Fourteen-point examination of the novel Water Margin

The fictional stories described in "Water Margin" were popular for two or three hundred years from the Southern Song Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty, and after continuous processing by storytellers, the content became more and more abundant, from the initial thirty-six people to one hundred and eight generals.

"Water Margin" mainly reflects the social life of the middle and lower classes of society, and such a wide range of life aspects that span several dynasties are unique in classical novels. But for the social life of which dynasty and generation this book reflects, it is impossible for literary historians to solve. Historians also disagree on this. For example, Mr. Wu Han believed that it mainly reflected the social life of the Yuan Dynasty, and the predecessor scholar Mr. Li Wei pointed out in the article "The Manor and Contradictions Reflected in the Water Margin" that the two parts above the 82nd and the 111th time were written earlier and could reflect the society of the Song Dynasty. In particular, he compared and examined the manor in the book with the manor of the Song Dynasty. In the 1950s, Mr. He Xin wrote "Water Margin Research", which summarized and analyzed the place names, official names, classes, customs, etc. in this book, which gave people considerable inspiration, but unfortunately the TV writers did not refer to this book, resulting in many avoidable errors. Of course, Mr. He Xin is not specialized in the study of history, and we can still make some further uses on the basis of his research.

According to the author's personal opinion, the social life reflected in "Water Margin" is mixed, and the Song, Yuan, and Ming Dynasties all have left clues about the addition and processing of the story of "Water Margin" by generations of storytellers. This article uses the earlier Hundred Returns, and general research believes that the contents of Zheng Tian Hu and Wang Qing were added later, and became one hundred and twenty copies. This is described below:

First, the official system: The third time in the novel, there are "old seeds of the sutra slightly Xianggong" and "small species of the classics slightly Xianggong", according to the seed clan is the northern Song Dynasty three generations of the general gate, as according to the novel described in the Song Huizong calculation, there is a kind of master And the brother of the seed master. According to the History of the Song Dynasty, vol. 335, "The Transmission of the Seed Master Dao" and the "Seed Master Zhongchuan", in the Northern Song Dynasty, the Seed Master Dao "was called the 'Old Seed' in the world", and he had served as the Zhiwei Prefecture, and according to the Song system, he would also be able to pacify the Jingyuan Road slightly. Zhongzhong served as the governor of Qingyang Prefecture and Qin Prefecture, and according to the official system, he must also be a slightly appeased envoy of Huanqing Road and Qinfeng Road. "Jing Slightly Xianggong" is indeed to retain the Song people's title habit. For example, when Yue Fei was a low-level military general, the official document to the general Liu Guangshi called the other party "pacifying Xianggong". After he became a high-ranking official, the people may call him "Xuanxiang", that is, "Xuanfu (envoy) Xianggong". The seventy-sixth time in the novel refers to Tong Guan as "Privy Counsellor" or "Privy Counsellor", which is also the customary official title of the Song people. The word Xianggong was an honorific title for high-ranking officials during the Song Dynasty, but the descendants were increasingly devalued. For example, in the Yuan miscellaneous drama Guan Hanqing's "Qian Dayin ZhiZhi Pet Xie Tianxiang", Qian Dayin is called "Xianggong", which is not a high-ranking official. The eighteenth time in the novel is called "Zhixian Xianggong" of Yuncheng County, and the twenty-eighth time is called "Guan Ying Xianggong", which is also an impossible title in Song Dynasty society.

In addition, for example, the second time in the novel is called Gao Li as "Gao Dian Shuai", and the fifth and ninth times is called "Dian Si Tai Wei" Su Yuanjing. Diansi is the abbreviation of the Commandery of the Imperial Household. The Jin Dynasty changed the number of inspection departments in front of the palace, while the Yuan Dynasty did not have one. Dian Shuai or Dian Si Tai Wei was a customary title in the Song Dynasty. On such occasions, Taiwei is an honorific title for a warrior. The Song Dynasty also set up a formal high-ranking official Taiwei, but people used to call it "two provinces". For example, the novel "Nian Yu Guanyin" refers to Taiwei Liu Zheng as "Liu Liangfu".

The twentieth time in the novel, it is said that the Jeju Prefectural Government Yin was replaced, "the new official took out the Zhongshu Province Replacement Document", "after the arrival of the new official Zongfu Yin", "while submitting the Zhongshu Province". The fifty-ninth time, in order to deceive He Taishou, "will be out of the Zhongshu Province many official documents", after killing He Taishou, Su Taiwei "then asked the honshu push officials to move the documents Shenda Zhongshu Province to play". The eighty-third time "said that Zhongshu Province sent to the second member of the box official", decommissioning wine and meat. From the late Northern Song Dynasty to the Southern Song Dynasty, the central government was still called the Three Provinces, the Jin Dynasty was changed to Shangshu Province, and the Yuan Dynasty was Zhongshu Province. It can be seen that it reflects the official system of the Yuan Dynasty.

The sixteenth time in the novel is quoted as "the former king of wu seven counties has eight poems". The use of ranks plus county king is also a customary official title of the Song people, such as the southern Song Dynasty general Zhang Jun called "Zhang Qijun King". It also seems to have left traces of Song people's storytelling here. According to the script", "Bodhisattva Man" has "Emperor Gaozong's maternal uncle Wu Qijun Wang". However, Emperor Gaozong of Song's maternal uncle was supposed to be Wei Yuan, and his empress Wu's younger brother was found in historical records, including Wu Yi and Wu Gai. Although Emperor Xiaozong of Song was not born to Empress Wu, Wu Yi and Wu Gai could be called his maternal uncle.

The twelfth time in the novel, there are "Beijing Damingfu Left-behind Division", "That Left-behind Summons to Be Liang Zhongshu, Secret Shijie". According to the Song Dynasty, the four capitals of the east, west, south and north were set up, and it was known that the daming mansion would also be left behind in Beijing, which was in line with the Song system. However, Liang Shijie should be called "Liang Left Behind", or the high-ranking official can be called "Left behind Xianggong", and there is no reason to call Liang Zhongshu. According to the administrative divisions of the Yuan Dynasty, Daimyofu was the Daimyofu Road Governor's Office, and its governor was Daru Huachi (宣差) and the Governor-General. In the novel, it is obviously distorted as Zhongshu, which is obviously influenced by the highest local political district in the Yuan Dynasty as Xingzhongshu Province. Of course, in the TV series "Water Margin", Liang Shijie actually appeared calling himself "My Liang Zhongshu", which is a joke caused by not seriously reading the novel.

The seventeenth time in the novel is "Arresting envoy He Tao", known as "observation" or "arrest observation". According to the envoy, it is also a unique official name of the Song Dynasty, and it is the general name of the eight and nine small military attaches. Sometimes the title of "envoy" is added to the title of its function. For example, the "Song Huijiao" food goods 46-12 contain "escort envoys", who are escorts to the program. The same book soldier 11 of 7 contains the "Capture the Thief envoy". On page 25 of the Yongle Canon, vol. 14626, the Law of the Officials, there is a "Raider of The Lin'an Province". It can be seen that this is indeed the Song system.

The forty-sixth shop Xiao Er introduced Zhu Jiazhuang: "The lord of the village, Taigong Zhu Chaofeng, has three sons, known as Zhu Shi Sanjie. "The ancients had the custom of avoiding names, especially the shopkeeper, who should not call the name of the owner directly. The Song Dynasty civil rank official had a Dynasty Fenglang, and there was no such official name since the Jin Dynasty. "Zhu Chaofeng" should be an official title, and Mr. He Xin believes in the nineteenth chapter of the "Water Margin Study" that the description of the fiftieth time "Zhu Chaofeng sits on the Zhuang Gate, Luan Tingyu on the left, and Sun Ti on the right" is unreasonable, "Chaofeng is only the honorific title of a rich man, not a current superior official, how can he sit upright in the middle and give orders, while Sun Li is like a partial tooth general, standing next to him." In fact, here should be the traces of the Song people's storytelling, zhu Taigong has the official position of the dynasty Fenglang, can be centered. Of course, in later Mingren novels, "Chaofeng" was used as an honorific title for the boss and so on. The twenty-eighth volume of "The Surprise of the Second Moment Shooting", "Cheng Chao Feng Shan Meets the Headless Woman", has an explanation: "During the Chenghua period, there was a merchant directly subordinate to Huizhou Capital, surnamed Cheng. He was a local custom, but those who had wealth were called pilgrims. During the Gai Song Dynasty, there was a dynasty to worship the doctor, that is, as if calling the rich man a member of the staff, he always respected him. "There are clear inaccuracies in the interpretation of this paragraph. The Civil and Military Rank officials of the Song Dynasty were often the high-ranking officials and the low-ranking officials. For example, ChaoFeng Dafu is from the six pins, and Chao Feng Lang is the zheng seven pins. People must also be different in their official titles. According to volume 5 of the "Continuation of the Jintuo edition of the Eguo Dynasty", Yue Fei was called "Qinwei Yue Dafu", and the title of Chaofeng Dafu should also be according to this, so the person who was called Zhu Chaofeng should be Called Chaofenglang. There are many similar examples, such as the Yijian Zhi B volume 7 "Yao Jiangshi" said: "Yao General Shi, Na Su buys officials." "General Shi, who is about to be Shi Lang, is a civil official of the last rank from the Nine Pins." In addition, the fifty-second time there is Chai Jin's uncle "Chai Imperial City", which is also the official name of the Song Dynasty Imperial City Envoy or the Imperial City Division.

In the fiftieth episode of the novel, Sun Li said: "The General Bingfu has issued documents. "According to the general soldier, he was also an official name of the Ming Dynasty.

In general, the description of the official system in the novel is mixed and inaccurate, but it just spans the three generations of the Song Yuanming.

Second, the bureaucratic system: The novel reflects the situation of many grass-roots and local officials. For example, Baozheng, the fourteenth time in the novel, says "It turns out that Dongxi Village Baozheng, surname Chao Name Gai". The eighteenth time, Song Jiang responded to He Tao and said, "Chao Gai is a stubborn and stubborn household. "Bao is the leader of the grass-roots political power set up by Wang Anshi of the Song Dynasty after he changed the law. After Wu Song killed people in Feiyunpu for the thirty-first time, "Feiyunpu Dili Baozhengren and others" reported to the government that the body had been found.

The novel involves the most records of Li Zheng, the second time it says that "Shi Taigong went to Huayin County to undertake Li Zheng", and later Shi Jin said to Chen Da: "When the family saw Dang Li Zheng, they were about to come and take your gang of thieves." The eighteenth time the introduction of Lizheng's functions is more specific, and in the countryside, "those who open a guest house must set up a booklet and use a survey seal letter on one side." Every night when a merchant comes to rest, he must ask him, where he came from, where he is going, whose surname is it, and what kind of business is he doing? It must be copied in the book. When the lawsuit is checked, I go to the main office once a month to register." On the twenty-third jingyang gang to fight the tiger, Yangyu County's list text said: "Seeing that the cane is limited to the townships and hunters, etc., the arrest has not been captured." After Wu Song beat the tiger, everyone "reported that the county was in charge" and "the upper household was greeted in front of the village." It seems that Li Zheng is generally filled by the upper household. After the twenty-seventh time Wu Song killed Ximen Qing, "Ximen Qing's wife was detained in the Lizheng family." The forty-third time Li Kui stabbed the tiger, Li Ghost's wife said to break his identity, "Daddy listened, and rushed to report to Zhilizheng", "Lizheng took people to fly and seemed to go to the county to report it". The forty-ninth time said that Dengzhou hunted tigers, "The house of Lizheng in front of the mountain before and after the mountain will also catch tigers", Xie Bao said to Mao Taigong: "Your family also saw Danglizheng, and the official government also commissioned the Gan limit document." The fifty-first time Lei Heng killed Bai Xiuying, Zhixian "detained Li Zheng, Neighbor Youren, etc., and the autopsy was completed." According to the Song Dynasty, Lizheng was also set up, and by the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty, it had been abolished. But Jin Yuandu is set up by Li Zheng, and what the novel describes is actually the Li Zheng of the Jin Yuan society, and they are also responsible for public security.

Even more special is the president. This is a unique person in the Yuan Dynasty, and Mr. Yang Ne once wrote a special article "Research on rural social system in the Yuan Dynasty". The thirty-fifth time in the novel is "President Zhang's Hotel" and "President Wang of Dongcun". The sixtieth time Li Kui said, "I don't teach my brother to be president." "The sixty-second time Yan Qing shot two gongren," the nearby president reported and Li Zheng learned.

However, in addition to reflecting the grassroots leaders of Song and Yuan society, the forty-sixth time in the novel says that when Pei Ruhai's body was found, the prefect "entrusted Fang Lijia to bring a servant as a pedestrian" for autopsy. Lijia was also the grassroots system of the Ming Dynasty.

In the eighteenth episode of the novel, Song Jiang appears as the "Oshi" of Yuncheng County. The eighth time in Lin Chong's unjust case, "there was a case Kongmu, surnamed Sun Mingding", to rescue Lin Chong. The fortieth time Cai Jiu prefect handled the case of Song Jiang, "the case was Huang Kongmu." The forty-ninth Dengzhou "has a six-case Kongmu with the surname Wang Mingzheng" (王名正). The thirty-ninth prefect of Cai Jiu in Jiangzhou "summoned people to be called Kuzi". Oshi, Kongmu, Kuzi, etc. are all Song Dynasty official names, but the names of Kuzi are used until the Yuan Dynasty. The eighth time said: "It turns out that the dukes of the Song Dynasty were all called Duan Gong. "According to the Song and Yuan dynasties, the officials may be divided into two categories, public officials, collectively called public officials, and the intermediate link between the past and the future should be the Jin Dynasty. On the fiftieth time, Sun Li introduced Le He to Zhu Chaofeng and said, "This is the official sent here from Yun Prefecture to take it. "The gong is called Duan Gong, but it is not easy to find in the historical books that have been handed down from generation to generation, and it can make up for the lack of historical books.

The twenty-seventh time said that Yang Yu "ZhiXian told Na Ling Shi to ask the princess first." According to the Song and Jin dynasties, there were order histories, but they were generally central institutions, such as the "History of Jin" volume 52 "Electoral History" contains the "Provincial Order History", volume 49 "Food Goods History" contains the "Ministry Order History", and the novel should reflect the situation of Yuan Ming. The thirty-eighth time "Jiangzhou two courts detained Dai Zong, the head of the prison section. At that time, during the Song Dynasty, the Jinling all the way to the festival level called the parents, and the Hunan all the way to the festival level were called the dean." Referring to the Yi Jian Zhi Supplement, vol. 8, "Lin'an Wujun", "Xiang Juyuan is Dali Zheng, and his son Shi Su" and "Hu Si Li is accompanied by two people, and the so-called abbot is also", which can be confirmed. The forty-ninth time Xie Zhen and Xie Bao were imprisoned have a "baojie level", and Lehe chong small prisons are "sub-section level". On the fifty-first occasion, Zhu Tong was promoted to the rank of "prison section", and he released Lei Heng to the Cangzhou capital, "the Cangzhou capital was sent to the Cangzhou capital, where the guards, Yu Hou, menzi, chengju, section level, and prison were all sent." The fifty-fourth Gao Tang Prefecture has "Prison Section Grade Lin Ren". In the sixty-second time, Cai Fu and Cai Qing were given the "two courts of the Two Courts" of the Daiming Mansion. According to the general Yu Hou, Chengju, Baofan, Jie, etc. are generally the names or collective names of low-level officers in the Song Dynasty. The term "Oshifan" is relatively rare, and the "History of Song" volume 191 "Bing Zhi" records that Shi Zhou and other rebel tudings, their officers have oshifan. However, in the later period of the Southern Song Dynasty, the situation changed, such as "Mengliang Record" volume 19 "Gu Mi Manpower", "there are also mansions in the house", "Gu Mi Doctor, Shu Table Division, Hall Zi, Yu Hou, Oshi Fan", etc., are not officers. Shanxi Wanrong Bridge on the village houtu temple Song stele there is "hand force section level Meng Zhongming", hand power is the name of the official Xu, the section rank here is not an officer. Volume 17 of the Yuan Dynasty's "General System Rules" mentions that "below the section level, there are even township division personnel." Under the fifty-ninth lieutenant, there is a "guest account division". According to the Song Dynasty officials, there were accounting divisions and guest divisions, and from a semantic point of view, "guest accounts division" seems to be a "guest division". The so-called "two courts" quoted above, according to personal understanding, refers to the fact that the judicial organs at the level of the prefecture in the Song Dynasty had governments, prefecture courts, and judicial courts, but according to the actual situation, either the state courts were incorporated into the judicial yuan, or the judicial courts were divided into left and right judicial courts, see "Song Huijiao" officials 47-74.

Third, the military system: The sixteenth time Yang Zhi escorts the birthday gang of the novel, "point ten strong boxes, forbidden army", which is of course a unique military classification of the Song Dynasty. The ninth time said that "Lin Chong was in charge of the Cangzhou prison camp" and acted as a "matching army", which was in line with the historical facts of the Song Dynasty. According to the prison city is a kind of military name of the van army, roughly the absorption of criminals as such van soldiers. In the novel, the prison camp is simply described as a concentration camp for criminals, and the twenty-eighth time it describes the Mengzhou prison camp, "the ordinary prisoners are there, carrying water, chopping firewood, and doing handymen", in fact, it is also the barracks of the van army. The thirty-ninth return to the prefect of Cai Jiu in Jiangzhou "summoned the people to take the prison camp book from the people calling Kuzi to see."

Lin Chong, the seventh time of the novel, "the head of the 800,000 forbidden army guns and sticks", and the second time Wang Jin, are of course well known to people. According to the different number of forbidden troops in each generation of the Song Dynasty, the so-called "eight hundred thousand" is of course a claim. According to the Song Dynasty army, it is true that the head of the teaching is set up, and the martial arts are selected to be the strongest, but the head of the religion is generally as an official, the status is low, and the identity of the official and the official in the Song Dynasty is significantly different, and the novel actually raises the social status of the two people. As for the eightieth statement that Qiu Yue and Zhou Ang would be the "eight hundred thousand forbidden army all the gods" and "deputy heads of the forbidden army", it was even more exaggerated.

According to books such as the "Records of the Old Man of the West Lake", there were twenty-four classes in the Southern Song Dynasty, including the "Golden Gun Class". The fifty-sixth time in the novel says that Xu Ning "became a teacher of the Golden Gun Class, and this hook and sickle method, only he had one teaching head", and he had to "follow the straight" and "serve" the emperor, which more or less reflected the historical facts of the Song Dynasty. The seventy-second time there is "Ban Zhiren, etc.", and the surname of Wang is "Wang Ban Zhi", which obviously does not conform to the title of the Song Dynasty. The mention of military names such as Dragon Fierce, Tiger Wing, and Holding Day in the eightieth time is indeed the name of the Forbidden Army of the Northern Song Dynasty.

The thirteenth time in the novel, it is said that Yuncheng County "has two heads under the command of the Lieutenant Division: one is called the head of the infantry, and the other is called the head of the horse soldier. These horsemen were in charge of twenty horse archers and twenty native soldiers; the infantrymen were in charge of twenty gun leaders and twenty native soldiers," and both heads were Zhu Tong and Lei Heng. The eighteenth time, it is said that Zhu Tong and Lei Heng "lit up their horses, archers, and more than a hundred native soldiers" and went to capture Huang Gai. The twenty-fourth and twenty-sixth times said that Wu Song was the head of the capital in Yangyu County, and his men were also native soldiers. The forty-third time, Li Yun "lit up thirty old Lang Tu soldiers" and captured Li Kui. According to the Song and Jin system, county lieutenants had archers under them, and there were native soldiers under the patrol, all of whom were responsible for local security. During the Song Dynasty, archers and native soldiers had "all" first-level formation units, and the heads were all the length of a capital. But from the Jin Dynasty onwards, archers were divided into horse archers and rifle archers. According to the "History of the Yuan Dynasty" volume 101 "Bing Zhi", when the Ancestors of the Yuan Dynasty, horses and infantry archers were set up. In the meta-miscellaneous dramas "Zhang Yide Single Battle Lü Bu" and "Guan YunChang Single Knife Splitting Four Kou", it is said that Guan Yu is a horse archer and Zhang Fei is a rifle archer. It can be seen that the narrative of the novel may be closer to the historical facts of the Yuan Dynasty.

The forty-first time said that Ou Peng was "guarding the military household of Dajiang, and because of his evil official, he fled on the rivers and lakes." According to the Song Dynasty, the conscription system was implemented, and the Yuan and Ming dynasties both set up military households and performed military service for generations. According to the "History of the Yuan" volume 99 "Bing Zhi", there is a "guard to the south" in the three-year edict of the Central Unification, and the province of Henan in the first year of Dade called "the most important river". According to the Yuan, it is from north to south, mixing up the world, so it is careful to guard against the rebellion of the Han people in the south, which is different from the Ming Dynasty from the south to the north, driving away the Yuan people. Therefore, Ou Peng's origin should actually reflect the military system of the Yuan Dynasty. However, the forty-eighth time also said: "It turns out that Ou Pengzu was born in the military class, which makes a good big hob", and the forty-ninth time called Sun Xin "the talent of the military class". "Military class" refers to the various armies and all classes in the Song Dynasty, and the "Military Class" in volume 3 of the "Class of The Government and the Opposition" says: "The internal and external military soldiers and soldiers and the class straight, the military leaders and other people are all years of labor or meritorious officials." "Yongle Canon" volume 14622 "Official Law" on page 2 contains "military class origin", it can be seen that the Song Dynasty's special terms are used.

Fourth, criminal law: The ninth guan camp of the novel said to Lin Chong: "Emperor Taizu Wude left the old system, and the new army must eat a hundred killing sticks." The narrative of the twenty-eighth Wu Song stabbing with the Mengzhou prison camp is the same. Judging from historical materials such as Volume 1 of the Records of the Later Records of the Swinging Dragon and the Chronicle of The History of Song Taizu, there is no word "Wude" in the honorific titles and titles of Song Taizu before and after his death, but whether he established the rule of killing a hundred mighty rods can no longer be checked in the existing historical materials. The eighth time, lin chong was "twenty rods, stabbed with far evil junzhou", "summoned a writer, stabbed in the cheek". The twelfth time, it is said that Yang Zhi was "cut off twenty scepters, summoned a literary and ink craftsman, stabbed two lines of gold seals, and superimposed with the remaining si chong army of the Daming Mansion in Beijing." This is indeed the Song system. Tattooing the faces or hands of criminals, slaves, sergeants, and certain government craftsmen was a system peculiar to the Song Dynasty. By a special inksmith, or stylist, the seventeenth time in the Jeju Prefecture Yin "summoned the penman to come and stab He Tao in the face 'overlapping... State'". The word for the thorn or "golden seal", the thirty-first time Sun Erniang said Wu Song: "Uncle's face saw two lines of golden seals in the present mingdi." "This is not specifically documented in the historical data.

The sixty-second time in the novel, It is said that Lu Junyi "directly matched Shamen Island". During the Northern Song Dynasty, an important place of exile was Shamen Island in Dengzhou. Shamen Island, about the northwest of present-day Changdao County, Shandong Province, is generally a place of exile for repeat offenders, but there are also cases of corrupt officials being exiled. For example, in June of the ninth year of the reign of Emperor Zhenzong of Song, "Fan Hang of Zhiqi Prefecture sat in the wrong way of receiving wealth and death, with a staff ridge, a noodle, and a shamen island." In the seventeenth episode of the novel, Cai Kyung's mansion threatens Jeju Fu Yin, saying, "If you don't get this official matter on the tenth day, I'm afraid that if you don't come first, you won't ask Xianggong to go to Shamen Island for a walk." The forty-fourth time said that Pei Xuanyuan was originally from the Jingzhao Province, "born in the Six Cases", "because of the arrival of a corrupt prefect of the imperial court, he was assassinated on Shamen Island". It more or less reflects the historical facts of the Song Dynasty. As for the Yuan Dynasty, according to the History of the Yuan, vol. 102, "The Southerners moved to the land of Liaoyang and the Northerners, and the Northerners moved to the southern huguang township." ”

Regarding the shackles, according to the Song Huijiao Criminal Law 6-77 and the YuanShi vol. 103 Criminal Law Chronicle, both are "25 pounds of capital crimes, 20 pounds of disciples and streams, and 15 pounds of cane crimes." The History of the Ming Dynasty, volume 93, also records that "the shackles end from fifteen to twenty-five kilograms." But the novel says eight times that Lin Chongfa was paired with Cangzhou, "when the hall hit a seven-and-a-half-pound head iron leaf protective shackle." The twelfth time said that Yang Zhifa was matched, and the thirtieth time said that Wu Song was matched, and the shackles were the same. The eighteenth time it is said that "taking a side of twenty pounds of death shackles shackled Bai Sheng", the sixty-second time Lu Junyi was arrested, first "begging for a hundred pounds of death row shackles", and then "changing a twenty pounds of iron leaf plate shackles, nailed in front of the hall". The thirty-ninth time, however, said that Song Jiang was "shackled by twenty-five pounds of death row prisoners on one side." The forty-ninth time to xie zhen and the treasure, the fifty-second time Chai Jin was arrested, were also used twenty-five pounds of death row shackles. It cannot be ruled out here that there are typos or missing words in the novel, but the use of seven and a half pounds of shackles in three places is not in line with the shackles recorded in the history books, and it is difficult to examine its details.

There are also some execution plots in the novel, such as the twenty-seventh time the princess was "pushed onto a wooden donkey" and tortured, and the fortieth time before Song Jiang and Dai Zong were beheaded, "brushed the hair with glue, rolled a goose and pear horn, and inserted a red silk paper flower each." Before driving to the case of the blue-faced sage, each of them took a bowl of long rest and never drank", and at three o'clock in the afternoon, he could make up for the lack of historical data. The Song dialect "Shen Bird Thrush" and the thirty-eighth volume of the "Yu Shi Mingyan", "Ren Xiaozi's Fierceness as a God", both have records of wooden donkeys, beheading at three o'clock in the afternoon, etc., which seem to be song systems. In Guan Hanqing's miscellaneous drama "Touching the Heavens and Moving The Earth", Zhang Donkey was finally "nailed to a wooden donkey and executed with one hundred and twenty knives", proving that the same was true in the Yuan Dynasty.

V. Titles and Rankings: The titles of ancient dynasties have changed considerably. Mr. He Xin summarized many titles in the novel, and did not see the current film and television dramas such as miss, old man, adult and so on. If you compare the yuan miscellaneous dramas, Guan Hanqing's "Qian Dayin Zhikan Dream of Silk Clothes" Li Qingan called Wang Yanxiang "Miss", and he and the public called Qian Dayin "adult". In "Qian Dayin Zhi Favor Xie Tianxiang", Zhang Qian said to Qian Dayin: "The old man of the newspaper learned. However, in the Yuan Dynasty, the people or subordinates called the official "adult", and they were called "adults" to each other with their colleagues in the official field in later generations, which was different. Nowadays, some of the titles used in film and television dramas roughly begin with meta-dramas.

The titles in the Water Margin seem to be more ancient, for example, the Song people called the official's son Ya Nei, and the Continuation Zizhi Tong Jianchang Edition volume 18 Taiping Xingguo 2nd year March Yan Wei Tiao said: "There are ten Ya Nei under Luoxia, especially those who are indulgent." Kong Pingzhong's "New Treatise on Heng Huang" volume 4 says, "Or take Ya as a house", "The son is called Ya Nei." The seventh time in the novel is "Takahata", and the title of the fifty-first chapter is "Hairdress mistakenly lost Koyauchi". If in the afterlife, it should be called a prince. Another example is the old man, the Song people have not yet formed a common title. Zhong Xiang, a sorcerer who rebelled at the beginning of the Southern Song Dynasty, used superstitions to encourage the masses, known as "Old Master Zhong", and went to "worship Grandpa", "Worship Ye" is "Worship Father", "Old Master Zhong" is Father Zhong. The Song people also had the title of "Miss", but by no means the daughter of a rich family, such as "Yijian Sanzhiji" Volume 4 "Miss Fu Jiulin" said that Fu Jiu "silk with Miss Sanle Lin", similar to the three accompanying girls of the present. Even the daughters of rich families are called little maidens or maidens, see Yijian Zhi E, vol. 5, Ren Daoyuan, and Eguo Jintuo, vol. 27. The biography of Yang Wen says that Yang Wen "married the daughter of Zuo Ban Dian (Zhi) Tai Wei Leng Zhen. Choose a good time and an auspicious day, and marry the young lady of the Cold Lieutenant's mansion." However, in the Yuan Dynasty, in the third compromise of Wang Shifu's "Cui Yingying Night Listening to the Piano Miscellaneous Drama", Cui Yingying was called "Miss", and Zhang Jue called the Red Lady "Little Lady". Another example is the "Mengliang Record" volume 2 "Zhuku Yingjiao" called the outstanding "official and private prostitutes" in the Song Dynasty as the "head of the line". Volume 18 of the Collected Writings of Zhu Wen records that Zhu Xi impeached Tang Zhongyou, saying: "The head of the line, Yan Rui, is slightly known as a color, and Zhongyou is a sly partner with him. "Commercial organizations are called rows, and brothels are obviously also a line, and beautiful prostitutes can be called the head of the line, that is, the head of the line. In the twenty-first time of the novel, Yan Po introduced her daughter and said: "There are a few upward first ask me how many times I have been in the room, but I refuse. The sixty-ninth time li ruilan was called "Li Xingshou", and the seventy-second time Li Shishi was called "the head of the Tokyo Upper Hall". This can be compared with the above quotation. The twenty-fourth time zhang Xixi is said to be a "Luqi person", which is also the title of Song Jinshi, the History of Jin, vol. 104, "The Biography of Completed Yan": "Jia Nai'er, a novelist of Benqi Road, slang ridicule, for food and clothing." ”

During the Tang and Song dynasties, rankings were particularly prevalent, and even as important as surnames, first names, and characters, some of the lower-class people either only had surnames and rankings, and had no names, let alone words. Because the rankings of various families and clans are different, and there is no complete historical data passed down, it is difficult for people today to understand. For example, some scholars believe that the word "B" is used in the ranking, and when in the order of A and B, it is line two. The sixty-first time in the novel, Yan Qing "ranked first" and was called "Xiao B", and the twenty-eighth volume of the "Cautionary Tales", "White Lady Yongzhen Leifeng Pagoda", should be roughly copied from the Song ren dialect, which said "Xu Xuan ranked Xiao B" and "was in charge of the cousin Li Jiangshi's family medicine shop", and he told Bai Niangzi that he was "ranked first". It can be seen that "B" and "one" are connected. "General" is already as mentioned above. The Song Dynasty ranked first, and can also be called "big" or "one".

Sixth, the etiquette of meeting: from the Tang Dynasty to the Song Dynasty, due to the Han people changed the custom of sitting on the ground, causing changes in etiquette. It is usually performed with a forked hand and a chant. Volume 4 of the Shi Lin Guang Ji has the Fork Technique and the Qiyi Fa, "When a person is swept away, his feet are slightly broadened, and his standing is stable." When you are ready, you must bend your body, look at the toe of your own shoes, and be beautiful. When he is on his knees, he must also be straight, and he must not bend, and when he lowers his head, so that his hands are at the side of his knees, he must not enter his knees. When it is finished, the hand rises at any time and crosses it on the chest. When the time comes, it must be all shot, and it must not only be a finger, which is called a fresh gift. In the position of honor, the hand is under the knee, and the hand is lifted at any time, and the forked hand is also on the chest." "Fork the hand, with the left hand tightly holding the right hand [big finger], the little finger of the left hand to the right wrist, the right hand is straight to its four fingers, with the left hand the big finger upwards, if the right hand covers its chest, it must not touch the chest, it must be slightly away." Singing is nothing more than a tribute, and the Yijian Zhiding volume 5 "Li Jinren Zhiyi" says that Li You is a county order, visiting Cizhou Zhizhou, "the first gurudwara, bowing, and screaming." Guarding the alarm, retreating for it", "Tomorrow will come again, but bow down and bow, without speaking", Zhizhou "was furious", and he finally said to Zhizhou: "High cannot come, low cannot come, and the beggar is lowered to the same one, so as to obey the practice." "Became a joke at the time. In the third fold of Wang Shifu's "Cui Yingying Listening to the Piano at Night", Zhang Jue saw the Red Lady and said, "Worship the Little Lady", and the Red Lady sang "Then see him cross his hands busy greeting the number of gifts, I am here 'Ten Thousand Blessings, Sir!' ’”

However, the khitans, dangxiang people, Jurchens, and Mongols are different. Book 35 of the History of Jin says: "The worship system of jin is to first stand by the hand, lean down slightly, revert slightly, kneel on the left knee, and shake the elbow left and right, if in a dance." Whoever kneels, rolls his sleeves, whisks his knees down, and goes up to his left and right shoulders, where he is four. In this way, he kneels on four knees, presses his right knee with his hand, and kneels on his left knee alone to make a salute. "But some records are kneeling on the right knee, squatting on the left knee, and the left and right knee positions are exactly the opposite. The Mongols initially knelt on the left knee, but later changed to both knees to worship. Volume 17 of Wen Tianxiang's Complete Works of Mr. Wen Shan records that he was captured in Yuan Dadu, summoned by Xiang Boluo, Wen Tianxiang "Chang Yi", tongshi (translator) ordered him to "kneel", Wen Tianxiang said: "Nan Zhi Yi, that is, the north of the kneeling, Wu Nan people, xing nan Li Bi, can you kneel? ”

The second time in the novel, Wang Jin saw Gao Li, "See Tai Wei, pray four prayers, bend down and sing, and stand up to the side." The seventh time Lin Chong saw Gao Li in the White Tiger Hall, "holding the knife forward and shouting." The eleventh time Lin Chong met Wang Lun, he also "shouted forward". The sixteenth time Yang Zhi saw Liang Zhongshu, "Fork the hand forward, the way of the way.". On the twenty-fourth occasion, Wu Song saw Pan Jinlian, "Push the golden mountain, pour the jade pillar, and worship the head, and the woman supports her forward." Pan Jinlian lost his hand and slid the pole to hit Ximen Qing, "The forked hand deeply said 'Ten Thousand Blessings'". The twenty-fifth time Uncle He Jiu saw Wu Song, "Fork Hand Dao". The thirtieth time, "Wu Song went to the hall and worshiped Zhang Dujian, and the forked hand stood on the side." The singing in the novel is also different, such as the twenty-fourth time Ximen Qing first saw Pan Jinlian, the queen mother laughed at him "but only sang a big fat", the twenty-sixth time "Wu Song sang a big beak", the thirty-eighth time Song Jiang and four other people "everyone sang a rude". The forty-ninth time Xie Zhen and Xie Bao saw Mao Taigong, "sounded", Lehe "watched Gu Dajie sing". The fifty-fifth time Tang Long "forked his hand forward and said such a weapon and that person came." The fifty-ninth time Song Jiang "bowed down and sang" to Su Taiwei. On the seventy-fourth occasion, when Li Kui went to Shouzhang County to make a false knowledge county, "Two officials came out of the hall, prayed four times, knelt down, and said: 'When the leader comes here, he will have instructions.'" "The public servant came, holding his teeth and bones, beating three drums and shouting forward." The eighty-first time, "Yan Qing got up, pushed the golden mountain, poured down the jade pillar, and prayed eight times", in order to suppress Master Li's "little evil heart". In ancient times, worship was not the same as sitting on the ground and sitting on the ground instead, and the worship in the novel should be zuoyi. This kind of etiquette seems to be Han Chinese etiquette, not Mongolian etiquette.

Class: According to historical records from the Song Dynasty, it is clear that China is a class society based on the tenancy system, and the countryside is dominated by the tenant system, but there is also a wage system. The second time he described Shijiazhuang, "The countryside is vast and wild, there are thousands of guests in the maid village; the family is ang, and the female envoys and children are difficult to count." Forty-first time Mu Hong sent the dealer, "If there is anyone who does not go, give him some silver and two, and throw himself into the servants." The forty-third time Li Da "is doing long work in other people's homes." The forty-sixth shop Xiao Er said zhujiazhuang, "There are five or seven hundred people in front of and behind zhuangzhuang, all of whom are tenants." These are all reflections of the basic class situation in the countryside. However, in the Yuan Dynasty society, the landlords of various ethnic groups in the north also used slave exorcism to cultivate, which is not reflected in the novel. Therefore, Mr. Li Wei believes that the manor of "Water Margin" reflects the society of the Song Dynasty, which is reasonable.

The nineteenth time it is said that "Master Cai sent people to come", the seventy-fifth time there was also "the Taishifu ganren came to invite", and the ninety-first time there was "Chen Shishi's family". Found in the song dynasty history books, ganren is the special name of a high-ranking servant of a wealthy family, entrusted by his master, engaged in the operation of farms, collecting land rent, money lending, etc. In front of the master, the people are still slaves, and there is a distinction between honor and inferiority, but in front of ordinary civilians, they are often superior.

The seventh time Lin Chong said: "The female envoy Jin Er zi and Jing woman went to the temple to burn incense. The twenty-fourth time Pan Jinlian was the "handmaiden" of "a large family", also known as the "female envoy". The thirtieth and thirty-first zhang dujian's "ya huan and adoptive mother" can also be called "female envoys". The Song people also had the title of "Yang Niang", and in the novel "Nian Yu Guanyin", there was "Xiu Xiu Yang Niang" in Han Shi Zhongfu. The fifty-sixth time Xu Ning's family's concubine was also called a female envoy. The female envoy was also the specific legal name of the maid of the Song Dynasty, and had some kind of employment relationship with the master. In the Jinyuan society, due to the backward slavery brought about by the Jurchen and Mongol tribes, there was a strict difference between the good people and the slaves, and the slaves were often called expelling the mouth and driving the slaves, and their social status was lower than that of the Song dynasty's manpower and female envoys. There are no words such as expelling mouths and expelling slaves in "Water Margin".

VIII. Nationality: The Song people generally call the Jurchens Fanren or Yuren, and as for the Jurchens calling the Song people, according to the "Dajin Guozhi School Certificate" volume 19 Cheng'an second year chronicle, it should be called "Nanyu". The Song people called the Mongols Tatars and Tatars, and the Mongols called them Han Chinese, according to volume 2 of the General System, "Throwing Down and Receiving Households", as "Han'er, Barbarians". Han'er is the same as the name of the Han people under the rule of the north since the Liao, while the barbarian refers to the Han people under the former Southern Song Dynasty. The bartender in the twenty-ninth episode of the novel calls Wu Song: "I see that I am a barbarian from a foreign country." The eighty-seventh time wuyan unified the left and right said: "This young general has laid out four positions, all of which have been recognized by the barbarian." "Undoubtedly, the Mongol name is followed. The forty-first time said that Ma Lin was "originally from a small fanzi idle man", and he used the title of a Han Chinese. Regarding idle people, the Tokyo Dream Record, volume 2, "Eating Fruits", says that in the liquor store, "I have been careful to give orders in the near future, buy goods and prostitutes, take money and goods, and so on, called idle people". The Same record is recorded in Volume 16 of the Mengliang Record, "The Hotel of Fencha", which may have been used in the Yuan Dynasty.

Interestingly, the eleventh time in the novel, Yong Xue's "Hundred Character Order" is quoted, saying that "it was written by Dajin GuanyanLiang". According to the words of the Jin Emperor Completed Yan Liang, Mr. Zhou Feng wrote the "Commentary on Completed Yan Liang", did some collation, and recorded two words in the Yijian Zhijing Volume 4 "Completed Yan Liang Words", but did not see this "Hundred Character Order". The sixtieth time said that Duan Jingzhu "stole a good horse" and "summoned the Lion Horse of The Jade Night, but it was ridden by the Prince of Dajin", and that Zengtou City "this Lao Tzu was originally a man from the Great Golden Kingdom, named Zeng Elder". Jurchen people moved to the Central Plains, generally living in Qianhu Village, forming a parallel administrative unit with the original prefecture and county, in the shape of flower arrangement, and Zengtou City seems to have the shadow of Qianhu Village. The seventy-eighth time Gao Li said that the ten knots made meritorious contributions to the battle against "Dajin, Daliao, and other places". There is no derogatory reference to Liaojin as "Da Liao" and "Da Jin". The novel describes the conquest of Liao, the eighty-third time there is "Liaoguo Dongxian Shilang Xianggong", and the eighty-fourth time is called "Great Liao Lang Lord". According to the Jurchen transliteration, meaning official, lang lord is the Jin people to call the emperor, neither is the Liao system. The eighty-fifth time there was the Wuyan Guangdu unified army, according to the Wuyan is not the Khitan surname of the Liao Dynasty, but the Jurchen surname. These reflect that the authors of the novel are far away from the Liao Dynasty and close to the Jin Dynasty, so they mistakenly assign some of the nouns of the Jin Dynasty to the surname Zhang Guan Li Dai.

IX. Ancestral Origin: Nowadays people use the term place of origin, but in ancient times, there was a difference between origin and place. The late Mr. Wang Yuquan, a well-known expert on the history of the Qin and Han Dynasties and the history of the Ming Dynasty and a scholar of seniority, made an argument in the publication of "Origin, Origin, And Origin" in the second issue of "Knowledge of Literature and History" in 1988. Book 110 of the Book of Wei states that "the hukou of zhuzhou, the place of origin is not true", the two words are used together, and there are some records of the use of place of origin in the Book of Wei. According to the "Song Huijiao" election 15 8, 18-19, on the one hand, there is a household registration, on the other hand, there are terms such as Benguan, Household Guan, And Township Guan, and their meanings are similar. The ones that appear in "Water Margin" are generally zu guan. The fourteenth time Liu Tang called himself "Zuguan Dongluzhou Ren clan", and Wu used "Zuguan Hongxiang Ren Clan". The thirty-second introduction of Yan Shun, Wang Ying and Zheng Tianshou all used "Zu Guan" respectively. The thirty-fifth time Lü Fang and Guo Sheng were "Zuguan Tanzhou Ren Clan" and "Zu guan Xichuan Jialing Ren Clan". The thirty-seventh time Xue Yong called himself "Zuguan Henan Luoyang Ren Clan", Song Jiang called himself "Zu Guan Yuncheng County Ren Clan" The thirty-eighth time Dai Zong introduced Li Kui "Zu Guan is the Baizhang Village People Clan of Yishui County, Yizhou". The forty-first time to introduce Ou Peng and the other four people, they also used "zuguan". The forty-fourth time Yang Lin "Zuguan Zhangde Furen Clan", Pei Xuan and Meng Kang also used "Zu Guan", Shi Xiu claimed that "Zu Guan is Jinling Jiankang Fu Ren Clan". The forty-sixth time to move "Zuguan is a Gaotang Prefecture people's clan". The forty-ninth time Lehe called himself "Zuguan Maozhou Ren clan". The fifty-seventh time "Li Zhongzu guan hao zhou Dingyuan ren clan". The sixtieth time Fan Rui "Ancestral Puzhou Ren Clan", Duan Jingzhu "Zu Guan is Zhuozhou Ren Clan" According to the Yuan Dynasty's "General System Rules" Volume 6 "Officer Raiding", in addition to "Honkan" and "Yuan Nationality", another "Place of Origin" is used, stipulating that "after a few years of writing, it is a subsidiary of He Lu Prefecture and County", which shows that the place of origin of the Yuan Dynasty also contains the meaning of the household registration after migration. There are many uses of "place of origin" in the "History of the Yuan", such as volume 84 "Electoral History": "In the third year of the central unification (1262 AD), the edict was set up in the form of a book, taking the names of each official, the place of origin, the year A, and the order of entry. Vol. 105 Of the Penal Chronicle: "When the remnants of the people are imprisoned, they are transferred to the place of origin and summoned to the Lord to recognize them." In volume 173, "The Biography of Cui Yu", he suggested to Yuan Shizu: "From now on, it is advisable to transfer officials as in the old system, avoid their place of origin, and do not harm the public." The second volume of the Ming Dynasty novel "Yu Shi Mingyan", "Chen Yushi Qiao kan jinchaodian", said that "there is a Chen Lian yushi, Huguang nationality", indicating that the term "place of origin" used by modern people roughly began in the Yuan Ming Dynasty.

10. Food and Clothing: Regarding the food and clothing in "Water Margin", Mr. He Xin made a special summary in "Water Margin Research", and now makes some supplements. The traditional clothing of ancient China was silk and linen, and it was not until the three dynasties of the Song, Yuan and Ming dynasties that it was gradually replaced by cotton. This replacement process takes hundreds of years. Words such as cotton and wooden wool are not seen in the novel, and the second time Shi Jin sent Zhu Wu and other "three collared brocade jackets". On the twenty-fourth occasion, the princess asked Ximen Qing to "buy a white silk, a blue silk, a white silk, and then use twelve good cotton" to make clothes for himself. Ximen Qing agreed, "I bought aya, silk, silk sections, and ten two clear water sponges." The thirtieth time Shi En gave Wu Song "two cotton coats in the package." The sixty-fifth time "Zhang Shunzi opened his clothes bag and took out the quilt." It can be seen that silk wool and silk fabrics were still widely used at that time.

When shochu was invented is controversial in academic circles. From the novel's point of view, drinking is also used in cups and cups, but the good men still often use bowls to drink, the sixteenth time to take the birthday class is to quench thirst with wine, the twenty-third time Wu Song to fight the tiger, is the famous "three bowls but not post", it seems that all belong to the alcohol content is very low alcohol, at least indicating that shochu is not yet common.

In the twenty-fourth episode of the novel, the princess "orders a cup of tea" for Pan Jinlian, and the other is that she "orders two cups of tea, and hands one to Ximen Qing, and one to this woman." Tea ordering was popular in the Song Dynasty, see Mr. Shen Dongmei's book "Tea Culture in the Song Dynasty". But the eighteenth time He Tao went to the tea house to "eat a bubble tea". This reflects being in an alternating period from ordering tea to making tea.

The twenty-fourth time said, "The queen mother bought some fat goose cooked meat, and when the delicate fruit returned, she filled the plate with fruit, and filled all the vegetables and vegetables." If you refer to Volumes 6 and 9 of the "Past Events of Wulin", you can see that the so-called "fruit" is not a fruit in the general sense, but a preserved fruit, and "vegetables" refers to sauce, bad, squid, and so on, so the princess buys it and eats it, and does not need to cook it. The twenty-first time Yan Po received Song Jiang, and the thirty-eighth time Song Jiang drank at the Pipa Pavilion in Jiangzhou, there are also similar descriptions. According to Volume 9 of the Past Events of Wulin, the Song people ate fruit before meals, and the Water Margin reflected this custom. In addition, Wu Dalang sold "cooking cakes", which was actually a kind of steamed bun, which was originally called "steamed cake" in the Song Dynasty, and was renamed to avoid the imperial secrets of Emperor Renzong of Song. The twenty-sixth time there is "Zhang Gong who sells dumplings", which is also a pasta of the Song Dynasty. Mr. He Xin cites the ninth, fourteenth, and thirty-eighth times of the novel, saying: "When people in the Song Dynasty drank alcohol, they often ate a soup first. In fact, this seems to be more like the customs of the Khitans and Jurchens, when the Han people treated guests with tea first and then soup, while khitans and Jurchens were first soup and then tea, and soup was often drunk before eating regular food.

11. Coins: The coins from the late Northern Song Dynasty to the Southern Song Dynasty had copper, iron coins and paper money, and the paper money was called Jiaozi, Huizi, Guanzi and Qianyin. The Jin Dynasty was short of copper coins, and a large number of paper money was issued, generally called the delivery of banknotes, and the "money banknotes" began to appear in combination, see the "History of Jin" volume 48 "Food Chronicle" Taihe Seven Years Chronicle. The term "qianqian" was used until the Ming Dynasty. Paper money became the main currency of the Yuan Dynasty. The seventh time lu zhishen in "Water Margin" said: "What is the truth that you people are bad money." Forty-fifth time Pan Gong said to the monk, "What is the truth of the teacher's father's bad money." "Bad money is a fee. The tenth time Li Xiao'er said that the hay field "has some common money bills", and the twelfth time Yang Zhi wanted to "take the sword to the street and sell it for thousands of dollars", they also used the term "money money". However, in the actual exchange of goods depicted in the novel, paper money is not used, and most people use silver, and few use coins and gold. The sixteenth time to take the birthday class, Bai Sheng sold wine, the price was "five full of money a barrel, ten consecutive one carton", the military Jian "gathered five full of money to buy wine to eat." The seventh time Lin Chong bought a knife, the price was 1,000 yuan, but it was "converting the silver into a price". But the novel is more about paying silver directly, not in monetary terms. These undoubtedly reflect the use of money in Ming society, when silver had become the main currency. The twelfth time Niu Er "asked for twenty Wen Dang three coins", and the thirty-seventh time Zhang Heng said that coins, there are "save a hundred dollars" and "five hundred foot money". This kind of coin system was particularly popular in the Song Dynasty, and there are so-called saving money, such as seventy-seven texts when a hundred envoys, a hundred texts become a stranger. There are also folded two dollars, folded three dollars, when five dollars, when ten dollars and the like, that is, one piece of money is equivalent to two to ten texts.

XII. Birth Anniversary: The sixteenth time in the novel, the Birth Anniversary Class is naturally a wonderful story, but people may not know the origin of the "Program". According to the New Book of Tang, vol. 53, "Chronicle of Food and Goods", Liu Yan organized the caoyun, "each ship is subject to a thousand axes, ten ships are the program, each gang is three hundred people, and the pennies are fifty." The name of Song Shigang is the most used, generally based on a certain amount of similar materials grouped as a program, such as copper coins are based on 20,000 guan as a program, gold with 20,000 as a program, silver with 100,000 taels as a program, and rice with 10,000 stones as a program. For transporting grain on the Bian River, 500 feeders take twenty-five as a gang, and 400 feeders take thirty as a gang, one material is equivalent to one stone load, and each ship is calculated by eight minutes of load, which is exactly ten thousand stones each. The aforementioned envoys of the Song Dynasty are those responsible for the program. In the novel, the private gift of "eleven quintals of gold jewelry shells" is organized for transportation by soldiers, and according to the customary measurement, it also forms a program.

13. Weapons: Refer to the various weapon maps published in the Northern Song Dynasty's "General Outline of the Martial Classics", as well as other historical materials, it can be seen that the various cold weapons recorded in the "Water Margin" are not from the Song Dynasty, but from the Yuan and Ming Dynasties. Mainly since the Song Dynasty, China has entered an era of mixed use of cold weapons and gunpowder weapons. The cannons of the Song Dynasty were not tubular cannons, but human-powered stone throwers used to throw stones and gunpowder balls, the former as a stone cannon and the latter as an artillery. In the thirty-fourth time in the novel, Qin Ming sent troops from Qingzhou to "put up the letter cannon", and after going down the village, the next day, the fifth change, "put up a letter cannon and go straight to Qingfeng Mountain". The mountain "hit the officers and soldiers with logs and cannon stones on it" and used "artillery and rockets to come down as soon as they burned." The forty-seventh time said: "I only heard a trumpet cannon in Zhujiazhuang, and flew straight up for half a day." The fifty-fifth time describes Hu Yan's troops, "more than 500 artillery and iron cannons, all loaded onto the car." In the late Southern Song Dynasty and the Jin Dynasty, there were iron artillery, in fact, similar to today's artillery shells, its shell can be called iron cannon shell, all of which were thrown by stone throwers. The fifty-fifth time it is described that Ling Zhen "is good at building artillery, can go fourteen or five miles away, where the stone cannon falls, the sky collapses, and the mountain falls and the stone cracks." "The first is the wind cannon, the second is the golden wheel cannon, and the third is the sub-mother cannon. The shilling army raised its gun mounts." The fifty-seventh time said, "Ling Zhen and Du Xing carried the wind artillery mount, and erected the gun mount where they went to Gaofu." "That one mother cannon was followed by forty-nine sub-cannons, called the sub-mother cannon, and the sound was mighty" The eighty-third time said, "Ling Zhen put another box cannon, and the cannon flew straight in half a day." The above records do not show whether it is a posterity of tubular artillery. However, the sixty-sixth time said that Gongsun Sheng and Ling Zhen "will take hundreds of cannons such as wind and fire and bombardment of the sky and go straight to the net place in Beijing to wait." The eighty-ninth time said that Song Jiang "made twenty-four minecars, all made of drawing boards and iron leaf nails, equipped with oil and firewood, and installed artillery on the top." The ninety-second time said, "In the SongJiang Formation, the thunderbolts and thunderbolts set up a gun mount, but they put a wind cannon, flew straight up, and hit the enemy's corner, and the bones made a noise, and half of them collapsed." On the ninety-third occasion, Li Jun prepared to "put a hundred artillery pieces as a number" and "move through the gun cages and gun mounts, and bury them in the armor ship." The ninety-fifth time said, "Ling Zhen took out nine boxes of mother and other cannons and went straight to the top of Wu Mountain to put the general up." The ninety-eighth time "Shi Qian collected fire knives, flint stones and ignited coal barrels, carrying artillery on his spine with baggage." He "put the artillery on the firewood pile, first burned some sulfur and flames to burn the grass pile over there, and then lit the firewood pile here, but only then did he light the artillery." "The piles of firewood and grass on both sides caught fire at the same time, and the artillery shook the sky." This obviously does not refer to tubular artillery, but to the iron cannon of the late Southern Song Dynasty.

When "Water Margin" was filming a TV series, we were interviewed in Wuxi Film and Television City, and we proposed that whether from the reality of the Song Dynasty or the descriptions in the novel, guns should not be understood as tubular firearms according to the general knowledge of today's people. But the choreographer apparently did not accept it, and as a result, a tubular cannon appeared in the TV series, which was obviously misleading to the audience.

Another noteworthy is the chariot ship used by Gao Li in his attack on Liangshan Po in the eightieth time, "the largest one is called the sea loach boat, with twenty-four water wheels on both sides", "its second-class ship, called the small sea loach ship, uses only twelve water wheels on both sides". This is obviously based on the cars and boats widely used in the Southern Song Dynasty. However, according to the historical data about Yang Mo, the car ship is different from the sea loach ship, and the latter is a light and small warship. The ship uses two side wingwheels to drive the water, which is the original propeller thruster. Since the Fall of the Song Dynasty, cars and boats have not been widely used, and then disappeared, although the Ming Dynasty still has the "wheel ship" map passed down.

14. Place Names: The beginning of the novel says that Zhao Kuangyin "beat four hundred military states with the surname of Zhao", and the seventy-second time said that Kaifeng was "the land where four hundred military states radiated together". In the past, only the Song Dynasty had a first-level administrative division of prefectures, prefectures, military, and supervisors, and there were counties under it. The so-called approximation of the four hundred military states is in line with historical facts. The place names of the novel are also quite mixed, including the Song, Yuan, and Ming dynasties. For example, the Thirty-ninth Wuwei Army is a place name of the Song Dynasty, but it is inaccurate to say that it is across the river from Jiangzhou. The forty-sixth Gaotang Prefecture is a place name of the Yuan Dynasty, and the thirty-third Qingzhou Prefecture is a place name of the Ming Dynasty. However, there are no administrative divisions at the provincial level in the novel.

In general, "Water Margin" does preserve a lot of the Song Dynasty's famous objects system, if it is compared with the Song Dynasty script, the Song dialect book in "Three Words" and "Second Beat", its storytelling style, and its narrative system of famous objects are similar. Of course, such Song chinese scripts also left traces of processing and tampering by later generations. For example, at the end of "Shen Bird's Thrush", the "Duchayuan" of the Ming Dynasty actually appeared. "Water Margin" describes the system of famous objects in the Song Dynasty, although there are many subtleties that cannot be traced by yuan or Ming people, but there are also many inaccuracies. For example, in the fifty-fifth time, Han Tao was the "Chen Zhou Regiment Training Envoy", and Peng Xuan was the "Yingzhou Regiment Training Envoy", and led the people and horses of the whole prefecture into Liangshan. According to the Song Dynasty, the regimental training envoys were only warriors with false titles, and did not serve as officials and commanders in the prefecture, and since the Jin Dynasty, the official names of the regimental training envoys were revoked. However, according to the classification of song dynasty states, these two states belong to Jiedu Prefecture, and their military attachés should not be regimental training envoys, but should be Jiedu envoys, chengxuan envoys, and observation envoys, named Zhen'an Army Jiedushi envoys and Shunchang military jiedushi envoys, and the envoys also use two military names, while the observation envoys use two state names. Therefore, such problems are nothing more than the tampering of posterity, and the second is that the posthumous creation is inaccurate. It is not difficult to understand the truth if one looks at the historical dramas created by today's people, or even the TV dramas that trace the first half of the last century, and there are countless distorted plots.