Sesame is an important oil crop in China, which can produce sesame oil and is an indispensable daily necessity for people's daily lives. In recent years, with the growing area of sesame seeds, it has also attracted the attention of some people. However, in the sesame production process, the occurrence of pests and diseases is very common, and some pests and diseases will have a very serious impact on the overall yield and quality of sesame production once they appear, and the pests and diseases in sesame production are usually a major cause of economic losses for growers. Based on this, the main pests and diseases in sesame production are elaborated, and some control measures are proposed based on their own experience.
1 The main pests and diseases in the sesame production process
1.1 Pests and diseases during the sowing period
The main pests and diseases in the sesame sowing period are underground pests, which usually include grubs, golden needle worms and ground tigers, among which grubs mainly harm the seedlings and roots of sesame seeds, and this damage and temperature will generally have a relatively large correlation. For example, when the soil temperature is 12 ~ 15 °C, the grubs usually move on the surface, and the damage to sesame seeds is also the most serious. The golden needle worm is the larvae of the kowtow, which generally harms the sesame seeds and seedlings, and generally appears in large quantities during the seedling stage of the sesame seeds, which needs to be reasonably controlled, otherwise the consequences are very serious. In addition, ground tigers also pose a threat to sesame seedlings during the sowing period and also need to be controlled.
1.2 Pests and diseases at the seedling stage
The pests and diseases at the sesame seedling stage are mainly coriander. This insect mainly acts during the day, and usually feeds on the young leaves of sesame seeds, and sometimes on the young stems of sesame seeds, which seriously affects the flowering and fruiting of sesame seeds. This pest will cause harm on soybeans, and it is mainly based on young leaves.
1.3 Medium-term pests and diseases
There are generally relatively few pests and diseases in the middle of the sesame production process, and many areas do not even have pests and diseases in the middle of sesame cultivation, but this does not mean that there are no pests and diseases. During this period, some areas will appear sesame peach aphid, this disease and insect will generally be more likely to occur under high temperature and humidity conditions. It is recommended to use nongxing, swordsman, Ducati and other drugs for prevention and control.
1.4 Later pests and diseases
There are relatively many diseases and pests that occur in the late stage of sesame production, and usually the occurrence of diseases and insect pests in the late stage of sesame production is the most likely to reduce sesame production, resulting in the most serious consequences. The most serious is sesame leaf blight, which mostly occurs in the late stages of sesame growth, and once it occurs, it will infect sesame leaves, petioles, capsules and stems, resulting in a decrease in sesame production. Sesame leaf spot disease is a fungal disease that can infect leaves, capsules and stems, mainly affecting the leaves. Once this disease appears, it will greatly affect the photosynthesis of the leaves, which in turn will affect the yield of sesame seeds. Sesame blight, also known as half yellow, this pathogen will infect the roots of sesame seeds once it appears, resulting in the death of half or the whole plant, which generally affects the late maturity of sesame seeds and grain filling, which will seriously cause a large reduction in sesame production. It is recommended to use fluconazole + xanthopramine + nutrition to control the above two diseases.
2 Sesame disease control programmes
2.1 Physical control
2.1.1 Selection of disease-resistant varieties At present, the selection of disease-resistant varieties cannot be used as the main means to solve sesame diseases and insect pests, but it can be used as a basic means. However, disease-resistant varieties have certain limitations, and generally disease-resistant varieties only resist a single disease, and cannot resist all diseases well.
2.1.2 Establish an efficient sesame cultivation model Each region should establish an efficient sesame cultivation model according to the actual situation of its own region. In sesame production areas, it is necessary to make full use of the resources of the region, and rationally use the advantages of soil, light, precipitation and so on to give full play to the excellence of varieties. If there are natural factors in the region that are not conducive to sesame production, the relevant planting enterprises or farmers should seriously make the choice of sesame cultivation mode, based on science, and must not act according to the so-called experience.
2.2 Chemical control
At present, for common pests and diseases of sesame, the use of chemical control methods is the main method. For sesame seeds from the seed treatment, to carry out seed mixing, to avoid seed carrying bacteria, you can choose ether oxyspec ester or phenylmethoconazole seed mixing, after seed mixing, not stuffy seeds, no sunning, natural shade drying. For the common blight of sesame seeds, 80% allicin 5 to 10 mL + miro 5 g + pin noble foliar fertilizer 25 g mixed with 30 kg of water can be used for spraying.
At present, the common sesame sales package, divided into 3-4 times of medication, respectively in the seedling stage, jointing stage, pod stage and mature stage of medication, for the common diseases and insect pests all at once to solve, and can be appropriately supplemented with sesame growth necessary nutrients, for sesame production and income also played a certain role. Gradually replaced single-agent programmes for pest and disease control. However, at present, the state does not have detailed legal provisions for crop solutions (packages), most of which are restricted according to local policies to avoid the harm caused by non-compliant drugs in the package to farmers.
In short, the probability of occurrence of pests and diseases in sesame production is very high, and each region should carry out prevention and control work according to its own regional characteristics. It is necessary to carry out pest control work on sesame production at three points: the selection of sesame varieties, the determination of sesame cultivation mode and chemical control, so that sesame production can be carried out smoothly.