He Shouqi and his commentary on "Liaozhai Zhiyi"

The Qing engraving "Batch Points Talking about Zhai Zhiyi", which is now in the library of Peking University, is the best version for studying He Shouqi's comments at present. Among them, the He Shouqi order is the first discovery, which is of particular significance. The information that Zhou Xingju's small biography of Zhou Xingju in the Nanhai County Chronicle published the "Bamboo Manuscript" helped to fill the gap in the research of He Shouqi's life. He Shouqi's "Liaozhai Zhiyi" commentary can be systematically summarized from the perspectives of characters, plot, language, details, and chapters, and "curiosity" is its most important trait.

In the Qing Dynasty, there were sixteen or seven commentators in the "Liaozhai Zhiyi". Among them, Feng Zhenluan and Dan Minglun are the most important in the academic circles for their clarity in their lives, the richness of their evaluations, and their unique insights. He Shouqi's scale of comments is second only to That of Feng and Dan Erjia, and it was published earlier, and it was widely circulated in the Qing Dynasty, and it was called the Four Houses together with Wang Shichen, Feng Zhenluan, and Dan Minglun. However, so far, there have been very few studies on he commentary, and only Lu Yang's article "Liaozhai He Commentary" has made a single discussion. In the review or comprehensive research paper of the "Liaozhai Zhiyi" review, there will also be a summary of the relevant comments, but it is inevitable that it will be lost. The reason why it is difficult to advance the research of He Commentary is that on the one hand, the information is limited, almost nothing is known about the life of He Shouqi, and there is no other text to provide auxiliary support except for the evaluation; On the other hand, the content of He Shouqi's comments is scattered and trivial, and the previous research lacks systematic collation and induction and necessary analysis and refinement. This article attempts to start from the above two aspects, with the author's newly discovered Peking University Collection He Shouqi's "Batch Point Talking about Zai Zhiyi" as the center, introducing the new material of He Shouqi's "Batch Point Talking about Zai Zhi Different Order", conducting a preliminary examination of He Shouqi's life, and at the same time systematically sorting out the content of He Shouqi's comments, and further elaborating on his "curious" characteristics.

I. Peking University's Tibetan Edition "Batch Points to Talk About Jai Zhiyi"

He Shouqi's commentary is named after "Batch Point Talk about Zai Zhiyi". Widely known to scholars are the Daoguang Iii Year (1823) Jingluntang Inscription and the Daoguang Fifteenth Year (1835) Tiandetang Inscribed (1), the latter of which is based on the former. In the seventeenth year of Guangxu (1823), Yu Kun carved four joint commentaries, and the Comments of He Shouqi contained in them were also derived from the Jingluntang inscription system. In 1963, the Shanghai Editorial Office of the Zhonghua Book Company (now the Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House) published Mr. Zhang Youhe's "Three HuiBen" "Liaozhai Zhiyi", which was still based on the Jingluntang engraving. Subsequently, there were three kinds of publications (2) that included He Shouqi's comments, all of which were based on the "Three Huiben", and the Jingluntang inscription can be called the earliest known source of He Commentary.

In 2014, the author found another version of "Batch Point Talking about Zai Zhiyi" in the library of Peking University, which is quite different from the Jingluntang inscription and the Tiandetang inscription, and is temporarily named "Peking University Collection" due to the unknown information of the engraving. The book has 4 letters, 32 volumes, 16 volumes, 9 lines in the middle of the main text, and 21 lines. There are inscriptions by Yu Ji, He Shouqi, Gao Heng, Tang Meng, Zhao Qi, Liaozhai Zizhi, Liaozhai Xiao biography, Examples, Wang Shichen and Zhang Duqing, and pu Li Deba at the end of the book. At the bottom of the plate there is the words "Knowing the Original of the Lack of Knowledge", and the first inscription of each volume is "Zichuan Pu Songling Liu Xian Shu Xincheng Wang Shi Zhengyi Comment Nanhai He Shouqi Body Positive Criticism Point", and there are book prints from the Library of Peking University and the Library of Sino-French University.

All the commentaries of the Qing Dynasty "Liaozhai Zhiyi" are based on the Qingketing inscription, and most of the above-mentioned prologues, poems, examples, inscriptions, etc., are found in the Qingketing inscription, and only He Shouqi's "Preface to the Criticism of The Points of Liaozhai Zhiyi" is the first discovery, which is recorded as follows:

"Chatting with Zai Zhiyi", the flow of Gaigu Qi Harmonic, the book of Zhi Wei also. Just as the Dongpo strongman said ghosts, so the clouds "fooled those who said it". Gu People are very different, and almost everyone has their books. Regardless of Fable Nineteen, that is, the strangeness of heaven and earth, what is not. If you can hold on to it, although you are a barnyard official novel, you may not be able to read my book. Because of the under-reading, occasional comments. Looking at it, it is not necessarily a book to help the clouds. Shi Jiaqing twenty-one years, years of the second son, autumn and July both looking, Nanhai He Shouqi inscription in the South Village of Yitang.

This preface provides important information about He Shouqi's criticism of "Liaozhai Zhiyi". In the past, due to the limited materials, the academic circles usually regarded the Daoguang Three Years (1823) of the Jinglun Tang Engraving Book as the time when shouqi approved the completion of the "Liaozhai Zhiyi". Because Feng Zhenluan's "Reading and Talking about The Miscellaneous Sayings" was written in Jiaqing in the twenty-third year (1818), it is generally believed that Feng Comment was earlier than He Comment. Whether it is the order of the various commentaries or the review articles about the commentaries of "Liaozhai Zhiyi", Feng Comments are placed before the Comments. The time point of "Twenty-one Years of Jiaqing" (1816) in the He Order proves that He Shouqi's "Liaozhai Zhiyi" is slightly earlier than Feng Zhenluan. Clarifying the order of comments of He and Feng Erjia is undoubtedly of great significance for combing the history of commentary in "Liaozhai Zhiyi".

In addition to He Shouqi's order, the quality of the Peking University collection is also commendable. In the past, the JinglunTang engravings relied on by the academic circles were published by the Shaoyang Bookstore Jingluntang. During the years of Jiaqing and Daoguang, Gu Shi, the operator of Jingluntang, only cared about pursuing high profits, hired a large number of female workers and child laborers, and scribbled indiscriminately, without seeking quality. Books such as "Imitation of Insufficient Knowledge" and "Liaozhai Zhiyi" are full of errors, and I can't bear to read [1] 50. In the catalogue of the Jinglun Hall inscribed book now in the National Library, there are large-scale wrong pages, and in its catalog, "dog lamp" is mistaken for "human lamp", "Zi Tong Ling" is mistaken for "Zi Tong Life", and the text is even more false. Tiande Tang engravings because of the re-engraving of the Jinglun Tang engravings, many false errors have also been attacked. And because of the poor printing of the Jingluntang engraving, resulting in many handwriting, the "Three HuiBen" compiled by Mr. Zhang Youhe can only be treated as missing words, and it is difficult to see the whole picture of He Shouqi's comments after collation. In contrast, the Peking University Tibetan Edition is well-written, well-proofread, and more complete in content: not only does it cover all the criticisms of the Jingluntang inscription and the Tiandetang inscription except for the general batch at the end of the "Hejian Sheng", but also 18 criticisms are unique to it. Peking University's collection of "Batch Points to Talk about Zai Zhiyi" is undoubtedly the best version for studying He Shouqi's comments at present. The content of He Shouqi's comments quoted in this article is based on this text and will not be marked one by one.

Unfortunately, the Peking University Collection does not have information such as tablets, nor does it have a Qing Dynasty book seal, so it is difficult to infer the time, place, organization, and dissemination process of its publication. The order of the editions of the Peking University Collection and the Jingluntang Inscription is also difficult to sort out. New materials and evidence are yet to be addressed.

In addition, since the "Three Huiben" is the main reference material for contemporary scholars to study He Shouqi's comments, its problems are also necessary to point out. By comparing the contents of the "Three Books" with the Jingluntang Inscribed Edition, the Tiandetang Inscribed Edition, and the Peking University Collection, the author found that there were many omissions in Mr. Zhang Youhe's collation work. First of all, some of the comments that exist in the Jinglun Tang inscription are omitted. For example, in the "Promoting Weaving" chapter, there are three sandwiches in the Jinglun Tang Ben and the Tiande Tang Ben, and four in the Peking University Tibetan Ben, but one of the "Three Hui Ben" is not recorded. Secondly, Mr. Zhang Youhe does not seem to have fully participated in the Tiande Hall engraving. The deficiencies that could have been avoided through mutual proofreading in the Jinglun Tang inscribed book were inherited into the "Three Guilds Book". For example, in the "Shi QingXu" section, the Jingluntang inscription does not have a general approval at the end of the text, but the Tiandetang inscription exists, and this criticism is also found in the Peking University Tibetan Version, while the "Three Hui Ben" is not recorded. Third, there are also a few comments in the "Three HuiBen" that do not appear in the Jingluntang Inscription, the Tiandetang Inscribed Edition, and the Peking University Tibetan Edition. For example, the general approval at the end of the article of "Temple Ghost" is suspected of being mixed in by other comments. Nowadays, at the time of the discovery of the Peking University collection, it is necessary to participate in the JinglunTang inscription, the Tiandetang inscription, the Pu Songling Memorial Library's Jingluntang engraving, and the Sichuan Provincial Library's Yu yanhe commentary, and sort out a more complete Version of He Commentary.

Second, He Shouqi and his people

At present, the academic community knows very little about He Shouqi, and only knows from the number of words at the beginning of the volume of "Batch Points Talking about Zhai Zhiyi" "Nanhai He Shouqi Body Positive Batch Point", which is a Guangdong Nanhai person. According to He Shouqi's comments on the tone of the other paper, it is speculated that he is a proud person in the field, but the evidence is extremely insufficient and difficult to make a theory (1). The author started from the local chronicle of Guangdong Province, and found a record of He Shouqi in the small biography of Zhou Xingju in the eleventh volume of Jiaqing's "Chronicle of Sanshui County". This material can be used as a breakthrough in the investigation of He Shouqi's life, and is recorded as follows:

Zhou Xingju, the word Yide, Huanggangli people. Mellow and elegant, line and text. See his text first, Xu is a hand, and he is honored. Learning is strong and improving day by day. Qianlong himself was raised in the township. He was elected as the head of Dong'an Sect and was still waiting for Quan. Dong'an li luoding, so Xiaoyi, vulgar and simple. After the star gathering Bingduo, the style of writing changed, and the people in the state were more responsible for it. He went to GuchengZhi County, Hubei Province. Claiming to be a lack of people's social talents, he is willing to remain a teacher, but he wants to teach from a higher level. Persuade the hearts of the people with seduction and reward. Scholars from various counties in Guangzhao, Xian wenfeng. In a few years, its Peng Dai duo flew away, and the Spring and Autumn list also followed. The government emphasizes its talents and belongs to the superintendent of Duanxi Academy. The grandeur of the door wall is rare. Zongrenfu Gong Gong Gong Wen was informed of the registered, gifted with words, and had the eyes of the teacher. At the age of seventy, he died an official. Qinzhou Feng Tai Shi Minchang is the tomb of Zhi. He wrote the "Bamboo Manuscript", and The Gate Nanhai He Shouqi Zi and walked in the world. [2] 196

The biography introduces the life of Zhou Xingju, and finally mentions that He Shouqi published his collection of essays, "Bamboo Manuscripts". At the end of the "Flower God" (2) of the Peking University Collection's "Batch Point Talking about Zai Zhiyi", He Shouqi also has this comment:

Master Zhou Zhuli said: "Liaozhai Zhi has a historian's penmanship, and it is most suitable for readers to recognize it." Do not delight in its strangeness, delight in its stealing incense, and be charming, and forget its syntax. Si does not give up the end of his business, abandoning the refinement and taking the coarse sigh. ”

In the Jinglun Tang inscription "Batch Point Talking about Zai Zhiyi", "Zhou Zhuli" is "Zhou Zhuxing". As pointed out earlier, there are many errors in the jingluntang inscription, and the shape of the near typo is extremely common, and the "Zhou Zhuxing" here is the mistake of "Zhou Zhuli". Because Zhou Xingju wrote the "Bamboo Manuscript", it can be known that "Bamboo" is its number. The "Chronicle of Sanshui County" records He Shouqi as Zhou Xingju's "and door", and He Shouqi is also called Zhou Zhuli as a teacher in "Batch Point Talking about Zai Zhiyi", so the teacher-student relationship between Zhou Xingju and He Shouqi can be determined. The "Three Huiben" inherited the error of "Zhou Zhuxing", which greatly affected the previous investigation of He Shouqi's relationship with he Shouqi in the academic circles.

During Zhou Xingju's period from serving as a teacher in Dong'an to supervising Duanxi Academy, he was highly respected by the Guangdong scholars, and there were many disciples, and He Shouqi should be one of them. Although Zhou's disciples were born in the "Spring and Autumn List", there is no record of He Shouqi's excessive lifting in the "Election Chronicle" of the Nanhai County Chronicle. Judging from the available information, it is more reliable to define He Shouqi's identity as a student.

In addition, He Shouqi was able to publish the "Bamboo Manuscript" for Zhou Xingju, which proved that he had a certain ability to engrave books. It is highly likely that Ho is familiar with a personality in the publishing world or is involved in the industry himself. The timely publication of "Batch Point Talk about Zai Zhiyi" can also support this point. In the case that it is impossible to determine the time of the engraving of the Peking University Tibetan Journal, the time limit is taken as the lower time limit of the Daoguang Three Years (1823) published by the Jingluntang Engraving, and it can be known that He Shouqi completed the batch point in the twenty-first year of Jiaqing (1816), and at most only seven years later, even if the "Batch Point Talking about Zai Zhiyi" was published. In contrast, The Feng Commentary, completed by Jiaqing in the twenty-third year (1818), was not carved by Yu Kun until the seventeenth year of Guangxu (1891), which lasted 73 years. The comments of Fang Shuyan and others have never been paid, and they are still in the form of manuscripts. Only Dan Minglun, with his official eunuch strength, published the "Liaozhai Zhiyi New Review" at his own expense relatively easily. Overall, the publication of He Shouqi's "Batch Point Talking about Zai Zhiyi" is still quite smooth. The existing historical records of He Shouqi are almost blank, and it is unlikely that He Shouqi is as prominent as Dan Minglun. The timely publication of "Batch Point Talking about Zai Zhiyi" may be attributed to He Shouqi's connection with the publishing industry.

The pioneering significance of Ho's comments can also be evidence to support this connection. "Batch Point Liaozhai Zhiyi" is the first edition of all the commentaries of "Liaozhai Zhiyi", and the annotations of Lü Zhan'en and He Yan are all later than the Jingluntang engravings. The emergence of He Ping will undoubtedly become an important selling point for the republishment of "Liaozhai Zhiyi". The formation of He Commentary is due to the interest of "under the cloak, occasional comments", but its final publication may also have a commercial motivation for the profit of the bookstore. In He Shouqi's inter-text criticism, there are often explanatory texts that undertake the function of "notes", which is undoubtedly for readers and provides them with "reading is one of the help of books". This market attribute is quite different from the more pure batch nature of Feng Zhenluan and Fang Shuyan, which can show to a certain extent that He Shouqi has a certain relationship with the publishing industry.

In addition, there is still a little speculation about He Shouqi's life. During Zhou Xingju's tenure as a teacher in Dong'an, many Guangdong scholars obeyed each other. Dong'ancha is adjacent to Shaoyang, where JinglunTang is located, and He Shouqi is most likely a member of the "Negative Flute Congzhi" of that year, and established a connection with the owner of Shaoyang Bookstore in this experience of communication, which in turn provided a possibility for the later publication of Jingluntang engravings.

Third, He Shouqi commented

From the Peking University collection of "Batch Points to Talk about Zai Zhiyi", the author compiled a total of 972 Comments on He Shouqi, including 632 inter-text batches and 340 total batches at the end of the article (1). There are often few numbers in the inter-text batch, most of which are improvised for reading, mainly to mention points and make decisions. The general comment at the end of the article focuses on the summary of the content and the revelation of the main idea, but also to be concise and rarely repeated. This section intends to analyze and summarize He Shouqi's evaluation characteristics from the aspects of characters, plot, language, details, and rules.

He Shouqi commented on the characters, often using two or three words to assert their characteristics. For example, in the "Red Jade" section, Feng Weng is rated as "Strict Father", Feng Xiangru is "Xianzi" and "Righteous Husband", Wei's daughter is "Jie Woman", and Qiu's husband is "Chivalrous", all of which can be described as stereotyped. For characters with extremely distinct personality characteristics, He Shouqi will also emphasize it repeatedly. For example, in the "Qingfeng" chapter, He Shouqi wrote a total of eleven comments, all of which were used to evaluate Geng's illness. Seven of them are "wild", three are "uninhibited", and one is "wild and uninhibited". This kind of evaluation method of stereotyping the character can enable the reader to intuitively and concisely grasp the characteristics of the character, and it is also easy to condense Ho's moral judgment into small words. Looking at He Shouqi's comments, he favored the character images of loyalty and filial piety, virtuousness and chivalry; He also appreciates those who are as simple as Wang Qihou and as naïve as babies; However, for the amorous image, it is either regarded as "obscene" or not a word. This is very much in line with the attitude of "holding on to the right" stated in He Shouqi's preface.

For the plot, He Shouqi's comments focus on mentioning points. "Liaozhai Zhiyi" is tortuous in writing, there are many suspense, He Shi often makes a stroke first, breaks the guanmu, and solves the reader's eye-catching puzzle. For example, in "Nie Xiaoqian", when the woman and the old woman were first written about the scene under the moon, He Shi pointed out that this was "demon also"; "Jiangzhong" wrote that the green fire was like a lamp, and He Shi pointed out that this was "ghost burner". Another important manifestation of the point of mention is to emphasize the warning and indoctrination significance of the plot of the article to the reader. He Shouqi frequently uses words such as "awakening the world" and "present newspaper" in his commentaries, aiming to enlighten readers from preaching and reporting plots through this kind of awakening. In addition, there are many assertions in the commentary. Overall, Ho is most attentive to bizarre plots and the consequences of good and evil. In the comments on the plot, He Shouqi is also the most prone to reveal personal emotions, such as the commentary on "The Golden Monk", which expresses his feelings about the series of acts of the Golden Monk with "hateful", "hateful" and "ridiculous" respectively; Commenting on the "Five Links", it is directly used as "one fast", "one fast", and "also one fast" to write the pleasure of the five links being cursed one after another.

In terms of language, He Shouqi's main focus is on rational language and quips. Rational language refers to a type of orthodoxy similar to aphorisms and aphorisms in the text. For example, in the "Zhang Hongwei" chapter, Fang Shi said: "Da Fan Xiu can do things, and can win together, but can not lose together." [3] 1227 Ho commented: "Aphorism, when the book is placed in the seat." Not only the language of the main text of the novel, but also the words of praise in the "Different History" section are often thrown out by He Shouqi as the most reasonable quote. Quack refers to the jokes, games, and explanations in the text. For example, in the "Dong Sheng" chapter, Dong Sheng found the fox girl's tail and said with fear: "I am not afraid of the head but afraid of the tail." [3] 134 Ho commented: "The humor is very interesting. "There are many such comments in the comments. He Shouqi's attention to rational and humorous words can actually reveal the functions of novels in both indoctrination and entertainment, and can also show the dual attributes of literati elegance and harmony. In addition, He Ping is also a bit clear about the language of characters with different identity characteristics, such as "Nongzi Language" in "Mao Fox" and "Rigaku Language" in "Ah Ying".

The detailed description of "Liaozhai Zhiyi" penetrates into many aspects such as characters, plots, and language, and is often extremely expressive. He Shouqi can keenly capture the subtleties of the detailed description, but does not fully expound it, but uses such words as "visible", "knowable", "conceivable", "picturesque", "picturesque", "as seen", which triggers the reader's own speculation. For example, in the "Cui Meng" section, the ambivalence when Cui Meng wants to do justice for Li Shen is all explained from the details of the action: "Until night, he lies on the bed, tossing and turning, and the next night is repeated." Suddenly, he opened the house and lay down again. In this way, the wife did not dare to cross-examine, but to listen to it with fear. Even if it is too late, it is the opposite, and it is a good day to hide it. [3] 1129 He commented on the word "living painting". Compared with Feng Comment's "faintly strange, there are ghosts at the end of the pen" [3] 1129, but the comment is "the pen is alive, the words are conveyed" [3] 1129, which shows the simplification of he commentary. The word "live" almost covers feng comments, but the content of the comments. The word "painting" shows the unique characteristics of He Ping: he emphasizes the association of a sense of picture. Words such as picturesque, picturesque, imaginable, visible, etc., all have this direction. Of course, He's refined and triggering details are also easy to flow into simple emptiness.

Regarding the approval points of the chapter law, although He Shouqi is not as good as Feng, but the two families are systematic and comprehensive, but there are also considerable points. The first is to pay attention to the introduction and response of the article. In the "Baby Ning" chapter, Wu Sheng, in order to alleviate the pain of the prince's lovesickness, assumed that Baby Ning was his cousin, and He Shi commented on this as "fake"; After the prince saw the ghost mother, he found that there was really a family relationship, and He Shi commented on this as "really deserved". The saying "fake volt - real response" not only points out the correspondence in the plot structure, but also has great generalization power for the term itself, which can be used to refer to the unique type of "from false to true" in grammatical care, which is of great theoretical value. At the same time, the "Baby Ning" chapter also has comments such as "closing the situation", "closing the overall situation", and "aftermath", showing He's overall view of the chapter. The "introduction" in "Lotus Fragrance" and the "combination" in "Chen Yunqi" also belong to this category. The second is to pay attention to the induction of the writing level. For example, the "Painted Skin" article writes a dialogue between the female ghost and Wang Sheng, and He Shouqi analyzes it with "picking", "picking again", and "three picking"; The same is true of "first place one floor" and "then one layer" in "Bookworm". The third is the revelation and emphasis of the "complementary order method". Ho's so-called "complementary order method", that is, the supplementary narrative pen method, the main text is often marked by "first", supplementing the plot before a narrative time. He Shi has mentioned this in "Cheng Xian", "Wang Cheng" and other articles. The above criticisms can reflect the consciousness of He Shouqi's theory to a certain extent.

Finally, it is necessary to explore He Shouqi's commenting ideas. From He Order, it can be seen that on the one hand, He Shouqi greatly appreciates the "strange and strange" zhiwei books, and on the other hand, emphasizes that reading such books needs to be "persistent". The previous discussion of how to evaluate the characters and the plot part can already see the "positive" characteristics in his evaluation ideas. In fact, He Shouqi's view of "holding right" is more fully reflected in the criticism at the end of the article that reveals the main idea. In his first commentary on "Kao Chenghuang", He Shi believes that the purpose of the whole book of "Liaozhai Zhiyi" is to reward good and punish adultery, "pushing the original benevolence and filial piety, especially the first duty of goodness". Since then, many criticisms have enriched the connotation of "rewarding good and punishing adultery" from different angles. For example, in the commentary on "A Certain Gong": "One good can redeem many evils, and it is just as serious as this place." Commenting on the "Butterfly Release": "The king uses the wind to harm things, and the one who is born with the wind and the harmful, and the one who is born with the wind and the wind must not think." After the last chapter of "The God of Flowers", He Shouqi once again emphasized: "The purpose of this book is to reward good and punish adultery. In the end, he also quoted Zhou Zhuli's words as a summary and promotion of the entire commentary. This is the only time in He Shu that he has quoted others to comment, which shows He Shouqi's admiration for his teacher. But in fact, Zhou Xingju and He Shouqi's focus is not the same. Zhou shi emphasises "historian syntax" and regards "weirdness, stealing incense, and literary style" as the end. He Shouqi's "holding a correct view" has something in common with it, but He Shishi is more interested in the strange and strange content in "Liaozhai Zhiyi". He Shouqi's comments clearly reflect his "curious" nature.

Fourth, the "curious" trait in He Shouqi's comments

He Shouqi is extremely concerned about strange things, he has dabbled in many Zhiwei books, and he often appears in the commentary that "this matter is also tired of seeing his books". He Shouqi will cite relevant records as references in his comments to supplement the strange content of "Liaozhai Zhiyi". For example, the commentary of "The Man in the Ear" says: "The art of guidance must not be authentic, so it is strange." The Covenant of References is very detailed. The "Black Beast" section comments: "This object is suspected to be refuted, see the Classic of Mountains and Seas." Nguyen Yuan Hsiao has "Marmoset thief", meaning and approval. For the different records of the books, He Shouqi would often make his own judgment under the comparison. For example, the commentary of "Corpse Change" says: "The theory of corpse change, "Zi Bu Shu" thinks that the soul is good and evil; "As I Smell" thinks that there is something to rely on: there are both stealing intentions. For the same type of story, He Shouqi will also point out other sources. For example, the "Zhen Hou" section comments: "The predecessor Liu Gonggan seems to have been born from the Taiping Guangji. The commentary of the "Great General" said: "This is different from the record of the "Yao Leftovers", and it is implied that the "Yao Leftovers" have obtained it." ”

He Shouqi also knows a lot about the strange things in life, which also provide references for his criticism. For example, the "Little Man" section commented: "There is also this matter in Yuedong in bi nian, and the officials have investigated it, but they have not heard of being able to kill the magician." The "Wood Carving Beauty" section commented: "This technique is also available today." ”

He Shouqi's extensive attention to strange things has enabled him to reserve sufficient knowledge of strange things, and even form a set of strange theories. It is based on this accumulation that He Shouqi often makes inferences about strange phenomena in batch points. For example, the "Mountain Fish" section comments: "Stealing this is not a mountain fish." The "Gongsun Nine Niang" commentary said: "This is also a secret marriage." The "Jumping God" section commented: "This is also the gradual progression of evil magic, and it must not be done." He Shouqi's process of reading and approving "Liaozhai Zhiyi" is actually a process of constantly enriching his strange knowledge and theories. The new and strange things he came into contact with in "Chatting with Zhiyi" sometimes broke through the reasoning in his existing experience. For example, the commentary of "Xiao Xie" says: "Born by the body, the ancient things are passed down, but it is also called the ear of the accidental value." The use of magic is far from being called, but it is its transgression. The conditions for the story of borrowing the body to return the soul have undergone a transformation from "accidental phase value" to "far away from the summoning", and He Shouqi is more likely to accept the former and regard the latter as a fraud. The commentary of "Zhang Aduan" says: "Ghosts have life and death, which is ridiculous!" The theory that ghosts die is a niece also subverts Ho's original understanding. Although he thought it was absurd, he also retained this statement and used it in later comments. For example, the commentary of the "Sunset Xia" says: "Sunset Xia, Ah Duan, are all skilled dead." King Wu Jiang, Longwo Jun, lost sunset xia, A Duan, and did not pursue, is it not the so-called ghost death as a deaf man? ”

The concern and curiosity about strange things and theories make He Shouqi often have a state of inquiry when criticizing "Liaozhai Zhiyi". And the dandelion is a text, and likes to use blank brushwork, strange stories often arise suddenly, and they go away without distinguishing cause and effect. There are also many "unsolvable" points in The He Commentary. For example, the "Bridegroom" section comments: "This matter is not the end of the matter." Summoning and returning again and again seems to be a person who is not a disaster. But what do you see and go, and what you see and come? None of them are solvable. The "Righteous Dog" section comments: "Why did the dog die?" Unsolvable. He Shouqi's inquiry into the incomprehensible will make his criticism focus change and take on a different look than other critics. Taking the "Lianzhuo" chapter as an example, Wang Shichen commented: "The end is not exhausted, it is very wonderful." [3] 337 Feng Zhenluan commented: "Yuyang alone appreciates the magic of the closing sentence, in fact, the whole text is intermittent and departed, and ChuChu is complete." [3] 337 He Shouqi commented: "After more than twenty years of death, the blood of the living people is resurrected. It can be seen that the Wang family emphasizes the charm, the Feng family emphasizes the chapter method, and the He family emphasizes the difference. This affects the depth of its comments to some extent.

He Shouqi's "curious" thinking often makes his comments go beyond the original appearance of the text and make excessive speculations. For example, the "Jiao Borer" article writes about the soldier driving the fox, but He Shouqi believes that the Taoist priest finally let the fox have a way to live, which is quite suspicious. His comments said: "Taoists can bow but cannot cling to it, why not?" I am afraid that it will eventually be a Taoist trick. Another example is the "Eagle tiger god" chapter, which writes that the thief stole money from the Taoist people in the Dongyue Temple, but was caught by the god Eagle Tiger In the temple, and the thief had to return the money to the Taoist. He Shouqi commented: "If the Taoist priest orders the thief to cheat on this matter, he will be able to obtain wealth and must be investigated." He thought it was possible that the Taoist priest had colluded with the thief to fabricate the apparition of the Eagle and Tiger God in order to gain wealth. There is also the "Hu Dagu" section, He Shouqi also suspected in the comments that the fox catcher, that is, the fox indulgent, deliberately sought profit. In short, these speculations are detached from the text, reflecting the more bizarre plot that He Shouqi expected. And this phenomenon has also become an important manifestation of the curious trait in He Shouqi's comments.

The curious characteristics of He Shouqi's comments, due to the lack of theoretical depth, were once criticized by commentators [4] 172-178. However, this issue should also be viewed objectively in conjunction with He Shouqi's evaluation situation. He Shouqi mentions in the preface that "the world is different, and almost the family has its own book", and regards "good difference" as the starting point of the recipient's reading. "Curiosity" can also become an important point of communication between the critic and the reader. The popularization and discussion of strange knowledge in He Commentary is aimed at the world of "good and different". "Liaozhai Zhiyi" is originally a "strange" book, and the "curious" evaluation characteristics are also in line with the expectations of the market. He Shouqi talked about strangeness and speculation in the commentary, so that posterity could see how a critic recognized the work from the level of "strange". In this sense, "He Commentary" is also a face of its own, which is a unique model in the history of novel criticism. (Sun Dahai)

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[2] Li Yourong, et al. Deng Yunlong,et al. Chronicle of Sanshui County, Guangdong Province[M].Taipei:Chengwen Publishing House,1966.]

Pu Songling. Liaozhai Zhiyi (Commentary on the Annotations of the HuixueHui)[M].Zhang Youhe, Ji School. Shanghai:Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House,2011.]

Lü Yang. What is the commentary of "Liaozhai"[J].Pu Songling Research,1993,(1).