. Although the discussion here is very superficial, it is also my foolishness. Summary: In the field of creation, there are many methods. We must first pay attention to the whole and thoroughly understand the basic principles of writing; so that we can master various techniques according to the basic principles and grasp the main points to control everything. Although there are no certain rules for wensi, the basic principles of writing are fixed.