Zhejiang shellfish is the dried bulb of the Lily family Zhejiang shellfish. It is mainly produced in Zhejiang, Jiangsu and other places. It is also cultivated in Jiangxi, Shanghai, Hubei, Hunan and other provinces. Especially in Zhejiang Xiangshan is preferred.
<h1 class = "pgc-h-arrow-right" > biological characteristics</h1>
Zhejiang Beimu prefers a mild, humid and sunny environment. Root growth requires a temperature of 7 ~ 25 °C, and root growth above 25 °C is inhibited. Seedlings emerge at an average ground temperature of 6 to 7 °C, and the growth and development temperature range of the aboveground part is 4 to 30 °C, and within this range, the growth rate accelerates with the increase of temperature. The flowering temperature is about 22 °C. The plant is frozen at -3 °C, and the top of the plant above 30 °C appears yellowish. Bulbs can swell normally at ground temperature of 10 to 25 °C, freeze at -6 °C, and dormant at above 25 °C. Afraid of drought, plants with soil moisture content below 6% cannot grow, and bulbs below 10% cannot take root. The moisture content of the soil suitable for growth is 20% to 28%. The soil requirements are stricter, and it is advisable to choose a well-drained, humus-rich, loose and fertile sandy soil for planting, and the soil pH of 5.5~7.0 is more appropriate.
Zhejiang shellfish autumn planting and summer harvest. Planting from late September to early October, rooting in mid-October, germinating in November to December, slightly expanding underground bulbs, seedlings emerging in early February, late February to mid-May and late May are the main periods of bulb expansion, mid- and late-March the aboveground part grows the fastest, and buds bloom, early April withers, late April to early May plants begin to wither, mid-May seeds mature, natural overwintering can lift dormancy. The bulbs stop expanding, the whole plant withers, and the bulbs dormant in the summer in June.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > second, cultivation technology</h1>
(1) Land selection and land preparation
Sandy loam soil with good drainage, deep soil layer, loose and high organic matter content is selected. Mu apply full decomposition of manure or compost that meets harmless health standards of 3000 ~ 5000 kg, deep ploughing of 20 ~ 25 cm, rake fine leveling, made into a width of about 200 cm, height of 15 cm, furrow depth of 15 ~ 20 cm, width of 30 cm furrow, furrow surface slightly tile back shape. Zhejiang shellfish is not suitable for continuous cropping, and can be rotated with corn, soybeans, sweet potatoes, taro and other crops.
(2) Propagation methods
There are two propagation methods: bulb propagation and seed propagation. Bulbs are mostly used for propagation in production, and seed propagation is mostly used when the bulbs are lacking.
1． Bulb propagation
The bulbs are selected from tightly packed scales, with full buds and no pests and diseases. Planted separately according to size and grading. Bulbs with a diameter of 3 to 4.5 cm are selected as seed seeds, and those with a diameter of less than 1.5 cm, 1.5 cm to 4.5 cm or more are used as commercial seeds, and are planted from mid-September to early October. The seed land is 20~24cm in row spacing, the plant spacing is 16cm, and 15,000-16,000 plants per mu are appropriate, and the amount of seeds used is 400-500kg. Commercial land can be based on the size of the bulb, row spacing of 18 ~ 23cm, plant spacing of 15 ~ 18cm, planting 12000 ~ 20000 plants per mu, the amount of seed used varies from 170 ~ 600 kg; the seed land should be about 10 cm deep, the commercial land should be shallow, and the bulb should be small and shallow, 5 ~ 8 cm is appropriate.
2． Seed propagation
The seeds of Zhejiang shellfish mature at the end of May, when the embryo of the seed has not yet developed well, and it needs to be matured for about 2 months at a low temperature of 5 to 10 ° C before the embryo can grow. Seedlings can be produced in the spring of the same year through the spring sowing of the seeds that are ripened in the same year; if the seeds harvested in the same year are sown in the autumn, the seedlings can be produced in the spring of the second year. The plant formed by seed propagation is very small, the leaves of the 1-year-old plant are a linear leaf, the small bulb is as large as mung bean; the 2-year seedling is a lanceolate leaf, the bulb is like a corn kernel; the 3-year-old plant begins to draw the stem, the plant height is more than 10 cm, the bulb reaches 5g; after the 4th year, the plant begins to flower, the bulb can be used as a planting, and a bulb can grow into two bulbs. It is better to sow strips, according to the row spacing of 6.5cm, open a shallow ditch, 1.5 to 2cm deep, sprinkle ash fertilizer soil in the ditch, sow and cover the soil, and then cover the furrow surface with a thin layer of manure that meets the harmless hygiene standards.
(3) Field management
1． Weeding and fertilization
Cultivation and weeding should be diligent and early, generally 3 to 4 times, focusing on the zhejiang shellfish before it is unearthed and the early stage of plant growth, the first time in early February when the seedlings are shallow hoeing; the second time from late February to late March appropriate deep hoe; the third time for early April, combined with fertilization. Weed once before fertilization is applied, so that the soil is loose and the fertilizer is easily absorbed. Seedlings are 12 to 15 cm tall, weeded once every 15 days, or plucked when we see grass, and the seed field is ploughed once in May. Winter fertilizer is very important, the amount is large, and the aboveground part of Zhejiang shellfish grows for only about 3 months. Fertilizer need period is more concentrated, only after the emergence of the topdressing can not meet the needs of the entire growth, and winter fertilizer can meet the entire growth period, energy continuous supply of nutrients, so winter fertilizer should be based on delay-acting fertilizer. Re-apply the base fertilizer, open a shallow ditch on the furrow surface, apply 1000 to 1500 kg of human and animal manure and urine in the ditch, and then sprinkle 100 kg of cake fertilizer, cover the soil, cover the top with manure and soil fertilizer 2000 ~ 2500 kg, break, level, can not hinder the emergence of seedlings. In February of the second year, after the seedlings are planted, the seedlings are watered again, and 750 to 1000 kg of human and animal manure and urine that meet the harmless health standards are fully decomposed per mu, and the diluted water is poured between the rows. The third time of topdressing in March when the seedlings grow to a certain height, mu application of full decomposition of human and animal manure and urine that meets the harmless health standards of 2000 kg, or urea 7.5 ~ 10 kg with water water; the fourth time is at the end of March or the beginning of April after picking flowers, fertilization after topping, mu application of grass and wood ash 100 ~ 150 kg and 10 ~ 15 kg of phosphate fertilizer, to promote the growth of bulbs.
2． Irrigation and drainage
From February to April, the water demand is large, and the lack of water is not conducive to plant growth, which directly affects the expansion of the bulb and affects the yield. The entire growth period should not be too much water, nor too little. However, the northern spring is dry and watered once a week, and the southern rainy season should pay attention to drainage.
3． Pick flowers and top them
In order to make the bulb fully nourished, the flowering period should be picked, in late March, when there are 2 to 3 flowers at the lower end of the flower stem, the flowers and buds will be removed together with the top tip on a sunny day, and the length of the top is generally 8 to 10 cm.
(4) Diseases and pests and their prevention and control
1． disease
(1) Gray mold disease: it is a disease caused by fungi. After the onset of the disease, small spots of light brown appear on the leaves, and then expand into oval or irregular spots, with obvious water-stained rings on the edges, which continue to expand to form large gray spots; after the flowers are damaged, the dry shrinkage cannot flower, the flower stalks are twisted and shrunk, showing a pale green; the young fruits are dark green and dry.
Control methods: (1) after harvesting, remove the affected plants and diseased leaves, burn them to reduce the overwintering pathogen; (2) the land with more serious disease should not be stubble; (3) strengthen field management, rational fertilization, enhance the disease resistance of Zhejiang shellfish; (4) before the onset of the disease, spray 1:1:100 Bordeaux liquid in late March, spray once in 7 to 10 days, 3 to 4 times continuously, or spray with 50% carbendazim 800 times liquid or 50% methyl tolbutin 1000 times liquid at the time of onset.
(2) Black spot disease: a disease caused by a fungus. The onset of the disease is from the tip of the leaf, the leaf color becomes lighter, the water-stained brown spots appear, gradually spread to the leaf base, and some due to environmental relations, do not develop deeply to the leaf base and the leaf tip part withers. The damage generally begins in late March, especially when the rain is heavy, until the underground part of zhejiang shellfish dies.
Prevention and control method: with gray mold.
(3) Soft rot disease: it is a disease caused by pathogenic bacteria. The affected part of the bulb begins to be brown and watery, spreading quickly, after which the bulb becomes a bad tofu slag, or becomes a sticky "snot"; sometimes the damage stops, and the surface water loss becomes a hole that resembles an insect bite.
Control methods: (1) select robust and disease-free bulbs as seeds; (2) choose well-drained sandy loam soil for planting; (3) soak the seeds with 50% benzylidene 1000 times liquid for 15 minutes, dry and then plant, the effect is better.
(4) Dry rot disease: it is a disease caused by a fungus. Bulbs are honeycomb-shaped after the base of the bulb is damaged, and brown folds are colored after the scales are damaged. After this bulb is planted, the roots are stunted, the plant withers early, and the new bulb is small.
Prevention and control method: same as soft rot.
2． Pest
(1) Grubs: In mid-April, they began to bite the bulbs and young stems, and the affected bulbs became ponymp-like or uneven hollows, and even the bulbs were bitten into mutilated and broken shapes.
Control methods: (1) remove weeds in winter, turn the land deeply, and eliminate the mouth of overwintering insects; (2) apply manure and compost that meet the harmless sanitary standards, compost, and cover the soil to reduce the spawning of adult insects; (3) light the lamp to trap the adult scarab beetles; (4) use 75% octyl thiophosphate emulsion to mix seeds at 1:1000 seed weight; (5) during the occurrence of insect pests, water the soil around the roots with 90% crystal meperidronate (dimethoate) 1000 to 1500 times.
(2) Allium mites: harmful bulbs, mainly occurring during the summer period.
Control methods: (1) strict selection of seeds, the rotten mite stems are picked out; (2) after the bulbs are harvested, they are stored indoors for 7 to 10 days, so that the mites die or leave the bulbs in a dry environment; (3) mix the seeds with acaricide insecticide and fungicide before sowing, and the method is the same as dry rot and soft rot.
(3) Saw carob coriander: adults bite the leaves, and in severe cases, the leaves of the plant are eaten.
Control methods: (1) use the cluster of adult insects to catch with nets in time; (2) use 90% crystal metridronate (dimethoate) 1500 times liquid or 40% Lego emulsion 800 to 1500 times liquid spraying, can also be controlled with 5% cevine powder.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > third, harvesting and primary processing</h1>
(1) Harvesting
Bulb propagation can be harvested in 1 to 2 years; seed propagation, harvested in 4 to 5 years.
Commercial bulbs are harvested on sunny days when the plant wilts in early and mid-May, and are dug from one end of the furrow, without hurting the bulbs, shaking the soil, removing the stems and leaves, whiskers and roots, and transporting them back for processing. The bulbs of the seed field are soiled when they are planted in September or October, and are planted as they are dug. All seeds are made, and no goods are processed. Generally, 600~900kg of Zhejiang shellfish fresh products are produced per mu, which is equivalent to 200~300kg of dried products.
(2) Primary processing
The processing process of Zhejiang shellfish is generally four processes: washing mud, digging the heart and dividing the file, peeling and adding lime, and drying.
1． Wash the mud
Fresh bulbs are placed in bamboo baskets, washed off the soil in shallow water, and washed with your feet in the water.
2． Dig the heart into files
After the Zhejiang shellfish washes the mud and drains the water, it digs the heart while breaking the scales during processing, and at the same time files. Select the larger bulb to dig out the heart bud and process it into a "large shell"; the smaller bulb does not go to the heart bud, and the whole process becomes a "bead shell"; the heart bud can be processed into a "shell core". Or take the bulbs, divide the sizes, wash them, remove the core buds, and cut them into thick slices while fresh. Processed into "Zhejiang shellfish".
3． Peeled with lime (or forged shell powder)
The traditional peeling method is carried out in a special wooden barrel (locally known as a wood barrel), the barrel is suspended on a three-legged wooden frame during processing, the shell is loaded into the barrel, and then the two people hold the bucket on one side and push it back and forth, so that the shell rubs against each other, after 15 to 20 minutes, most of the epidermis is removed, and the slurry is put into lime or calcined shell powder when the slurry seeps out. After the lime or forged shell powder is added, continue to push the impact for about 15 minutes until the mother of the shell is completely covered with lime or calcined shell powder. At present, the production area mostly uses electric machinery.
4． Dried
After processing, Zhejiang shellfish is placed in the sun the next day, continuously dried for 3 to 4 days, packed in sacks, stacked indoors for 1 to 3 days, let the internal moisture penetrate into the surface, and then dried for 1 to 2 days, you can dry. During the process of sun drying, the shed lime and debris are sieved daily with a sieve (the pore size of the sieve eye is about 0.5 cm). The standard of Zhejiang shellfish drying is crunchy when broken, the section is white and powdery, the color is consistent, and there is no jade color in the center. If the center of the section is three-colored, it means that it has not dried and needs to be sunburned again
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