From primitive society to modern society, the emergence of surnames is a point that cannot be ignored in the process of civilization development. With a surname, there is a blood belonging, and with a clan, there is also the most basic relationship of society, that is, the family and the family relationship, which is also the basis of feudal society. Until now, there is also the saying that "if you don't change your name, you can't change your surname", in China, the number of classics and forgetting ancestors is to be spurned, and the abandonment of surnames is the most undeserved. After being passed down from generation to generation, the Chinese surname culture is extremely developed. There are as many as 5,000 surnames, and although there is no distinction between high and low and noble, in ancient times, there was a distinction between high and low surnames.
When it comes to surnames, we have to say "five surnames and seven hopes". "Surname" refers to the surname, while "Wang" refers to the combination of "county" and "hope", and "county wang" refers to a famous family in a certain geographical area. The so-called five surnames and seven wangs actually refer to five surnames in the seven counties, of which the Li surname has two branches of the Li clan of Longxi and the Li clan of Zhao County, and the Cui clan has two branches of the Qinghe Cui clan and the Boling Cui clan. The term "five surnames and seven hopes" is indeed in the Sui and Tang dynasties, but if we trace its roots, we must talk about the Eastern Han Dynasty. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, the door valve system arose, and the high-gate surname also rose. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty's confucianism led to the reuse of some bureaucrats who started out as scriptures, and their protégés were all over the world. The descendants of these bureaucrats were also able to become officials for many generations because of their family origins, and by the middle of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the hao clan with the surname of Hao had been formed.
The peak of the development of the door valve system was during the Wei and Jin Dynasties, and the "high gate" and "cold door" were already very distinct. Because the imperial court at that time implemented the inspection system, and this right of recommendation was monopolized by the door valve clan, resulting in the high-ranking disciples even if they did not have knowledge, they could enter the dynasty as officials, while the han disciples could not enter the court even if they were rich for five cars. Therefore, "the upper product has no cold door, and the lower product has no scholar" is by no means an empty wind, but a true portrayal of the society at that time. In fact, the difference in surnames is not only reflected in the matter of entering the DPRK as an official, but also in the matter of marriage. Generally speaking, the gentry are not allowed to intermarry with the Shu clan, otherwise they will be "married and lost", ridiculed and excluded. Although after the examination system replaced the inspection system, many people believed that the Gaomen clan was already weakening, but this was not the case. Until the Tang Dynasty, the status of the Gaomen clan was still difficult to shake, so that the "five surnames and seven hopes" theory arose. So, which five surnames does "five surnames and seven hopes" refer to? What are the seven hopes?
One of the five surnames is Cui, which is divided into Qinghe Cui and Boling Cui. The surname Cui originally originated from the surname Jiang, and in legend is a descendant of Emperor Yan. Emperor Yan's descendants Sun Jiang assisted King Wen and King Wu in establishing the Zhou Dynasty and were divided into Qi. Later, when it reached the Duke of Qiding, his eldest son Jiang Jizi did not want to attack the lord, so he passed it on to his brother. His brother gave Cui Yi to Ji Zi, who then took the name of the city as a surname, so he had the surname Cui. Later, during the Qin Dynasty, Cui Yiru was given the title of Marquis of Donglai in the Cui clan, and during the Han Dynasty, Cui Yiru's eldest son Cui Ye attacked the lord and settled in Qinghe. His brother Cui Zhongmu settled in Boling. Since then, these two counties have been formed, and the Cui surname is known as "the highest gate in the world", and a total of twenty-nine ministers have been produced.
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The second largest surname is Li, which has two major branches, the Li clan of Longxi and the Li clan of Zhao County. The Li clan of Longxi was after Sun Gaotao, and both Li Xin and Li Guang were from this branch. By the Wei and Jin dynasties, the Li clan of Longxi had risen. Li Huan, the King of Western Liang, was the first lord of the Li clan of Longxi. By the time of the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Li's area had become more and more high-ranking. The ancestor of the Li clan of Zhao County was Li Mu, the second son of Li Jie, the Prince of Qin, and strictly speaking, this branch was in the same line as the Li clan of Longxi. Because Li Jie was the fourth brother of Li Chong, the ancestor of the Li clan in Longxi. These two branches of the Li clan have produced ten and seventeen ministers respectively, and it is not too much to say that they control the court.
The remaining three surnames are Fanyang Lu, Xingyang Zheng and Taiyuan Wang. Although these three surnames are not as diverse as the Cui surname and the Li surname, they cannot be ignored. Although the Zheng clan was not as good as the original after entering the Tang Dynasty, it was still the most prominent branch of the Zheng clan in the world. Although the Lu clan was also influenced by the imperial examination system, it rose again during the Middle and Tang Dynasties and produced eight prime ministers. The most eye-catching of the Wang family is the poets in this family, such as Wang Bo, Wang Zhizhuo, Wang Changling, Wang Wei and others, whose writing is amazing. There were also empresses in the Wang clan, and Empress Wang of Tang Gaozong was from the Taiyuan Wang clan.
Stills from "The Legend of Wu Meiniang", Empress Gaozong of Tang
In fact, the "five surnames and seven hopes" are not only the existence of ordinary people's admiration, but even the prime minister and the emperor have no choice but to take these five surnames. At that time, in order to maintain the bloodline, these "five surnames and seven hopes" even only insisted on internal intermarriage. During the Tang Dynasty, Xue Yuanchao, the chancellor, regretted that he could not marry a woman with five surnames, and Emperor Taizong was even more helpless about the status of these "five surnames and seven hopes". When the officials revised the "Clan History", the officials did not care about the face of the emperor and ranked the Boling Cui clan as the first in the world, which greatly displeased Tang Taizong. When Tang Wenzong arrived, he wanted to take the daughter of the Zheng clan for the crown prince, but he could not even achieve his wish, which was really staggering.
Tang Zhangling stone carving, Tang Wenzong buried here
Of course, social development to the present, surnames are more of a blood bond, and there is no longer political involvement, and the sense of superiority over surnames no longer exists. However, when looking at this ancient high-gate family, it is still a big surprise.