Grammatical structure of the Gulin dialect
Hu Liangwei
Compared with Mandarin, the Gulin dialect includes three aspects: homonym, homonym and synonym. Homonym means that the words used in the local dialect are basically the same or exactly the same as the Mandarin words in terms of morphology, meaning, number of syllables, and word formation. With the popularization of Mandarin and the improvement of cultural quality, there will be more and more synonymous words.
Homonyms refer to dialects that are in the same form as Mandarin in word form, but express different meanings:
1. The words are the same, the meaning is completely different:
Examples
Dialects and words
Mo [mɛ33]
Remember, think
Grandma [nai55]
Breasts; milk
Ping
Grasp, standard
Rack
Vest (worn in summer).
Half
beside
sentry
Cars and boats honk
2. The word form is the same, and the range of meanings is only partially the same (the range of meanings in Mandarin is relatively small):
crazy
(1) Schizophrenia or confusion
(2) Words and deeds are not solemn and frivolous
Color
(1) The color or clarity of the water
(2) Skin color (mostly refers to good-looking skin tone)
3. The word form is the same, and the range of meanings is different (mandarin has a large range of meanings):
violate
(1) Violation
(2) Committing a crime
(3) Seizures; illness
leg
(1) The part of the body that walks
(2) The supporting part of the utensil
Heterosexual synonyms Synonyms refer to words in local dialects and Mandarin that differ in form but have the same ideogram. These words are numerous and rich in content, but they can find corresponding words.
(1) The local dialect and Mandarin have the same word formation, number of syllables and expression meaning, but different constructs of acephemes
1. Monosyllabic words:
Dialect examples
Mandarin counterpart
跍[k'v21]
squat
捹[bən24]
etc
焸[kv42]
open eyes
treasure
Silly, stupid, stupid
皅[p'ɑ55]
Soft; cooked
2. Two-syllable words:
Bubbles [p'ɑu24sɑu24]
soft
Turn backwards
turn
Knotty[kɛ33[i24]
Sweat scale
Good old
Honest
Warp
fissure
Cold gag
Chills
3. Multisyllabic words:
Hanging powder sausage
Hungry
Old woman
mother-in-law
Turn on
Corner
Screws
Ankle bone
Erhu
Bearded
(2) The local dialect and Mandarin have the same number of words and syllables, and the way of constructing words and words is different:
Word-building
The end[mɰ33mɰ33]
great-grandson
Overlapping → is positive
wood
coffin
The additional → is positive
Regulation 1
appropriate
Moving guests → united
Open
funnel
Fire flash
lightning
The subject is → moving
All over the slope
everywhere
Biased → moving
Pumping
drawers
Overlapping → moving objects
(3) Local dialects and Mandarin words have the same meaning, and the number of syllables, tactile morphemes, and word construction methods are different.
1. The number of syllables is different. Local dialect monosyllabic, Mandarin two-syllable:
鑻[p'æ~21]
raise
regret
Promise; cajole
Dad[pɚ21]
uncle
Brother [kɚ55]
Brother
Waste
Trick-or-treating, trouble-making
yard
Bullying; piling
barbarian
Servants, servants
mud
Rotten; spoiled
flash
photograph
hair
corrupt
2. The number of syllables is different. Local dialect two-syllable, Mandarin monosyllabic:
Armour[kɑ42 kɑ42]
meat
Pole pole
stem
Angle angle[kɰ33kɰ33]
horn
Claw claw[tsɑu42]
hand
蔫粨 [ie~55pai55]
listless
Phan soap [fæ~21tsɑu24]
dirty
Block
curtain
Mi[mi55iɑu55]
cat
Fog mask
fog
哤哤[mɑŋ55mɑŋ55]
rice
3. The number of syllables is different. Local dialect two-syllable, Mandarin trisyllabic.
treacherous
The city is deep
Shrimp soup[ɕiɑ55kɚ55]
Small tablespoons
Electric bars
Sunlight light
Lookout board
ceiling
Stone fruit
pebbles
4. The number of syllables is different. Trisyllabic in local dialects, two syllables in Mandarin:
Fat
corpulent
Hun Dong Dong[xuən55tuŋ55tuŋ55]
Turbidity
Light fork fork
Naked
It's amazing
scream
The heart is indebted
Care
Rags [ɕi55tsau55tsau55]
wetting
(4) The meaning and structure of words in local dialects and Mandarin are the same, but the number of morphological primes and syllables is different
1. The number of composition morphemes and syllables is different. Local dialect two-syllable, Mandarin trisyllabic:
Mandarin corresponds to words
Structured
Pulling
Problem
Moving
Hair-throwing
Failure
Rip-offs
Tell a lie
Fork [ts'ɑ4k'ɚ42]
Big mouth
Positive
Adultery [ts'æ~42tɕie~55]
Be in the spotlight
Day white
Not seriously
Hide the cat
hide-and-seek
2. The number of morphemes and syllables is different. Trisyllabic in local dialects, two syllables in Mandarin:
Shake Shirt [t'ou42 t'ou42sɚ55]
Silk shirts
Tricksters
Door-to-door
Send people pro
Gifts
Palm spot seeds
lose face
Pull the handle
brag
Bite down the peatrous
stubborn
Talk about auntie
In love
(5) Differences in morphological morphemes lead to word heterogeneity
1. The meaning, number of syllables, and structure of words in local dialects and Mandarin are generally the same, but the morphological morphemes are only partially the same, and some are different.
(1) Two-syllable:
Zhou Zheng
proper
catch fire
firing
Cut off
neat
Heat and [zɛ33xo55]
warm
Tart ear [t'a33ɚ42]
slap
Hot
knotty
Cunning [tɕiɑu42lin21]
sensitive
Jeans [iɑu21k'v33]
shorts
It's a lot of work
often
Bucket bowl
Large bowl
(2) Trisyllabic:
Lɑu42tie~55tuŋ55 ]
dotard
Skim your feet
Toeing
Scratch left
lefty
Short tuk tuk
stumpy
Yin quietly
Quiet
Hard pestle pestle
Hard pole
Sour chirping
sour
2. The local dialect and Mandarin have the same number of words and syllables, but the structure and morphology are different.
structure
Road
grain
Shell
bummer
Shed
Wigwam
Gege
lattice
Overlapping → attached
Mosquitoes
Mosquito
Overlapping → side-by-side
Dust
Mud dust
Circle
circle
Chickens
chick
Light life
smooth
Additional → side-by-side
3. Words in local dialects and Mandarin have the same meaning, and the number of syllables, structure, and tactile morphemes are different.
(1) Local dialect two-syllable, Mandarin monosyllabic.
Bo Yi [po24iɛ33]
thin
Horned Bar[kɰ33pɚ55]
sore
Bamboo shoots
bamboo shoots
Nyonki [lən24suæ~24]
tender
Face
face
Hold your breath
die
Get out
Ploughshares [li21t'ou55]
plough
(2) Trisyllabic in local dialects, two syllables in Mandarin.
White kaka
pale
Looting
swindle
Cut the brain shell
haircut
Serve with plates
Foil
Sleep [suei24kɑu55kɑu55]
Go to bed
You can't win
busy
See no
abhor
That's nonsense
Talk nonsense
No
No way
4. Local dialects and Mandarin have the same meaning and structure, and the number of syllables and some morphemes are different.
Sunny days
fine
Overcast days
cloudy
Sake Rice
glutinous rice
Call the chicken
Rooster
Intimate Douban
Confidant
Posterior [tsua33]
Head
Suspicious fox heart
suspect
Kyoko Rice
almond
General
Body
Run the beach
Run the rivers and lakes
Comb the brain shell
Comb your hair
Barefoot board
barefooted
(6) Synonyms synonyms of exactly the same morphological terms
1. Local dialects and Mandarin words have the same meaning and framing of words, and the morphemes are arranged in different orders.
slalom
Back
It's hot
boisterous
People-to-people
guest
Neat
Pie
Style
vegetables
vegetable
Strip powder
Vermicelli
2. The meaning and morphology of local dialects and Mandarin words are exactly the same, and the local dialects appear in the form of overlapping + "child" (childization).
Powder
powder
Bubbles
soak
Vines
rattan
Seeds
seed
Put the handle
handful
Pie
cake
Bags
pack
Jewel
bead
Silky
silk
Buckets
bucket
(vii) Words constructed by figurative rhetoric
1. Metaphorical body in front of the body in the post AB type words. Structurally, it is a partial positive relationship, and the sense can be understood as "B like A" or "A like B".
Two-syllable
Knife bean jumping knife plate duck Ding pot cauliflower medicinal tea elephant trunk eagle beak claw hand
Horse stool, cane sweeping cylinder bowl, dandruff (dandruff) drum eyes, superficial, air shell (not full)
Stone beans (uncooked and stewed beans)
Three syllables
Screw crutch Grandma Dish Scoop Vegetable Fan Sugar Mountain Grass Dog Cat Nose Bridge Copper Money Ringworm Bee Wrapped Face Lees Sores (Seat Sores) Figure Eight Hu Er Scoop Sores (Corner Sores) Xiangluoer Grass Shabu Belly (Keshan Disease) Bamboo Shoot Shell Face Dog Tail Grass Huer Grass Tiger Tooth (Canine Tooth) Fan Bone Comb Head Mandarin Orange Spotted Bamboo Urine Pot Bamboo Chicken Eye Chicken Eyes Chicken Po Bean Er Yan Wang Thorn Scissors Vegetable Mimosa Chicken Blood Lee Tiger Vice Yellow Barrel Waist Chestnut Crow's Mouth Grinding Legs Cowhide Vegetables Sharp-billed Hoof Broom Star Fish Loach String Bamboo Shell Face Ear
Four syllables
Bubble through the sea pepper Canal cat clothes (up and down into one children's clothing) bile brain shell five-spiced mouth
Oh na's back goosebumps, lees nose, shrimp back (hunchback) Artemisia foot pole robber eyes
Old Stork Neck (Thin and Long Neck) Locust Waist Pole (Thin and Long Waist) Pu Fan Ears (Extra Large Ears) Ebony Lump Belly Tobacco Pack Old Man Bodhisattva Heart
Pentasyllabic
Cow rib window (vertical strip window made of wooden strips) Radish flower eyes (cataract)
Pot rack back (thin and slightly hunched back) Sell beef face face (jaw face; elongate face)
2. Ontology in pre-metaphorical body after AB-style words. Structurally it is a partial positive relationship, which can be understood in the sense of "B-like A" or "B-like A" (this kind of inflection is very different from the first one):
Example words
Meaning
Waist flowers
The kidneys of domestic animals and other animals (named after the petals inside, meaning a waist like a petal)
stalagmite
Bamboo shoot-like calcium carbonate deposits that stand upside down or hang in caves
Stone Mountain
A pile of calcium carbonate shaped like a hill
Water pot bar
Scale (like a pot sticking tightly to a pan)
Stone fruit
Pebbles (stones like fruit)
Shemile
Snow, also known as "snow seeds". White grains of Xiaoice that fall in the shape of rice in winter
Snow marbles
Hail (marble-like snow)
Pig drill melon
Genitalia of male pigs (named for their resembling a diamond melon (drill seed))
Canal cat pimples
tadpole. Canal cats are frogs (canal cats like small knots)
Smoke pot bar
Cigarette butts (mostly refers to the remaining parts of the dry smoke pot)
Cigarette butt
butt
Cover the barrels
Quilt cover (wraps cotton wool like a bucket)
Sleepworms
A person who snoozes like a worm
Broken knots
Swear words (broken hands and feet like joints, broken section by section)
Rubber bands
A rubber band in the shape of a circle
3. Only the metaphor appears, the ontology does not appear This kind of word stays on the surface of the text and cannot understand its meaning, and it is necessary to establish an inevitable connection between the ontology and the metaphor; and this inevitable connection is usually conventional:
Metaphorical
substance
Flower Girl
ladybug
The spots on its carapace resemble those of a girl in a floral dress (good looking)
Call the dogs
Kids who like to cry
Like a puppy that likes to bark, he loves to cry and make trouble
Corns
Long round hard lumps on the toes
It is named because the hard block has a pointed point and resembles a corn
Lick your ass
Flattering, flattering
Sticking out your tongue to lick that place is indecent, so it is deeply derogatory
Eater
Especially people who can eat or are useless
There is no use except to pack rice (eat), which is a metaphor for the incompetent and useless person
Hit the braincase
Something or thing that makes you dizzy
It means that the degree of wine is high or the person speaks heavily, making people dizzy and unbearable
Javelin
have diarrhea
The image reveals the spouting out of diarrhea
Take care of the rip-off
Contradictions
What is not clear and unclear is the contradiction
Broken account
Running around, wandering and uncertain
Running around is like unpaid debt (bad debt)
Big-mouthed dogs
Gluttonous; especially people who can eat
The special ability to eat is likened to a large-mouthed (hungry) dog
Ghost drawers
Scribble; scribble; write chaotically
The biggest feature is that it is not easy to recognize, just like the symbols drawn by ghosts
Tread fake water
Fraud
Stepping on the surface of the water is confusing, making people unaware of the depth of the water
Dog planers
Beginners to swim or poor water
Hands planed in the water, swimming posture is not good, like a dog planing (pejorative)
Thick back
The powerful back
Those who have the ability to act as a thick veil on their backs must be powerful people who have support
Author Hu Liangwei