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The population problem is the greatest of the country. China is the most populous country in the world, and the population issue has always been a basic, overall and strategic issue affecting economic and social development.
In order to adapt to the new changes in the population situation and the new requirements of high-quality development, the Party Central Committee and the State Council recently issued the Decision on Optimizing The Birth Policy to Promote the Long-term Balanced Development of the Population. The "Decision" pointed out that optimizing the fertility policy and implementing the policy of having three children for a couple and supporting support measures are conducive to improving China's population structure, implementing the national strategy of actively responding to the aging of the population, and maintaining the advantages of Chinese resource endowments.
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The "three-child era" is coming,
What are the changes in the fertility policy this time?
For issues that people care about,
What are the policy responses?
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At the Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital, another child of Peng Junyi and Xie Xiaomei was born. Peng Junyi is an only child, combined with his own growth experience, Xiao Peng hopes that his children can grow up together in the company of brothers and sisters.
In fact, from Peng Junyi's family structure, we can see that China's fertility policy has roughly gone through several stages: from the implementation of the one-child policy in the 1980s, to the launch of the implementation of the "single two-child" in 2013, the implementation of the comprehensive two-child policy in 2015, and then to the current three-child policy, China's population policy is also constantly adjusting and optimizing.
Taking the first stage as an example, after the founding of New China, due to social stability, economic development and improvement of health conditions, China's population grew rapidly, from 540 million in the early days of the founding of New China to 990 million in 1980, and the rapid population growth brought great pressure to economic and social development.
Song Jian, deputy director of the Population and Development Research Center of Chinese Min University, said: "This increase was very large, and the social productive forces at that time were quite underdeveloped, many people did not have enough to eat, and there were also problems that basic living needs could not be met. Therefore, in this historical background, we mainly issued an open letter in 1980 to all Communist Party members and members of the Communist Youth League, hoping that everyone would have a child, which is also commonly known as the one-child policy. ”
In order to adapt to the level of productivity and development at that time, the state began to promote family planning in the 1970s and established it as a basic national policy in 1982. With the joint efforts of the people of the whole country, the momentum of excessive population growth has been effectively controlled, and the quality of the population has been markedly improved. This not only promotes rapid economic development and social progress, but also alleviates the pressure on resources and the environment.
Today, China has developed into the world's second largest economy, with the acceleration of China's industrialization, urbanization, modernization process, the level of education continues to improve, the social security system is gradually improved, the masses of fertility concepts have also undergone obvious changes, less birth and better parenting has become the mainstream. In recent years, the momentum of China's total population growth has weakened significantly, the birth population has continued to decline, and the degree of aging has been deepening.
Yang Wenzhuang, director of the Department of Population and Family of the National Health Commission, said: "The implementation of the three-child policy and supporting measures is a strategic decision to promote the long-term balanced development of the population, and it is the need for the state to implement the national strategy of actively responding to the aging of the population. Since entering the new century, China's fertility level has always fluctuated around 1.6, and by 2020, China's total fertility rate has dropped to 1.3. Therefore, the low level of long-term fertility is the most important challenge and the most important risk affecting the security of China's population and the balanced development of the population. ”
The total fertility rate is a demographic indicator that refers to the average number of children born in a country or region based on the fertility rate of women of childbearing age in the current year, and is often used to measure fertility levels. Excessive or low fertility levels are not conducive to the coordinated development of population and economy and society. In other words, a couple having two children can balance intergenerational replacement.
Aging is the general trend of global population development, and it is also the basic national condition of Our country for a long period of time to come. For any country, the intensification of the population is small and the number of children is aging, which will bring about problems such as labor shortage and financial pressure. The decay of the "demographic dividend" will not only hinder economic development, but also inevitably affect all aspects of social life, public facilities and welfare systems.
Yang Wenzhuang said: "The implementation of the three-child policy and supporting policies can effectively improve our fertility level, alleviate the aging process of the population, promote intergenerational harmony, and enhance family development capabilities." On the other hand, we can also appropriately increase the scale of labor force, but also appropriately increase the total population, so in terms of economic and social development and international competition, we still have strong human resources support and market demand. ”
As small as a family and as large as the whole country, population development is a major event related to the development of the Chinese nation, and the adjustment and improvement of the birth policy is also related to thousands of households.
However, from another point of view, today's young people do not love to have more children, the reason is not only whether the policy is open or not, the rapid increase in the cost of parenting is the main contradiction facing the current population in childbirth, economic burden, child care, women's concerns about career development, etc. have become the main factors restricting fertility such as "unwilling to have children" and "dare not have children".
Compared with the previous adjustments to the birth policy, the key word this time is "optimization". The central government's optimization of the birth policy this time is not simply "released", but also put forward "the implementation of supporting measures". These measures are more feasible because they mean that the birth of three children will receive state support and institutional guarantees. At the same time, it also proposes to "develop an inclusive childcare service system" and "reduce the burden of family fertility, parenting and education".
Song Jian said: "I think the implementation of the three-child birth policy this time, compared with the previous policy, its biggest feature is that the policy that a couple can have three children is placed in the same important position as the supporting measures." The previous policy, whether it was in the austerity period, or the two children alone and the two children in an all-round way, the supporting policies at that time were relatively placed in the position of supporting roles, and this time the supporting measures were placed in the position of the protagonist, which is a very big feature. ”
Optimize the birth policy, one end is connected to family happiness, the other is connected to national development. In the process of landing, it is necessary to consolidate every link and make every institutional arrangement iron the hearts of the people, so as to release the positive significance of optimizing the birth policy to the greatest extent. To this end, it is necessary to implement the central deployment of "considering marriage, childbirth, parenting, and education as a whole." Whether it is to reduce family education expenditure, or improve the birth leave and birth insurance system, whether it is to strengthen taxation, housing and other support policies, or to protect the legitimate rights and interests of women in employment, the more effective the measures, the more effective the policy.
Yang Wenzhuang said: "In this adjustment policy, a lot of measures have been taken, in the three aspects of eugenics, the development of inclusive childcare system services, and the reduction of the cost of fertility and childcare, I calculated that there are about 40 support policies, these policies have some tax reductions, such as the cost of childcare for 0 to 3 years old should also be used as an additional deduction for personal income tax, there are central levels, there are some local policies, the development of inclusive childcare services, the local government has some positive measures in land, housing, taxation, finance, insurance talents. ”
In addition, the biggest change in this adjustment of the birth policy is the abolition of the "social support fee" and the clean-up and abolition of relevant penalties, and the complete decoupling of households, enrollment, and employment from the individual fertility situation.
The survey shows that the enrollment rate of infants and young children under 3 years old in China is only 5.5%, which is also an important factor restricting fertility. The 14th Five-Year Plan proposes to increase the number of infant and young child care spaces under 3 years of age per 1,000 people from the current 1.8 to 4.5 by 2025. To this end, the National Health Commission, together with all relevant departments, has successively issued a series of normative documents such as setting standards, management norms, filing and registration measures, and building standards for childcare institutions, and launched measures such as special actions to increase the supply of inclusive services and the creation of demonstration cities, and the cultivation and training of childcare talents.
Yang Wenzhuang said: "In cooperation with the National Development and Reform Commission, we have carried out a special action to support social forces to establish inclusive childcare services, and part of the central government's financial funds are used as guidance funds to encourage local governments and enterprises to actively follow up." This year, we and the National Development and Reform Commission to carry out childcare service demonstration city creation activities, mainly to stimulate the enthusiasm of local party committees and governments, effectively alleviate the public's concerns and worries in childcare, at the same time, the relevant departments should also strengthen the supervision of childcare services, establish a talent qualification access system, and resolutely adhere to the bottom line of safety and health. ”
The adjustment of the birth policy will be accompanied by the increase in the demand for obstetric beds and the increase in the number of elderly women. In fact, in terms of the supply of medical resources, the state has been making various preparations in recent years. In order to welcome the arrival of the "three-child era", all localities are also actively preparing. The Women's Health Department of Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital also has a special three-child outpatient clinic.
Human resources are the biggest advantage of China's development. In recent years, China's population development has shown a series of new situations and new changes, the implementation of the three-child birth policy and supporting measures, is an important measure to actively cope with the challenge of low fertility, promote the long-term balanced development of the population, is a scientific decision to focus on the overall and long-term development of China's modernization construction, taking into account multiple policy objectives. It is about the country and the nation, but also about the family and the individual. Only by respecting the wishes of citizens and solving the worries of people who are concerned about the various kinds of birth, maintenance and breeding can more people want to live and dare to give birth, and can China's future be more vibrant.
Producer 丨 Liu Xuesong Huang Jie
Edited by 丨 Wang Ning Pan Lu
Camera 丨Wang Shoucheng
Responsible editor 丨 Liu Xiaoping Ma Rutao
Clip 丨 Zhang Wenqing