Feng Yurong
Xu Chunfu, a xin'an Qimen physician who lived during the Jiawan period of the Ming Dynasty, once wrote in the "Annals of the Anther Garden" that when the scholar's family planted flowers, miscellaneous planting medicines, warehouse pawns can save people, such as sunflowers can give birth to diarrhea, chrysanthemums can clear the eyes, poppies can stop diarrhea, and hibiscus can disinfect and collapse. The anthers planted can be used to clean up and donate, benefiting others and benefiting people without expense. In the Ming Dynasty, Jiangnan gentry and wealthy merchants set up gardens to enjoy the flowers and elegant collections, which became a common practice. The flowers and trees placed are not only Meilan, but also often mixed with medicinal herbs, and the needs of daily medication. Many doctors are also elegant, and also plant anthers, or specialize in medicine gardens.
Xu Chunfu also specially painted a "Anther Garden Map":
Xu Chunfu 《Anther Garden Map》
There are miscellaneous tree pavilions in the picture, and the flowers outside the pavilion are mixed. Unlike the general garden drawings, the scribes in the garden are painted as the image of the medicine servants carrying the medicine basket, and the healers are emphasized to practice medicine, and they have not forgotten the joy of the forest. The sleeping bed and several cases are displayed with pens, ink, paper, and stones, and are decorated with daily necessities such as tea sets and incense burners. Different from the image of the suzu doctor who was dirty and dirty and went to the deep mountains to collect medicine, the owner of the pavilion swam on several beds, and the boy returned from collecting medicine, without hiking, in the court. The picture conveys the secluded mood of lying on the bed, surrounded by flowers and bamboo, and elegant and pleasant.
However, a review of Xu Chunfu's works and related historical materials did not reveal the specific circumstances of his construction of an anther garden. Whether this garden really exists is still in doubt. But the way of drawing as a scene is in line with the habit of drawing Ji Sheng in the Ming Dynasty anthologies. After the middle of the Ming Dynasty, garden painting gradually became popular, and the Painters of the Wu School in Jiangnan, who attached great importance to the elegance of the literati, circulated many noteworthy paintings. In the Ming Dynasty collection, there are more than 100 poetic works directly inscribed or inscribed with garden pictures. "Anther Garden" is illustrated and textual, constructing an idealized anther garden. Whether the painting is true or not, it expresses the writer's admiration for the living space of the anther garden. The "medicine garden" is the way for healers to cultivate leisure and leisure in their daily lives, and the basis for the transformation of their state of mind. The doctor's cultivation and appreciation of anther herbs, their elegance and beautification, means that they are the same as the taste of life such as tea tasting and meditation, all of which are created in this aesthetic atmosphere. The anther garden dissolves the shackles of the doctor's daily medical treatment, so that it can wander in the flowers and trees, because of the galloping of imagination, as far as the eye can see, can be intoxicated, the spiritual life of the doctor is self-sufficient without pretense, in the ordinary "daily" life to find a quiet and elegant place, leisurely and self-satisfied feelings spontaneously. Although the healer did not have more energy to devote to the landscape, it was precisely because of the good looks that he was able to sneak around and "deviate from the heart". Although the healer is regarded as one of the best of the world, because of his inner wealth, paradise is everywhere, and he is not allowed to be a Confucian.
1. Anther Garden: The principle of life on the top, the play of the eyes and ears below
Herb and wood anthers, which are natural, their appearance and medicinal properties have been gradually clarified through the selection of successive generations. Or a poem contained therein, or recorded in a medical book. As for the anther garden, early literature is rare. Fan Ye's "Leyou Yingzhao Poem" wrote that "the reverence returns to the chaoque, and the emptiness is in Chuancen", and the Leyouyuan was built in Jiankang (present-day Nanjing) to cover the south of Zhoushan, jin as a medicine garden, and renovated during the Southern Song Dynasty and changed to Leyouyuan, this poem was written by Fan Ye Amusement Garden under the command of the edict. After the Sui and Tang dynasties, the record of setting up a medicine garden in the imperial family gradually increased. The Sui Dynasty royal family set up a special medicine garden, and the Taichang Temple was unified by the Tai medical bureau Ling and Cheng, and set up a special position as a medicine garden master. Tang Chengsui system, in Chang'an, selected three acres of good land to set up a medicinal garden, set up a medicinal garden master to plant and harvest various medicines at the time. Select people who are more than sixteen and under 20 to fill the medicinal garden students, and after the completion of the industry, the tonic gardener. The Royal Family of the Song Dynasty also set up a medicine gardener, which is not simply planting anthers, but practical medicinal materials, mainly to meet the royal family's medicine, to avoid the authenticity of the medicine of the city.
As can be seen from the Sui and Tang poems, the planting of medicinal gardens is not limited to the royal family, and the dignitaries and dignitaries have gradually become popular in planting medicinal herbs for gardens and flower appreciation. "The spring garden is all over, and the green vines are mixed with red. Unique deep mountain guest, when to identify the name of the medicine", the writing is Si Qing Si Jing. Compared with the emphasis on practicality of the royal medicinal garden, the official eunuch house seems to be more than playful.
The anther garden described in detail in the extant literature is the anther garden of Chongwenguan Li School Book, which grows medicine around the shore outside the dormitory gate. Looking at the scenery, "MiaoXia is wrong, the onion cage smoke cloth; the dense leaf layer is misty, the virtual root is not shaken; the pearl is dewy, the golden light is burning; and then the flowers are five colors, the color belt is light, the shade of the color is light, the incense is near and far, the color is splendid, cool as Zhilan, the movement is attacking, and the quiet is dazzling"; for its use, "if the upper seedlings are edible, the lower body is both harvested; the seeds are into the rice, and the miscellaneous pupa is mixed." It is both sweet and cold, but also warm and hot; the habit is removed without passing it on, and the wind heals and knows"; in the middle of the swim, "the wind is born of white apples, the sun reflects Danpu, and the shawl is draped, then the flowers fly in the mirror", "the principle of life on the top, the play of the eyes and ears". Both beautiful and practical, living in the middle, self-cultivation, self-enjoyment. In its narrative, we can not only see a very rich knowledge of anthocyanculture, but also reflect an aesthetic mood that revels in nature and is detached from the world.
The official medicine garden is large-scale and has a wide range of categories, which corresponds to the beauty of the palace and the victory of the garden. Literati and scholars planted their own medicinal gardens, but did not seek grand view, but only the pleasure of reading and appreciating flowers, and they were at ease and self-sufficiency. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhong Xuan did not indulge in fame and fortune, let loose fishing and fishing rooms, built a room in Meili, lived in many herbs, called himself a medicine garden, and lived in seclusion for twenty years. Fan Chengda, the governor of the government, and others tried to recommend it to the dynasty, but did not report it, and died at the age of fifty-two. There are medicinal gardens in the mountain records, continued Kong Bai Ti, since the Qin and Han Dynasties Zhong Dingqi characters hidden at home. When people read books and cultivate their own nature, they often display "several cases of book anthers" as "the dwellers of the hidden people". Until the end of the Yuan Dynasty, the medicine garden was still a symptom of the elegance of the mountain people, "The People of Dongjiao Mountain do not leave the village, and the descendants of Gaoshi of Nanzhou are descendants." Ten years of dreaming of ants, the four walls are only marked with berry moss. Matsubu nu luo supplement hut, the introduction of milk spring pouring garden. Don't come to the house beam moon a few degrees, the color seems to be clear and warm." In addition, the medicine garden is also a place for Taoist monks to cultivate and prolong their lives. Taishan Medicine Garden is in the southeast of Yue, and there is a land of cultivation and cultivation here. The appreciation of the medicinal garden is linked to daily life, and also reflects the personality and interest of the owner of the medicinal garden.
Among the literati, the most famous medicine is the Southern Song Dynasty's Great Confucian Xie Ling. Xie Ling's father, Xie Kejia, served as a suffragan during the Shaoxing period. In the eighth year of Shaoxing (1138), after Qin Ju resumed his appearance, Xie Ling resigned and lived in seclusion in Huangyan, Taizhou, Zhejiang. "He did not dare to live near the prefecture and county, and did not dare to eat enough meat", so he set up a garden in a remote place, "thinking that all the herbs and trees were medicines, and the total name was called the medicine garden". Xie Ling was obviously proficient in floral pharmacology, and it is not an exaggeration to call himself a pharmacist. Its garden is planted with medicinal herbs such as zhi, shu, huangjing, coix and so on. The medicine garden provided a world for his friends to sing and sing, and he imitated the model of the White Lotus Society such as Lushan Huiyuan and sang harmony with Zeng Wei and other scholars, "Red Medicine High ChantIng Su Xiao Xie, White Lotus Victory Society's Relics". The garden is not in the big, Hongru comes and goes, and the name moves shilin. When Zhu Xi was young, he wrote two poems specifically for Xie Ling's medicine garden, one of which was: "Xie Gong planted a medicinal land, and a green mountain." The green mountains are not in the crowd, and the anthers are also fragile. One summons the breath, and the three scatter the sinking. Mr. Tang is fine, and he lives in heaven and harmony. The old wood is a hundred years old, and the opposite side Saga. How about holding this offering day and night, and not being happy to recover? The second is: "The little Confucian teacher's training is confused and lost; the first is madness, and the road is empty." Quite heard of Higashiyama Garden, Shiba Tsuki Takaoka; the deafness is not cured, and the effect is in a probe. Pray to the medicine gardener again, why is it anointed? Xie Ling was one of the four gentlemen of Cheng Men, the grandson of Xie Liangzuo of the Shangcai School, and Zhu Xi's father Zhu Song had also been recommended by Xie Ling's father, Xie Ke's family. Xie Ling planted medicine for self-cultivation, lived in a stable place, and stayed away from the officialdom, but his character and learning were still far away from Shilin. After Zhu Xi met Xie Ling, he realized that his heart was confused and his deafness was cured. On the road of Zhu Xi's pursuit of learning, Xie Ling's way of dealing with the world obviously had a great influence on him. Zhu Xi claimed to be trained by Xiao Ru, and his admiration for the medicine gardener was overflowing with words.
By the Ming Dynasty, Jiangnan's economy was prosperous, and dignitaries, rich merchants, and literati and inkers competed to build gardens, "so all the families are tired of thousands of dollars, and the walls and houses are slightly ruled, and they must rule a garden." The water network is dense, the products are luxuriant, the natural conditions are suitable for the growth of plants and flowers, and there are many species for the garden to choose. Scholars and doctors "do not put the countryside, put the garden", only have a gap, they plant flowers and bamboo, do not camp a courtyard, the terrace flowers and trees, camp planting gardens, has become an aesthetic trend and life interest of the scholars. King Xiaodeng of Cheung Chau (1535-1612) tasted the scenery of the garden in the "Jichang Garden", saying that the victory of the garden was "the most in the spring, followed by the stone, the second bamboo anther fruit and vegetable, and the second time the church Xie LouTai pond". The spring stone tower is victorious in the creation of space, and the fresh and flexible movement of the garden is in the flowers, trees, fruits and vegetables, and anthers are also indispensable and important elements of the garden. After the political frustration of Taicang Wang Shizhen (1526-1590), he spent more than 20 years in his later years in the Yishan Garden, which became his place of seclusion and pleasure. The "Records of the Garden of The Mountain" contains bamboo and wood herb herbs and the like, can not be counted, the garden of the mountain should be flowers, months, snow, rain, wind, summer, live in seclusion, do not need to travel, you can enjoy the scenery of the four seasons. Suzhou Wen Zhenmeng (1574-1636) was once named The Drunken Yingtang of the Yuan Dynasty, which was specially renamed the Medicine Garden, which was later purchased by Jiang Xi during the Shunzhi Period and wrote the "Yipu Record", "The secluded firewood door is quiet, the cold trees are late, the medicine bar is added everywhere, and the willow branches are planted on the shore". The garden was later renamed the Art Garden, which remains today.
Garden appreciation has become an obvious social trend, developed into a unique and elegant form of life, and evolved into a special social and cultural phenomenon. Flowers, trees, fruits and vegetables are not only elements to create a garden space, but also an object of appreciation and chanting. Although the anther is not the mainstream, whether it is a miscellaneous plant or a franchise, it reflects a unique life mood.
Second, clear play and donate
According to the observation of existing literature, before the Ming Dynasty, the medicinal gardens were mostly set up by the royal family, gentry and scribes, and although the anther garden had medicinal value, it was like a garden and a garden, with exquisite workmanship and elegance. In the Ming Dynasty, Jiangnan physicians were multi-directional to Confucianism, and paid attention to the integration of medical Taoism and Confucianism in life and aesthetics. The records of the healer's cultivation of medicinal gardens are gradually scattered in the poems, and the identity of the farmer can also be glimpsed and analyzed.
In the Ming Dynasty, more medical officers from the Tai Hospital were in Jiangnan, especially in the early Ming Dynasty, Zhu Zhenheng's disciple Jinhua Dai Sigong Ming Taizu took over the Tai Hospital, and his re-disciple Wu Jiang Shengyin was favored by Emperor Taizong and Xuanzong, and the Jiangnan court physician Sheng Ji I. Gu Hao was a doctor during the Xuande period, and after retiring, he was no different from an ordinary squire, building a garden at home and raising a good life. The South Garden Caotang was built, in the west of Hejiaqiao. Vegetables and medicines are planted in the garden, spring flowers are rotten, and autumn fruits are separated. For example, Xie Lingyun's Luyuan Garden, in the South Garden, is far away from the city, can cure the diseases of the world, and can also collect medicines and laugh and talk with the sages. The difference is that Gu Yuan also stores herbs, relieves the poor and the sick, eats hunger, engraves medical prescriptions, repairs medical books, and benefits the people. The Ming court's increasing disregard for medical relief and education gradually compensated for this shortcoming by the medical aid undertakings presided over by the people, and the crisis in medicine, especially the increasingly frequent plague, was often made up of xiangxian as philanthropists, working for the benefit of their hometown. As a retired doctor, Gu Hao should have a certain economic strength to build a garden, give full play to his doctor's strengths, store herbs, and save the hungry and the poor. Shi Ren deliberately emphasized Gu Yuan's elegant demeanor in his garden notes, and he was enlightened and outstanding, hunting the history of scriptures, playing the piano and writing bamboo, and having a voice in the gentry. His ambition is not only to raise a paralysis in the garden, but also to have the ambition of Fan Zhongyun, hoping to "push people with the worries of the body".
Similar healers' medicine gardens have been documented many times. In Huang Zhongzhao (1435-1508), "Title Feng Yishi Medicine Garden Humorous Volume and Lu Xiu's Writing of Mr. Dingyi's Rhyme", the scenery of Feng Yishi's Medicine Garden is described: "Several acres of secluded residences are deep and deep, and they walk all the way into the cloud forest. The opening of the park is particularly close to the foothills of the green mountains, and the water is diverted from the Bijian Xun. The city is far from hearing of the customary driving, and the heart is idle and dreams. The edge of the fence with rain moves the chrysanthemum, and the ridge is hoeed on the cloud to plant the stem late. The old planted apricot forest has many fruits, and the new cultivated orange trees have gradually become yin. The fragrance swirls around the house, and the green shadow turns over the steps of the Moon. The effect seemed to be able to be recreated, and Dao Gui was already groaning. But let the dry yang turn in the spring, willing to be invaded by ordinary worldly interests. The medical country is not special Qin slow hand, and the time is still in favor of Ge Hongxin. Laughing at the common disease is a few habits, and wants to borrow Xianyuan to wash his hands. "The medicine garden not only has a fresh and natural scenery, but also has the effect of creating a time. The medicine garden contained in the "Jiashan County Chronicle" is one of the eight scenes of Ming Yuan Ren's home in the south of Jiashan City. Yuan Ren is proficient in medicine, planting more than 30 kinds of herbs in the garden, and has the sentence "Infinite living will, with the moon to cultivate the plough". Yuan's Medicine Garden has a unique scenery and also attracts high friends to be full of seats. In the morning and evening, he gathered with his good friends and friends, and sang poems and sang, "Kezhi gave poetry to the wine, commented on the flowers and the moon, and Tao Ran had the fun of forgetting the world." "Yuan's medicine garden has both the victory of the garden and the flowing fragrance of medicine, and the literati and scholars gather, singing and in between. If combined with the family history of yuan's abandonment of Confucianism to practice medicine, it may be the revival grandeur that his descendants sought. At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, the family was rich in wealth, and when they were implicated in the "Change of Jing Difficulty", they were robbed of their homes, Yuan Shun and subsequent generations were banned from participating in the imperial examination, in order to survive, the descendants of the Yuan family chose to practice medicine, although the medicine was "untouchable", but "you can hide, you can obscure, you can help people, you can raise relatives". The so-called "choose the art in the art, only the doctor is close to benevolence, the xi can be born and support the family, and can benefit and help the people." The Yuan family had to be admitted to the doctor by Confucianism, seeking a peaceful life, and passed down for four generations. When yuan huang arrived, he finally changed his life successfully and returned to his career. After Yuan Huang, the descendants basically abandoned medicine and returned to Confucianism, and there were no longer practitioners. Yuan's rich family capital, building gardens, planting medicine gardens, meeting good friends, life intentions have the meaning of transcending reality. Through this elitist culture of appreciation, the Yuan family is separated from ordinary healers and maintains the identity of its cultural family.
Xu Chunfu's design and imagination of the anther garden mentioned at the beginning of the article fully reflects the elegant taste and cultural thinking of Confucian doctors in the anther garden. The "Anther Garden" is included in Xu Chunfu's compilation of the "Encyclopedia of Ancient and Modern Medical Unification", which is highly praised by the famous Gong Juqing, "The similarities and differences of a hundred families, the right pulse of Xuanqi, although it is said that there is no medicine outside this book." Xi Zhongni gathered the great achievements of the saints, Zhu Zi gathered the great achievements of the Confucians, and if Xu Jun could also be said to be the great achievements of the collection of doctors." Xu Chunfu learned Confucianism at an early age and attacked the sub-industry. When he was about twenty years old, he studied medicine with the famous doctor Wang Eunuch. In the thirty-seventh year of Jiajing (1559), he became the "official of the Tai Doctor" and began to serve as the official of the Tai Hospital. During this period, he successively compiled the "Encyclopedia of Ancient and Modern Medical Unification", and at the same time compiled the "Six Books of Medical Shortcuts", and established the "One Body Hall House Ren Medical Association". The Encyclopedia of Ancient and Modern Medical Integration is a large-scale comprehensive medical encyclopedia integrating medical classics, prescription medicine, Materia Medica, and popular science knowledge. The book is 100 volumes, of which "General Directions" records some of the scriptures, prescriptions and common sense of life that are closely related to daily life, and the "Anther Garden" selects more than 30 kinds of commonly used household flowers and plants that are easy to plant and easy to plant: perilla, Xuanhua, Jade Hairpin Flower, Sunflower, Chrysanthemum, Hibiscus Flower, Poppy Flower, Lily Flower, Hundred Parts, Grass Cassia, Cumin, Cumin, Sichuan Root, Wormwood, Zelan Leaf, Tiger Palm Grass, Fireweed, Ground Skin Grass, Lotus, Thousand Petal Pomegranate Flower, Purple Wei Flower, Cockscomb Flower, Stone Calamus, Brassica, Wolfberry, White Lentils, Yellow essence, Shanglu, ground yellow, ginger, potato, beef knee. These flowers and plants have both ornamental value and medicinal value, integrating courtyard economy and health care in one, with unique characteristics. Thousand-petal pomegranate flower "home-planted, the most suitable for play, there is a bright eye auspicious, worn on the fifth day of May, one year old without the disease of dark eyes", "its petals plug the nose to stop the cockroach"; Xuanhua "with its roots grind vinegar, immediately stop heartache, young leaves can be used as vegetable food, chest diaphragm, dispel stuffiness"; jade hairpin flower "its root mash juice, swallow into the throat, cure bone choking"; hibiscus flower "its leaves are freshly pounded, apply gold sores and swollen poison, instantly dissipated"; poppy flower "chestnut or shell scattered, or into the soup, stop long-term diarrhea, its effect is like a god"; cautious fire grass "will be rotten stems and leaves, apply fire Dan, red you, Fire rash is extremely effective"; Sichuan root "leaf name mushroom, fragrant and lovely. The "Anther Garden" also lists the functions that are closely related to daily life, such as: hundreds of "take its juice and raccoon clothes, natural white, better use soap horn alkali water, etc., still do not have lice is better"; Zelan leaf "hair is blazing, there is this grass can be solved"; ground skin grass "after frost leaf tone, branches can be broom"; brassica "ancient people used to collect books, do not grow silverfish" and so on. The Anther Garden not only describes Xu Chunfu's design of the anther garden, but also a concise guide to the cultivation, production and use of anthers.
In general, in front of the house and behind the house, planting medicine and planting flowers can be embellished. However, if the medicine garden is built, the cost is huge, and it is not ordinary for ordinary people to set up. If it has a scale, the output of the medicine garden can also enter the market, which has better economic value. In the "Dream of the Red Chamber" Grand View Garden, there are many kinds of trees and vines, strange flowers and grasses. But the cost is not cheap, "the first year of the provincial relatives to build a garden, you calculate how much the bet spent, you will know." If you go back to your relatives again in two years, you will be poor." Garden miscellaneous medicines can slightly reduce the cost of garden operations. In the 56th time of "Dream of the Red Chamber", Li Feng busily laughed: "There are more interests in the Garden, and now the spice shops and the spices and herbs sold in the big city and the big temple are not these things, and they are greater than other interests." Yihong Courtyard don't say anything else, just say the roses in the spring and summer, how many flowers are in total, and there are roses, moon seasons, treasure phases, and gold and silver vines on a hedge: this single grass flower that does not matter, dried and sold to the tea shop, the medicine shop, is also worth a few dollars. The "cold incense pills" that Xue Baochao has taken since childhood are synthesized from four famous flowers, such as white peony, white lotus, white hibiscus, and white plum. However, even Jia Fu is difficult to support the operation of Daguanyuan. Yu Yingshi once pointed out that Cao Xueqin created two contrasting worlds in the dream of the Red Chamber, the world of utopia and the world of reality, that is, the world of Daguanyuan and the world outside Daguanyuan. Kruger believes that gardens are interesting because they are not confined to a single field, they are not only expensive real estate, but also artificial products with architectural and aesthetic significance. Xu Chunpu's painting of the anther garden just expresses the imaginary picture of a Confucian doctor blending ideals and reality.
3. Physical properties and flowers
Anthers are gardens, and planting medicinal flowers is an extension of the literati's elegance, and it is also a garden for healers to adapt. However, the appreciation of literati and the analysis of healers are both related and different.
Historically, literati poetry, flowers blossoming and falling, is an enduring theme. Ming and Qing scribes appreciated flowers, multiple colors of their flowers, staggered landscapes, from the scenery into the eyes into the heart, into the painting into the poem. Wen Zhenheng's "Chronicles of Long Things" is divided into twelve categories: rooms, flowers, trees, water stones, poultry and fish, calligraphy and painting, several beds, utensils, positions, clothing, boats and carts, vegetables and fruits, and fragrant tea. Wen Zhenheng was the great-grandson of Wen Zhengming (1470-1559), and the Wen family was a master gardener for generations, and Wen Zhengming participated in the design of the Humble Administrator's Garden and the Zizhi Garden. Wen Zhenheng also built a medicinal garden vanilla for himself, and his "Flowers and Trees" section is a discussion of his garden life experience and gardening practice. The "idle things in the world, in the body of a long thing", that is, the non-essential items in daily life, not to meet the basic survival needs such as food, clothing, shelter and transportation, but to express a unique taste. "When Wu Zhongju is in full bloom, the good deeds will take hundreds of copies, five colors, high and low, for enjoyment, and this is to exaggerate the rich and noble." If you can really appreciate the flowers, you will look for a different species, plant one branch and two branches with an ancient pot, the stem is straight and beautiful, the leaves are dense and fat, and when the flowers are hairy, they will be placed in a few beds, sitting and playing, for the sake of the temperament of the flowers. "The flowers and trees of daily life are full of aesthetic interest. The reward of flowers and trees is in contrast to the literati's utensils. In the late Ming Dynasty, a large number of essays on playing with flowers and trees emerged, in addition to the "Chronicle of Long Things", there were also Gao Lian's "Eight Notes on Zunsheng", Tu Long (1543-1605) "Examination of the Remaining Matters", Yuan Hongdao's (1568-1610) "History of Bottles" and so on.
Wen Zhengming's "Huai Yu Pavilion"
Literati appreciate flowers and are accustomed to distinguishing between elegance and custom. In the "Flower Classic", Zhang Yi divided 71 kinds of flowers and trees into grades, from "one pin and nine lives" to "nine pins and one life", a total of nine pins and nine lives. The theory of nine pins and nine lives compares flowers with worldly names, and flowers are like people, which are also divided into three, six, nine, and so on. The Ming Dynasty Gao Lian's "Eight Notes on Zunsheng" divides the flowers into three products, which are similar. Superior high-quality, Ruoyoulan, Jianlan, Huilan, Zhulan, Baishan dan, Huangshan dan, scissors Qiuluo and other more than thirty kinds, "the color is leisurely, the abundance of elegant and light, can be a pot rack high jai, the Japanese communist piano book appreciator also." In the middle of the wonderful products, such as lilies, five-colored sunflowers, white chicken crowns, dwarf chicken crowns, sprinkled golden phoenix fairy flowers, four-sided lotuses, spring flowers, golden finches, frangipani, alum, red sandalwood, white flowers and other nearly 80 kinds, "fragrant and colorful, rich in half." To all fences sill spring wind, a total of four times to put on the makeup of the person also." The next products, such as hypericum, drum flowers, autumn peonies, tangled peony, four seasons of small white flowers and other more than 30 kinds, "lead hua coarse, posture is not idle, placed in the hedge to the head of the pool, can fill the flower forest lack of people also." The division of flowers, mainly based on color, materiality and preference, is a very subjective judgment. Even if the same flower, according to its color, shape, different types are also ranked in different grades. All kinds of medicinal herbs are included in the inferior utensils, and the evaluation is not high.
The scribes appreciate the flowers and pay more attention to the perception, and the healers plant anthers and pay more attention to their physical properties themselves. Xu Chunfu's "Anther Garden" mentions that white lentils "take water to soak the beans before the Qingming Dynasty, and plant them in the soil under the sprouts. Cooking to stop diarrhea and stomach, flowers decoction soup, dissolve the sudostens"; lilies "spring roots, the big ones to beat the petals, five inches of a family of species. First dig five or six inches deep, take a layer of chicken manure, add soil next, and then put it on the soil with petals and cover it. In February and March, hoe it, irrigate the dung, and for more than two years it is as big as a cup, cook it, and replenish people." He also specially put forward six points for planting chrysanthemums: First, they should raise their furrows and widen their furrows; third, they should cure their seedlings, erect their branches with small bamboo, and tie them wide with grass, so that their stems would not bend; fourth, they should cultivate dry soil for a long period of rain to prevent their roots from rotting; fifth, they should cut down their branches to plant the right roots; sixth, they should irrigate their roots with clean water; and then they should be watered with manure to thicken their roots.
The medicinal flowers contained in the "Anther Garden" are also partially included in the "Chronicle of Long Things" and the "Three Pins of Gaozi Grass Flowers", but most of them are difficult to list in the upper grade, and even some of the cultivation of medicines is regarded as a bad custom by elegant people. The Chronicle of The Long Things talks about "the flavor of the bean shed vegetable garden mountain family, which is not evil, but it will be counted in a gap, not a district." If the court is not planted, it is not a rhyme, and there are more stone bricks and wooden pillars that bind the whole body, and the more they enter the evil path. "The Chronicle of Long Things" also puts forward six methods of two prevention for planting chrysanthemums: that is, fetal rearing, soil suitable, support, rain, repair, irrigation, insect control, and when the finches are made, they will come to pick leaves. But it is also said that such planting is "well known to the gardener, and not from my generation.". Flowers bloom in all colors, things have their own uses, and the scribes and healers have their own emphasis.
The Orthodox did not take the vassals of other classes to be elegant. Fan Lian, a Songjiang scholar, once attacked the world style: "Soap is fast and occasionally stops, that is, a whole nap, with wooden planks, pots and fish in the courtyard, and the inner columns are dusty, and it is called a study, and I don't know what books Soap fast reads?" Wu Renshu pointed out that the large number of garden buildings that have appeared since the late Ming Dynasty is actually a product of social customs, in order to boast of identity, show off wealth and achievements. From the "Garden Record" and the writing of related garden texts, it can be seen that through the literary and artistic activities held in the garden, or the decoration, collection and display of the garden, they try to build their ideal "literati garden". However, for the imitators, it is actually the expectation of their inner cultural and social identity. Since the middle of the Ming Dynasty, along with the difficulties of the rise of the imperial examination, there have been many scholars in society who have accumulated at the grass-roots level, who have entered the medical treatment with Confucianism, but they are elegant in the style of Confucians. In the portrait of the healer, "his appearance is pure, his heart is benevolent, and he is good at Confucianism" has become the ideal image respected by the healers at that time. The imagination of the doctor's visit to the anther garden in "Anther Garden" actually conveys the doctor's yearning for a delicate and elegant and artistic way of daily life.
However, in the middle and late Ming Dynasty, the publication of a large number of daily books and the classification and collation of various types of knowledge also promoted the convergence of appreciation culture and medicinal knowledge, and the flower spectrum contained in Wang Xiangjin's "Erruting Qunfang Spectrum" had both planting, production, healing, allusions, and algae, and the period of "sharing with comrades, with pleasant feelings, with breeding, with fu wealth and thick people's livelihood." That is, I dare not say that I adjust the two qi, and I have everything, and I am born in the heavens and the earth, and it may not be without small supplements. ”。 The "Left Edition of the History of Flowers" written by Jiaxing Wang Lu is divided into the products of flowers, the sending of flowers, the names of flowers, the discernment of flowers, the waiting of flowers, the beauty of flowers, the demons of flowers, the appropriateness of flowers, the love of flowers, the taste of flowers, the glory of flowers, the humiliation of flowers, the taboo of flowers, the luck of flowers, the dreams of flowers, the things of flowers, the people of flowers, the evidence of flowers, the jealousy of flowers, the vultures of flowers, the medicine of flowers, the poison of flowers, the resemblance of flowers, the changes of flowers, the friends of flowers, the dust of flowers, and the utensils of flowers. Under the atmosphere of knowledge exposition, the discussion of flowers also combines materiality and character.
Healers actively participate in the appreciation of anthers, trying to share the literati culture, especially those who enter the doctor with Confucianism, and thus use it to pin their minds and bodies. The literati distinguished themselves from other classes, but the anther garden also provided a place for the scholars to enjoy. Flowers and medicine, Confucianism and medicine, and the construction and appreciation of the anther garden also reflect the delicate relationship between Confucianism and medicine.
epilogue
In the Ming Dynasty, with the prosperity of jiangnan gardens and the rise of gardening, flower production technology and flower market were greatly improved, and flower planting became an important industry. Scholars and rich people have an unprecedented interest in the appreciation and pursuit of flowers, and the festival of flower viewing and flower gathering has become an important leisure activity for the upper class of Jiangnan. This trend also spread to the group of healers, who not only planted anthers and set up medicinal gardens, but also gathered friends and gathered to draw Ji Sheng.
The anther garden uses medicine as a flower and flowers into medicine, and its physical properties and flowers are both cherished by Confucian doctors and chanted by literati. The garden planting of anthers reflects the popularization of pharmaceutical knowledge and the daily application of anthers. Although the anther garden set up by Confucian medicine is difficult to compare with the famous garden in Jiangnan in terms of scale and ingenuity, it is more important in terms of physical pharmacology and emphasizes the integration of aesthetics and practicality, which is interesting. Xu Chunpu specializes in anthers in medical books, although it is related to his appreciation of anthers, but it is also in line with this trend.
The doctor's appreciation of anthers and the same as the literati's appreciation of flowers and trees are the outward manifestations of their cultural identity and professional identity. At the same time, it echoes with the style of the scholar's garden, showing the recognition of the Confucian style of medical taoism and the creation of a living mood. The anther garden lies quietly, abandoning the rough atmosphere of deep mountains and old forests and stomping and toiling, showing the unique style of the healer's elegance and purity. Planting flowers and planting medicines, one is clear to play, the second is to donate, benefit without cost, and help people and goods. The doctor's play with anthers and the Confucians' incense burning and boiling tea, painting in the post, appreciating the ancients and other literati's leisure and appreciation of life items are juxtaposed, becoming the key points of the doctor's aesthetic life management. In the square world of the anther garden, the healer has both the elegance of Confucianism and the identity of the healer, which not only brings the pleasure of the soul, but also helps to discern the pharmacology and contribute to livelihood. Anthers entering the market are also a daily commodity with both pharmacology and aesthetics. Flowers are inevitably different for flowers, and flowers are used for medicine. Compared with the literati's elegant taste of flowers, it is more practical and fair.
In her study of Tokugawa-era Japan, Hideko Ikegami pointed out that the mature market network and the product of the vigorous publishing industry contributed to the social space formed by cross-class and cross-regional networks, and proposed the concept of so-called "aesthetic networks", which were maintained by the ability to follow established and elegant etiquette, and to appreciate beautiful poetry and art. In the 16th and 18th centuries, not only in Ming and Qing China, but also in Asia and even Europe, the great richness of commodity exchanges and the aesthetic taste of social elegance also promoted the prosperity of flower gardens. In the construction and dissemination of anther knowledge, Confucianism plays an important role. Confucian medicine enriched the fashion and medicinal value of anther aesthetics through the writing of anthers and the drawing of plantations. The anther garden of Confucian medicine not only gives itself a different world, but also integrates practical pharmacology, medicinal fragrance and poetic conception, which also reflects the socialization and daily meaning of medical aesthetics to a certain extent.
[This paper is the phased result of the National Social Science Foundation's general project "Research on Confucian Medicine in the Ming and Qing Dynasties" (16BZS052).] The paper was first published in Shi Lin, No. 6, 2020, and the author rewrote the original text, and The Paper was authorized to publish it. ]
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