The inheritance and connotation of stone appreciation culture - the stone appreciation culture of the Qing Dynasty
Original: Wen Yong Chinese Bonsai Stone Viewing
In 1616, the Jurchen leader Nurhaci established Houjin. In 1636, Emperor Taiji changed the name of the country to Qing and changed the Jurchens to Manchus. In 1644, Shunzhi entered the customs and set the capital at Beijing, gradually unifying the country. Qing Dynasty Fan 267 years.
The Qing Dynasty and the Yuan Dynasty were both ethnic minorities who entered the Central Plains, and in comparison, the emperors of the Qing Dynasty paid more attention to culture, and the degree of Sinicization was quite high. The diligent administration of the emperors of the Qing Dynasty is in stark contrast to the sabotage of the late Ming emperors. In the Qing Dynasty, stone appreciation developed from the court and the folk, forming a new style.
Royal stone viewing culture
The Manchu Qing Dynasty entered China, after the Shunzhi and the early Kangxi Dynasty, the regime was basically stable, the economy began to prosper, the court attached great importance to the culture of the Han people, and the appreciation and collection of stone appreciation art also developed rapidly.
(1) Pine blossom stone, a national treasure of the Qing Dynasty
The Chinese literati Yan began in the years of Tang Wude (Tang Gaozu Era), and was carried forward by the literati of the Song Dynasty, and the four famous Yans of Duan, She, Tao and Red Silk were first determined. These famous stones have the characteristics of moderate softness and hardness, smoothness does not reject ink, astringency does not lag in the pen, and warmth and delicacy. There are only two examples in The history of Chinese culture are the contributions made by Li Yu, the lord of the Southern Tang Dynasty, to Sheyan; the other is the three emperors of the Great Qing Dynasty, Yong, and Qian, who uprooted the pine flower stone as a royal stone and made it a famous stone for Chinese literati.
Changbai Mountain in the northeast is the land of Longxing of the Qing Dynasty emperors, and the pine flower stone was originally a sharpening stone for the garrison soldiers. In the 30th year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1691), the Kangxi Emperor Xuanye ordered the Internal Affairs Office to set up a pine flower stone stone in the Wuying Hall, specializing in the mining, transportation, design, and production of pine flower stone. From the forty-second year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1704), in order to facilitate supervision, the pine flower stone was made from the Wuying Hall Office to the Yangxin Hall Office. The Yongzheng Dynasty summoned famous craftsmen to the palace and changed the pine blossom stone works from one to two, which further increased the production of pine stone. In the thirty-fifth year of Qianlong (1771), the Qianlong Emperor Hongli personally presided over and ordered the scholar Yu Minzhong to compile the "Western Qing Yan Genealogy", listing the 6-party Kangxi, Yongzheng and his own royal use of pine flower stone as the first of the Yan spectrum, and making a preface: "The pine stone is mixed with the stone mountain by the river, the green is bright and delicate, and the quality is beautiful. "The pine flower stone stone is praised as a national treasure of the Great Qing Dynasty.
In addition to being used by the emperor and the imperial family, the imperial pine flower stone is mainly a gift to the meritorious servants, so as to achieve the merit of enveloping and dominating the emperor. The ministers who were blessed with pine flowers and stones were "honored, grateful for their special kindness, and treasured and hidden, thinking that they were treasures for their descendants." The Pine Flower Stone Stone made by the Imperial Qing Dynasty is now mainly collected in the National Palace Museum in Beijing, the National Palace Museum in Taipei, the Japanese Museum, and the folk circulation.
In recent years, pine blossom stone has not only been full of vitality, but also appeared as a new stone appreciation variety. Its form, rich colors, and warm and delicate texture that show the beauty of mountains and rivers all show people endless charm.
(2) The imperial garden during the heyday of the Qing Dynasty
As the king of the prosperous world, the Qianlong Emperor had a high level of Han cultural attainment, especially the landscape. He said in the "Record of Jing yi garden": "The joy of mountains and rivers cannot be forgotten. "The Qianlong Emperor has inspected Jiangnan six times, and his footprints have spread all over the place where the essence of Jiangnan gardens is gathered, and all the gardens that are loved are ordered to accompany the painters to copy and paint the powder books, and bring the pictures to return, as a reference for the construction of the royal gardens." For some important garden buildings and expansions, the Qianlong Emperor had to participate in the planning and show the talent of the connoisseur. The gardens presided over by Qianlong include the Great Inner Imperial Garden, the Imperial Garden of the Imperial Palace, and the Imperial Garden of the Distant Palace.
According to the statistics of the first thirty years of Qianlong, there are more than a dozen new and expanded major large and small royal gardens, covering an area of thousands of hectares, representing a peak in the history of the development of classical gardens in the Middle Garden.
△ Fig. 1 "Green Lotus Flower" Qing Dynasty Taihu Stone hidden in Zhongshan Park
In the royal garden, there are excellent stones from all over the world. In addition to inheriting the ming dynasty relics, the Qing Dynasty Imperial Garden also collected many famous stones from all over the country. Qianlong's southern tour is also very full of strange stones. According to the "Yang ji zhai series", the ruins of the Deshou Palace of the Southern Song Dynasty in Hangzhou have a "furong stone" erection peak left over from the reign of Emperor Gong Zhao Xianxian. Qianlong Southern Tour, "Taste the test is a stone, the great official sui sent the Beijing Division", placed the Yuanmingyuan Langrun Zhai, changed its name to "QinglianDuo" (see Figure 1), and moved to Zhongshan Park during the Republic of China. According to the "Tale of the Garden", "Yangzhou Jiufeng Garden is exquisite, and its highest one is nine, so the famous garden is said to be the old object of Haiyue Nunnery (mi fu's former residence). Emperor Gaozong (Qianlong Temple) toured the south and chose two stones to enter the imperial garden. "The above two stones are the old Taihu stones left behind by the two Song Dynasties.
△ Figure 2 "Qingzhixiu" Qing Dynasty Fangshan Stone hidden in the Summer Palace
△ Figure 3 "Qingyun Piece" Qing Dynasty Fangshan Stone hidden in Zhongshan Park
Qianlong also collected a large number of "North Taihu Lake Stones" in The West Mountains of Beijing. The most famous of these are the "Qingzhixiu" (see Figure 2) and the "Qingyun Tablet" (see Figure 3). These two stones are the "North Taihu Lake Stone" produced in Fangshan, Beijing, and in the last year of the Wanli Calendar, Mi's wanted to transport it to Spoon Garden, and due to changes in the official field, it was stored in Liangxiang. Discovered by Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty, it was transported to the Summer Palace and the Yuanmingyuan respectively. Today, "Qingzhixiu" is still in front of the Summer Palace Leshou Hall, and "Qingyun Tablets" have been placed in Zhongshan Park together with "Qinglianduo" during the Republic of China.
In addition to the Taihu stone, there are still varieties of Lingbi stone, Yingshi, Kunshi, Stalactite, Coral Stone, Wood Fossil, Stalagmite Stone and so on. In addition to shaped stones, there are also categories such as textured stones and picture stones. After being destroyed and lost in many wars in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, there are still more than 100 surviving statues for people to hang and appreciate.
(3) The Qing Dynasty Royal Study Room Appreciation Stone
The aesthetic concept and production techniques of the Qing Dynasty Literary House Qing Play are more perfect. The emperors of the kang, yong, and qian dynasties all had the cultivation and good art, making the study room Qing play the largest ancestral object made by the office. At the same time, the emperor also regarded the Qing dynasty as a tool for ruling the world and educating the world, pushing the appreciation and collection of the Qing Dynasty study room to the peak.
△ Figure 4 Qianlong Autumn Scene Writing Portrait
In the forty-third year of Qianlong (1778), Emperor Gaozong ordered Yu Minzhong, a scholar of the University, to select the Zhuyan collected by the Ministry of Internal Affairs and compile it into the "Western Qing Yan Genealogy". The yanshi are written in the Yan spectrum, with a positive score of 200 squares and an appendix of 40 squares, and a total of 240 stones are included, including various literati stones. In 1997, the National Palace Museum in Taipei treasured the collection of the hospital, and 95 of the stones listed in the original "Western Qing Yan Spectrum" were all taken out, and the "Western Qing Yan Spectrum Ancient Yan Special Exhibition" was held, allowing people to have a glimpse of the ancient Yan style (see Figures 4, 5, 6).
△ Figure 5 Qianlong Imperial Stone
Due to the promotion of Kangqian's prosperity, the literati printing stone also showed a scene of prosperity and glory. In the Qing Dynasty, the Changhua Chicken Blood Stone was crowned by the royal family as the "Queen of Seals" and became famous. Now in the Imperial Seal of "Qianlong Chenhan" of the Palace Museum in Beijing, the height is 15.2cm, the width is 8.5cm square, there are red, black, yellow, white, blue and other colors, with beautiful carving, exquisite and exquisite. The Qing Jiaqing Emperor's "Only A Few Kang" treasure seals are selected from square Chang fossils with chestnut yellow, warm and bright colors, and chicken blood like silk, with a height of 14 cm and a face of 7.1 cm. These two imperial seals, which returned to the Chang fossil production area in 2004 and were exhibited in Lin'an, Zhejiang Province, were once seen by people in Changhua's chicken blood stone hometown, and the grandeur was unprecedented.
△ Figure 6 Qianlong Imperial Seal Stone
In the prosperous era of Kangqian in the Qing Dynasty, Tian Huangshi of Shoushan in Fuzhou was revered as the "Stone Emperor", used for the imperial seal, and was favored for three reasons: one is the auspicious meaning of The Blessed (Zhou) Shou (Mountain) Tian (Huang) Feng; the second is that the pure yellow coincides with the bright yellow color of the imperial power symbol; the third is the warm and good quality, rootless and pure, rare and precious. Puyi, the last emperor of the late Qing Dynasty, once presented the "Tian Huang Three Chain Seal", which is the Qianlong Imperial Treasure, which is now in the Palace Museum in Beijing.
Among the literary stones collected by the emperors of the Qing Dynasty, there are countless small strange stones, Yanshan, Shanzi, Yanping, pen washes, ink beds, paperweights, etc., which play an immeasurable role in promoting the appreciation and collection of Qing Dynasty literary stones, and affect Hui and future generations.
Folk stone viewing culture
The folk stone-viewing culture presented a colorful and prosperous scene until the Qing Dynasty. Literati stone appreciation and royal stone appreciation shine together, forming the final peak and wind color of classical stone appreciation, leaving a new and unique stone appreciation form.
△ Figure 7 Guanyun Peak
(1) Garden stone viewing
The Jiangnan gardens of the Qing Dynasty were the most prosperous in Yangzhou and Suzhou. In the middle of the Qing Dynasty, Suzhou gardens have become a leading trend, among which the "Lingering Garden" strange stone is often talked about by people. The "Lingering Garden" was originally the abandoned site of the "East Garden" of the Ming Dynasty, and in the fifty-ninth year of Qianlong (1794), it was returned to liu shu of the Wu people and renamed "Hanbizhuang". Liu Shu retired in middle age, only good flower stones, collected Taihu Stone Twelve Peaks placed in the garden. Liu Shu wrote in the "Sayings of the Small Courtyard of the Stone Forest": "Yu Yu Shi Shen has taken ,...... Although stones can extravagant my view, they can also touch my heart. "Combining the aesthetic of stone appreciation with personal cultivation."
△ Figure 8 Ruiyun Peak (front)
△ Figure 9 Ruiyun Peak (rear)
In the twelfth year of Tongye (1873), the bureaucrat Sheng Kang purchased the garden and renamed it "Lingering Garden". The Lingering Garden has a wealth of stone scenery, of which "Guanyun Peak" (see Figure 7) is the largest special peak stone in Suzhou, with a peak height of 6.5m, which is indeed the crown of the peaks. According to legend, it is a relic of the Northern Song Dynasty's "Huashi Class", and the peak stone that was salvaged out of the water during the dredging of the Grand Canal in the Ming Dynasty. On both sides of the "Guanyun Peak", there are "Ruiyun" (see Figure 8 and Figure 9) and "Xiuyun" (see Figure 10) and the two peaks match, forming the famous Qifeng Classic in the Jiangnan Garden.
△ Figure 10 Xiuyun Peak
△ Figure 11 Yu Linglong
"Ruiyun Peak", "Yu Linglong" (see Figure 11), and "Wrinkled Cloud Peak" (see Figure 12) are known as the three famous stones in Jiangnan. "Ruiyun Peak" is the authentic Taihu stone of Dongting West Mountain, with a height of more than 5m, which is a typical example of "transparency". In the forty-fourth year of Qianlong (1779), it was moved from the East Garden (now the Lingering Garden) to the Suzhou Weaving House (now Suzhou Tenth Middle School), which is a key cultural relics protected by Jiangsu Province. Now the "Ruiyun Peak" of the Lingering Garden is the Lingyuan owner Sheng Kanghou Supplementary Peak Stone. "Yu Linglong" is also Taihu stone, 3m high, which is a typical example of "leakage". Shanghai Yu Garden". Wrinkled Yunfeng is a Yingde stone, 2.6m high, which is a typical example of "wrinkle", and is now in Hangzhou Jiangnan Stone Garden.
△ Figure 12 Wrinkled Cloud Peak
Beijing is the place where the essence of private gardens in the north gathers, especially in the middle of the Qing Dynasty, of which "half an acre garden" is a model of garden stones. The "Half Mu Garden" was built during the Kangxi Dynasty, and was the residence garden of Jia Zhenhou, built by Li Yu, and the Stacked Stone Mountain was the crown of the capital. During the Daoguang years, it was purchased by the bureaucrat Lin Qing, and many strange stones were added. According to Lin Qing's "Hongxue Karma Map", it is written: "What exists in the garden is still Kangxi. Yu Ming Chongshi (Linqing's eldest son) added a good stone and bought a tiger double shoot, which was quite similar, and finally wrinkled, thin and transparent. It is a collection of old Lingbi, Yingde, Taihu, Jinzhou pots to play, and Dianqian sand, mercury, copper, lead, each ore, listed in a Xuan, and embedded in the window. "In the half-acre garden, there are not only stacked mountains and stones, but also strange stone displays.
(2) Stone viewing in the study room
In the Qing Dynasty, the stone appreciation of the wenfang still followed the exquisite style of the Ming people, but due to the depletion of resources, new stone species were sometimes supplemented, and the methods of appreciation and play were diverse, and the inheritance stone was more precious. Xu Ke of the Qing Dynasty recorded in xu ke's "Qing Barnyard Banknotes": "The lingbi mountain of Anhui produces stones, the color is as black as ink, buckled, and sounded, can be used as a musical instrument, or carved in the shape of a double fish, suspended with a rosewood frame, placed on the desk, and the foot is used with Duan Yan and Tang stele for Qing to play." Every time the Heinesif family searched, there was not much good material to see, and the large rate did not exceed the foot. "The Lingbi Stone Play Reward Method is new. The "Qing Barnyard Banknotes" recorded: "The Yingde Yanshan that Yan Jiezi saw had white veins on it, and the four characters of 'Mountain Moon Small' were clearly distinguished. Its veins penetrate the back of the stone, still faintly resembling the reverse side of the word, but vague and scattered, without dot painting waves. It is not carved, not embedded, nor stained, and it is true. "This is a rare Anglo-German script stone. Qing Wuqi said: "Yingshi is out of Yingde County, the capital of Shaozhou, the peak pattern is beautiful, and it is better to have a golden jade sound, and it must have three, that is, wrinkles and thinness, wrinkles mean texture twists and turns, leakage means caves and valleys, thin peaks are beautiful, prepare these three, see Yanshan Quande. "The influence of traditional stone viewing still exists. The Qing Dynasty "Golden Jade Trivialities" said: "In Changsha Liu Zihou's family, there are five pen mountains, divided into five colors, yellow Kashlen also, cyan blue essence stone also, black black crystal also, red agate also, white sheep fat jade also." Colorful and elegant. "The color of playing stone in the Qing Dynasty was enriched.
△ Figure 13 Qing Dynasty Lingbi Stone hidden in Xiyuan
Qu Dajun of Guangdong in the Qing Dynasty recorded in the "Guangdong New Language": "Lingnan produces waxing stones, conghua, Qingyuan, Yong'an, Enping and xixi. Yu Yushuo increased the river, until the Dragon Gate, all the way the water is clear and white, shallow and deep. The wax stone is large and small, the bare alum is mostly under the water, and the color rhubarb is tender like amber. Its exquisite piercing, the little calamus is happy to be rooted in it. With its yellow color belongs to the soil, and the muscle fat condenses more vitality, and it is more murderous than the thin and shiny rock of the stone. To taste the size of several pieces for a few seats to play. In the "Golden Jade Trivialities", it is recorded: "Yu saw wax stones in Guangdong, and the price and jade were equal to each other." "Qing Dynasty wax stone is a new variety, and the methods of appreciation and appraisal are similar to those of the present, and they are of great value.
△ Figure 14 Qing Dynasty Wood change stone hidden in the Forbidden City
Stone appreciation works of the Qing Dynasty
In the Qing Dynasty, although there were no grand works like "Yunlin Stone Spectrum" and "Suyuan Stone Spectrum", there was no shortage of new and unique and insightful new chapters of stone appreciation, and the concept of stone appreciation was more colorful.
(1) Liang Jiutu's "Talking About Stones"
Liang Jiutu was a literati of the early Qing Dynasty, born in Guangdong, who loved waxing stones. He said in "Talking about Stones": "Where the stone is hidden, there are many joys in Taihu stone and Yingde stone, and Yu is the most fond of wax stone." Lason Taihu Lake, Yingde Ju, and Sheng with disk, bit Zhu Qin case, Jue Feng Pavilion Water Pavilion, for its change. ...... Wax stone is the most expensive color, the color is heavy pure yellow, otherwise it is not appropriate. "Liang Jiutu's collection of 12 wax stones have their own forms, peaks, waterfalls, cliffs, streams, hanging rocks, Pitang and other landscapes, when admiring the lake and mountains in front of you, it is the greatest pleasure of life, and other worldly things are not enough. Qu Dajun said in the "Guangdong New Language": First, the wax stone should be "colored and tender"; second, it should be "exquisitely pierced through the hole"; and third, it should be "fat and greasy". He also said, "Waxstone is as precious as a yellow jade and has a cave peak." It is the same as Liang Jiutu's statement. It can be seen that the Qing Dynasty Jianshi, which varies from stone to stone, has high requirements for the shape, quality and color of Huangla stone.
Liang Jiutu said in "Talking about Stones": "The Tibetan stone is the first to choose the stone, and its stone is not selected without natural pictorial meaning." "This is what we now call the meaning of the stone. Liang Jiutu attaches great importance to the water quality of cultured stones. He said in "Talking about Stones": "Watering must be the water of the mountains and streams, and those who draw wells and approach the city will gradually become white spots, but the rainwater will be almost useless." "This is the experience of stone cultivation research. Liang Jiutu said of the stone viewing display: "The location is out of law, and it is not beautiful. ...... The sandalwood is placed in the net window, and the water plate is stored in the bar. "The pedestal stone and the water pan stone must be properly matched with the environment in order to fully appreciate the beauty of the stone." Liang Jiutu's stone appreciation method does have something that surpasses its predecessors, and naturally has the ability to inspire those who come.
△ Figure 15 Qing Dynasty Lingbi Stone hidden in the Forbidden City
(2) Gao Zhao's "Guan Shi Lu" and Mao Qiling's "Hou Guan Shi Lu"
Shoushan stone varieties are complex. The shoushan stone was first proposed to be insufficient. "Here we talk about the aesthetic of traditional stone viewing. The people who classified the method were the Qing Dynasty scholars Gao Zhao and Mao Qiling. Gao Zhao, a native of Houguan County, Fujian Province. In the sixth year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1667), Gao Zhao returned to his hometown and wrote the first Shoushan stone monograph in China's history, "Guan Shi Lu". It is proposed: "Stones have water holes and mountain pits. The puddle is chiseled under the suspension, the texture is moist and warm; the mountain of the mountain pit is beautiful, the texture is slightly firm, often there is sand hidden in the skin, and the hand rubbing is seen. The puddle is of the highest quality, the light is like grease, and the clothes are whisked away. "This is the earliest classification by pit.
Mao Qiling, a native of Xiaoshan, Zhejiang. In the twenty-sixth year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1687), he visited the Kaiyuan Temple in Fuzhou and wrote the second Shoushan stone monograph "Houguan Shilu" after the "Guan Shi Lu". The book further puts forward the view that "the field pit is the first, the water pit is second, and the mountain pit is second". Later generations called this classification method "three pit classification method", which is generally recognized by connoisseurs at home and abroad, and has become the standard for the division of Shoushan stone, with far-reaching influence.
Fig. 16 Qing Dynasty Taihu Stone hidden in the Forbidden City
(3) Li Yu's "Casual Love And Occasional Mail" and Stone Appreciation
Li Yu (1611~1680), born in Rugao (Nantong), was a genius of the Ming and Qing dynasties. His "Casual Love" is a treasure book of life aesthetics and health care, in which the aesthetics of appreciating stones, there is no lack of insight, which has become a masterpiece.
In "Idle Love And Occasional Sending Small Mountains", it is said: "The beauty of the mountains and stones is in the three words of transparency, leakage and thinness." If there is a feasible road, the so-called transparent; there are eyes on the stone, exquisite on all sides, the so-called leakage; the wall is empty, lonely, the so-called thin. The thin mountain should be broad and narrow, and the root foot is large, although it is beautiful, it is not enough to see. "Here we talk about the aesthetic of traditional stone viewing.
There is a new theory in "Idle Love And Occasional Delivery: Scattered Small Stones": "The poor man's house, those who have a good stone heart but have no strength, do not necessarily make a rockery." A roll (stone) is unique, placed sentient, and sitting next to it at all times can comfort the fetish of spring plaster. The prince advised the people to plant bamboo, and persuaded the people to stand on the stone, and this king could not do without this. The same is not urgent, and the good is the one who is earnest, and in the life of a man, he may be sick, but he must not be vulgar. If you get these two things, you can become a doctor, and you can use medicine to help people, and the same spontaneous heart. Li Yu advised people to appreciate stones, just like curing diseases and saving people, as a good medicine to avoid vulgarity.
Fig. 17 Qing Dynasty Jade is hidden in the Forbidden City
(4) Zheng Banqiao's discussion on stone appreciation
Zheng Banqiao (1693 ~ 1765), inscription: "Mi Yuanzhang on the stone, known as thin, wrinkled, leaky, and transparent, can be described as the wonder of the stone." Dongpo also said: 'Stone and ugly'. An ugly word is a thousand forms of stone from this. Pi Yuanzhang but knows that it is good, but does not know that there is the best in the bad, the chest of the eastern slope, and the furnace of its creation! Paint this stone, ugly stone also, ugly and male, ugly and beautiful. Itabashi's wonderful inscription seems to be talking about the stone painting method, like a summary of the stone method of the predecessors, or about the maverick wind and bone of the literati. This passage, which is constantly quoted and discussed by future generations, has rich content and infinite charm.
△ Figure 18 Qing Dynasty Lingbi Stone hidden in the Forbidden City
The development of stone appreciation in the Qing Dynasty
The artistic style of the Qing Dynasty was luxurious, pursuing intricate decoration and bright colors. The form of stone appreciation in the Qing Dynasty was also deeply influenced, and the performance characteristics were:
First, new stone species continue to be discovered and become new favorites for collection; second, the texture and color requirements of stones are becoming more and more important; third, the traditional stone of the study room is more compact, and the inheritance of ancient stones is more precious; fourth, the stone carving and repair are common, and the stone works of art in the study room are increased; fifth, most of the stones are equipped with a base, the structure becomes complex, and the carving decoration becomes more and more complicated.
△ Figure 19 Qing Dynasty Strange stones hidden in the Forbidden City
Source: Chinese Bonsai Appreciation Stone, 2012-12 #