Abstract: Patents, roads to the eye, the people riot, the mouth of the people is more than the defense of Sichuan, Xuanwang Zhongxing, stupid like a wooden chicken
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Read books
The World in the Poetry Book Volume II, P182-201
There is more content, please briefly introduce it to the child after reading it.
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Love to think
1. Talk about the images of the King of Zhou recorded in the inscriptions of "Marquis Of Jin" and "Mao Gongding".
2, the first monarch of the Zheng Kingdom, do you know his origins?
3. Talk about the causes and consequences of the "Chinese riot"?
4. Why is it said that "stupid wooden chicken" was originally a positive word?
5. In this lesson, there are several "Verses" related to King Li of Zhou and King Xuan of Zhou, all of which are used to reflect what situation?
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Content Overview
King Li of Zhou
The time has reached the end of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and King Li of Zhou succeeded to the throne, which is a Western Zhou tyrant who caused the "rebellion of the people" in the legend.
There are several people associated with him:
Eldest son: Ji Jing, the next generation of King Xuan of Zhou
Second son: Ji You, who established the State of Zheng, the Earl, the first Monarch of the State of Zheng
Adulterous Minister: Rong Yigong, who came up with the idea of "patent"
Zhongchen I: Zhao Mugong, a descendant of Zhao Gongyi, Wenhao, in order to persuade King Li to write several poems collected in the Book of Poetry, including "Minlao", "Tang Di" and "Dang", and also invented the idiom "the mouth of the defense of the people, better than the defense of The River", and his own son replaced the prince of King Li and died
Zhongchen II: Duke Ding of Zhou, descendant of Duke Dan of Zhou
Zhongchen III: Rui Liangfu, advising King Li, wrote a poem called "The Book of Poetry. Sang Rou》
By the hands of King Li of Zhou, the wealth and land of Western Zhou were relatively tight, and he liked to act arbitrarily and independently, hoping to do something to revitalize Western Zhou in his own hands, but enjoying needed money, fighting needed money, and development also needed money, so the traitor Rong Yigong came to offer advice.
No matter who it is, go up to the mountain to collect medicine and pay taxes, go to the sea to fish to pay taxes, cut firewood on the mountains to pay taxes, fish shrimp in the sea to pay taxes, drink my water to pay taxes, take my way to pay taxes!
King Li patted Rong Yigong's shoulder, young man, there is a future, do it!
There were still some people in the court who understood people, and Rui Liangfu advised King Li, "Profit is born of all things contained in heaven and earth." The benefit of all things in heaven and earth should be owned by all people in heaven and earth, so how can one person have it exclusively? Patents will anger and cause great trouble. Those who are kings should spread their interests to the people of the world. The patent of Piaf is called a thief, and the king does it, and its return is fresh. "Great King, you are taking the world's wealth for your own benefit, and it is easy to offend the wrath of the people, and the consequences are unimaginable. This named Li Wang's policy "patent", which is different from the current meaning.
In line with the principle of whoever came up with the idea and who did the work, King Li used Rong Yigong as the secretary of state, implemented the patent policy, and wantonly plundered the people's wealth, causing the people living in the capital city of Ho to be poor and destitute, and complained one after another.
In the Zhou Dynasty, the city built usually had two layers of walls, from the inside to the outside are the city and the Guo, the city is called "the country", the outside of the city is called "wild people" or "contemptible people", remember the story of the wandering five deer begging for food in the wild people?
King Li ordered the soldiers to arrest and kill the complaining countrymen, and summoned Mu Gong to hurry up and advise: "The mouth of the people is better than the defense of the river, and the river will collapse, and the wounds will be many, and the people will be the same." He who is therefore a sichuan, is determined to guide; he who is for the people, proclaims his words. ” 。 The harm of preventing the people from criticizing is worse than the flood caused by the blocking of rivers. Just as the water is blocked, once the mouth is broken, it hurts more people, and the criticism of the people is the same; instead, the method of water control that dredges the river should be adopted, and this is also the truth of governing the people, and the way of speech should be widely opened. Zhao Mugong's words were only the invention of the idiom "the mouth of the people is better than the defense of the river", and did not make King Li change his mind.
Although the people complained and had to swallow in their stomachs, no one dared to say it again. Acquaintances do not dare to talk when they meet on the road, but only show their eyes, "The people of the country do not dare to speak, and the road is with the eyes." The idiom "the road to the eye" comes from this. The whole Ho Kyo suddenly became lifeless and lifeless.
As a result, the Zhou Dynasty's power declined even more, and the government became more corrupt. In 841 BC, dissatisfied with the tyranny of King Li of Zhou, the "people of the country" in Hojing gathered together, armed with sticks and agricultural tools, and besieged the palace to kill King Li of Zhou, which is known in history as the "rebellion of the people of the country". King Li had no choice but to flee from Hojing, cross the Yellow River, and flee to the Zhou Dynasty border of Yan (彘, in present-day northern Shanxi), hence the name "Yan Rebellion" or "Li Wang Ben Yan".
The chinese invaded the palace, but did not find King Li of Zhou, so they turned to looking for the crown prince Ji Jing. Summoning Mu Gong to hide Ji Jing, the countrymen surrounded Zhao Mu Gong's house, to summon Mu Gong out of the crown prince, summon mu gong his own son to pretend to be the prince and die.
King Li of Zhou ran away, but he did not die, and according to the tradition of the time, a new King of Zhou could not be established, so he had to elect a highly respected courtier to preside over the state affairs. The people of the country heard that the monarch of the republic, the republic, the character of virtue, good deeds of benevolence and righteousness, so they asked the republic to come to Beijing to exercise the power of the son of heaven and manage the country, which is called "republican administration" in history. This year, known as the first year of the "Republic", is 841 BC, which is an accurate and reliable chronology in China, which can be regarded as entering the era of xinshi.
There is also a saying about "republic" called "Zhou Zhao Republic", which means that after King Li fled, he was ruled by Zhao Mugong and Zhou Dinggong.
Regarding the "first year of the republic" is the beginning of the accurate chronology, mainly Sima Qian, the author of the "Records of History", believes that there were also chronicles before, but it is very confusing, and there is no way to correspond to the years recorded between the various princely states, only from the beginning of the republican first year, after which there is a common clear time point.
King Li of Zhou died of illness after 14 years of exile in Yan, and the crown prince Ji Jing ascended the throne and ended the republican administration. In various historical records, King Li of Zhou is the image of a tyrant, but a set of bronze bells "Jinhou Crisp Bell" in the Shanghai Museum, with a 355-character inscription on it, records that in the thirty-three years of King Li of Zhou, Hou Su led an army to accompany King Li of Zhou to tour the eastern lands, and was ordered by the king to conquer the rebellious ethnic minority tribes and be rewarded for his meritorious service.
The inscription shows that King Li of Zhou also had another unknown side: bravery, knowledge, and command, and the ability to lead the princes to pacify the four sides. Perhaps, King Zhou Li was a reformer facing a "situation of accumulated hardships and difficulties", and he carried out reforms in the political, economic, military, and legal fields. But his antithesis was the powerful old aristocracy, and with his lack of experience, the reform involved too many interests, so much so that the nobility was dissatisfied, even the "countrymen" opposed it.
The State of Chu bullied the decline of the Zhou royal family during the reign of King Xiao of Zhou and proclaimed himself king, but in the period of King Li of Zhou, because of the strength of King Li, he quietly canceled the title of king, which also confirmed the ability of King Li of Zhou, right?
Extended reading: Using the history of cultural relics [Jinhou Crisp Bell], the thrilling process from the excavation of cultural relics to the repurchase
King Xuan of Zhou
King Xuan of Zhou had summoned Mu to exchange his son's life for this life, otherwise he would have been killed by the angry countrymen. After the western Zhou Dynasty under the rule of King Li of Zhou, the officials were corrupted and the people were scattered, King Xuan of Zhou ordered the restoration of the office, the advice of Guangjin, the settlement of the people, and the repair of weapons; Xingqi Hunting Lile, following the legacy of King Wen of Zhou, King Wu of Zhou, King Cheng of Zhou, and King Kang of Zhou, and promptly appointing Mu Gong, Zhongshan Fu, Yin Jifu and other sages to assist the government, and successively launched wars against the surrounding tribes, so that the authority of the declining Zhou royal family was restored, and the princes once again went to see Tianzi, Siyi Xian, and the history was called "King Xuan zhongxing".
Yin Jifu (尹吉甫; pinyin: 尹) is the official name, official to the inner history, is said to be the main collector of the Book of Poetry, a military expert, poet, and philosopher, and is revered as the ancestor of Chinese poetry, and the Daya Yanmin and Daya Jianghan are all written by Yin Jifu. He assisted three generations of emperors, and The Later Zhou Youwang listened to the rumors and killed him. Soon after discovering the wrongful killing, he made a gold head for a thick burial.
Extended reading: History of Cultural Relics [Mao Gongding]
There are more than 500 inscriptions on Mao Gongding, which is the bronze with the most inscriptions, which is simply a history book. The inscription records that King Xuan of Zhou, in order to exert himself to govern the royal family, to eliminate the accumulated defects, ordered the important minister Mao Gong to entrust him with the heavy responsibility of fixing the state and managing the family affairs of Zhou Tianzi, and granted him the exclusive right to declare the king's order, and specifically stated that mao gong could warn his ministers not to carry out any royal order without Mao Gong's consent, and then warned and encouraged Mao Gong not to be lazy and lazy, not to suppress public opinion, not to insult widows, and to faithfully assist the royal family to avoid the disaster of losing the country.
MAO Gongding. National Palace Museum, Taipei
Ginger after hairpin
Queen Jiang of Zhou Xuan was the daughter of the Monarch of Qi. At the beginning of King Xuan's reign, with the support of Zhao Gong and others, he was diligent in political affairs. However, over time, he could not help but be a little slack, not only going to bed early and getting up late, but also often staying in the harem to play with the concubines and not wanting to leave, delaying the ascension to the government. Jiang Hou then took off her earrings and went to Yongxiang to plead guilty, and asked Fu Mu to tell King Xuanwang of Zhou that she had made King Xuanwang of Zhou feel lustful and playful, making the king neglect the government. The king's lust will inevitably cause extravagance and waste, and in the long run, there will be chaos in the world, which is why she asked for sin. King Xuan of Zhou was greatly moved when he heard this, and has been diligent in the administration of the dynasty ever since. This is the allusion to "ginger after hairpin".
Later, someone wrote a poem that portrayed King Xuan's mentality of caring about the government and not being able to stay up at night to govern the country to the fullest, and later the song was named "Ting Liao" and included in the "Book of Poetry. Xiao Ya".
Interference in lu politics
In the spring of the eleventh year of King Xuan of Zhou, Duke Wu of Lu took two sons, the eldest son and the youngest son, to see King Xuan of Zhou. Because of his favor, King Xuan of Zhou deposed Chang Liyou and made him the Crown Prince of Lu.
In the summer of the same year, Duke Wu of Lu died after returning to China and succeeded to the throne as Duke Yi of Lu.
Ten years later, the son and the Lu people attacked and killed Lu Yigong and established himself as Lu Jun, known in history as "Lu Gong".
After another ten years, King Xuan of Zhou rebelled against the State of Lu and killed Duke Boyu of Lu, and the younger brother of Duke Yi of Lilu was called the Prince of Lu and was the Duke of Lu.
King Xuan of Zhou committed the same mistake as King Xiao of Zhou's "Rebellion of the Duke of Qi", interfering with the normal succession of the throne of the princely states and causing political turmoil, after this incident, the prestige of Zhou Tianzi was greatly reduced, and the princes disobeyed the king's orders.
Transfixed
King Xuan of Zhou liked cockfighting, and Ji Yuzi was responsible for domesticating cockfighting.
Ten days later the king asked, "Is the chicken trained well?" He said, "No, I'm proud of my flesh." ”
Ten days later, the king asked again, "Is the chicken trained well?" He said: "No, still reacting to other chickens crying and approaching." ”
Ten days later, the king asked again, "Is the chicken trained well?" He said: "No, still looking at each other with great momentum." ”
Ten days later, the king asked again, "Is the chicken trained well?" He said, "Almost, now even if the other chickens are crying, there is no response." ”
Looking at it, like a chicken made of wood, the spirit was all converged, and the other chickens did not dare to fight, turned and fled.
This is a story about King Xuan of Zhou recorded in Zhuangzi, and it is also the source of the idiom "stupid like a wooden chicken". Zhuangzi believes that the wooden chicken is not really stupid, but a chicken that is not proud and not dry and complete in virtue, which is similar to "great wisdom if foolish", "great cleverness is like clumsiness", "great courage is like timidity", which originally means excellent positive words.
Of course, now "dumbfounded" has become a derogatory term, describing the look of being stunned by fear or surprise.
The twelve kings of Western Zhou
At this point, we will introduce the twelve kings of Western Zhou, who are, in order: King Wen, King Wu, King Cheng, King Kang, King Zhao, King Mu, King Gong, King Yi, King Xiao, King Yi, King Li, and King Xuan, but not as far as King You, the last King of Zhou in Western Zhou.
But do you know no, there is actually a bronze vessel from the Western Zhou Dynasty, called the "Lái (lái) Disk", on which the 360-character inscription sweeps away the twelve Kings of Zhou, and also records the names and important historical events of each King of Zhou, which are basically consistent with the literature and the accounts of the Jin Wen found before, such as King Wen and King Wu's Keyin, King Cheng, King Kang consolidating and opening up territory, King Zhao's conquest of Chu, King Mu's conquest on all sides, and so on. Neither the Kui Pan Ming nor the Shi Wall Pan Ming mention the Duke of Zhou, and it can be seen that the so-called Usurpation of power by the Duke of Zhou and the title of king in some documents are not credible.
Author: Zhen Yanhu
Source: Elementary school students love history