Investigation and sound measurement analysis of Shanxi Shang dynasty and Shang Dynasty special chimes
Selected from Archaeology, No. 11, 2000, Xiangyang
Te Ling is a percussion instrument held in ancient Chinese history from the late Neolithic to the middle of the Shang Dynasty in recent years. With the continuous increase in the number of excavations in archaeological discoveries, more and more people have attracted attention, and the origin, shape, production process, distribution, family, age, function and significance of this artifact have been comprehensively studied, and preliminary research results have been obtained, which has enriched our understanding of Chinese music culture before the Shang Dynasty.
From 1992 to 1996, the author conducted a comprehensive investigation of the musical relics in Shanxi Province. In the census, the Shang Dynasty and the Shang Dynasty special chimes seen were unexpectedly rich, and there were as many as 12 special chimes before the Shang Dynasty in Shanxi Province alone, plus 4 special chimes designated as the Shang Dynasty for a total of 16 pieces, and many of these Shang pre-Shang and Shang Dynasty special chimes that were generally available in Shanxi were not published, and although some were published, they lacked formal audio measurement data. Therefore, the reporting of this batch of materials will give people a new understanding of the Shang Dynasty and the Shang Dynasty.
One
Here, the excavations and morphological characteristics of the Shang dynasty and the Shang Dynasty special chimes seen in Shanxi are described as follows.
1. The site of Xiangfen Tao Temple was excavated. All are from the Longshan Cultural Site of Xiangfen Tao Temple, excavated by the Shanxi Team of the Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, and are located on four large tombs of early Jia species. A total of 26 musical instruments have been excavated from this site, including special chimes, warbler drums, earth drums, copper bells, pottery bells, collapses, etc., and the species > in a Longshan cultural site. Such a wide variety of musical instruments is precious. Moreover, the stratigraphic relationship of this site is clear, the cultural quality is clear, and the objects on the site include ceremonial vessels. Sacrificial utensils and production and living utensils are very rich, and the combination of relics can show the relationship between music and sacrifice and burial customs, which is of vital significance for exploring the origin and formation of the ritual music system. These special chimes are all from the early tombs of the Longshan culture pottery temple type, which are basically made, which is very irregular compared with the later chimes, but this is the characteristic of the early forms.
M3002: 6 Chime. The length is 95, the height is 43, the top side thickness is 2~4.1, the bottom edge thickness is 1.2-5.1, the inner diameter of the overhang is 1.5~3, and the outer diameter is 4.2~4,9 cm.
M3015: 17 Special Chime. Length 80, height 33, top thickness 3-5.9.Bottom thickness 4.6-6.2.Overhang inner diameter of 1.5-2, outer diameter of 1.8-5.2 cm gas
M3016: 39 Special Chime. Shaped from volcanic breccia, there are variegated spots between the bean greens, and after pondering, there are still local markings. The two ends of the chime are one wide and one narrow, the top middle is slightly concave, and the bottom is curved; one side is slightly concave in the middle, and the other side is slightly bulging, the middle is thicker, and the edge is thinner. Two perforations are drilled into the body pair, one of the near-middle holes is oval-shaped, and the other side is first ground out of a fusiform groove, drilling a hole at the bottom of the groove; there is another near-circular hole on the side side. The whole device is 44 long, nearly wide end height 19, narrow end height 10, and the thickest part of the middle is 3.5 cm. Cinnabar marks on the surface of both ends of the device %
M3072: 10 Special Chimes. Made of gray-green andesite, it has been finely ground, the chime body is smooth, and the local surface is smooth. The middle of the body is broken, and only the remnants are judged by the general rule of the suspension hole near the top, the residual chime is arced, one side of the shape should be the top edge, and the side with the concave curve should be the bottom edge. The break is wider, the other end is narrower, and the narrow end is basically intact. The body has two round holes drilled on one side, one large and one small, and the large hole is just at the fracture and is broken. The length of the whole device is 26, the height of the fracture is 17, the height of the narrow end is 9.3, the thickness of the upper edge of the fracture is 1.7, and the thickness of the lower edge is 0.9 cm.
2. Neolithic special chimes unearthed in Xiangfen. It is now in the Datong Museum. The length is 138, the height is 43.5, the thickness is 14.5, the inner diameter of the hole is 2.5, and the outer diameter is 8.5 cm. The drum horns are slightly broken. This chisel seems to be made of a large natural stone chiseled overhang, the surface is smooth, the stone is hard, the sound is good, and it is the largest piece seen in the country. According to the investigation, this chime was originally collected by the Shanxi Provincial Cultural Management Committee, and after the 11th phase of the cultural relics exhibition held by the Provincial Cultural Management Commission in Dai County in 1956, a number of cultural relics including this chime were handed over to the Yanbei District Cultural Management Committee at that time, and finally settled in the Datong City Museum. The card only indicates that this chime was excavated from Xiangfen and belonged to the Neolithic era, and other original materials cannot be examined. One thing is certain, however, that the chime was excavated at a Neolithic site in Xiangfen before 1956 (Figure 1).
3. Xiangfen Dayuan Dui Mountain Site Stone Billet. It is now in the Xiangfending Village Folk Museum. The body is made, the surface is uneven, there is no overhang, and the sound is crisp. This vessel was collected by Mr. Tao Fuhai of the Xiangfending Village Folk Customs Museum from the Stone Yard of the Longshan Cultural Period in Dagangdui Mountain. It is 49.8 cm long, 19.4 cm high, 1.85–2.72 cm thick at the edges and weighs 8,815 g of you' (Fig. 2).
4. Stone billets excavated from the site of Xiangfen Dazhou Dui Mountain. It is now in the Shanxi Provincial Archaeological Research Institute, collected by Mr. Tao Zhenggang of the Provincial Archaeological Research Institute from the Stone Field of the Longshan Culture Period in Dagangdui Mountain. Made, the surface is uneven, no overhangs, and the sound is crisp and short. It is 41.5 cm long, 14.5 cm high and 3.3 to 6.4 cm thick.
5. Wenxi Museum's collection of Erlitou culture east down Feng type special chime. The excavation site of this chime is near the site of Dongxia Feng in Xia County, Xia County, and the body is irregular compared with later generations, mainly made, with grinding components, see there are suspension holes, drilled on both sides. It is 70.1 cm long, 35 cm high, 5.5 cm thick at its thickest point and 3.8 cm at its thin point (Figure 3).
6. Longshan cultural specials in the Wenxi Museum. The soil is located in the Longshan Cultural Site of southern Song Dynasty Village, Guojiazhuang, Wenxi County. The length is 83.3, the length is 29, the top edge thickness is 4.5 to 7, the bottom edge is 2 to 8, the inner diameter of the overhang is 2, and the outer diameter is 10 cm. The perimeter of the body is made, and the surface is polished (Fig. 4).
7. Lüliang Zhongyang unearthed a special chime. It is now preserved in the Dragon Spring Temple of Baiwa Mountain. The excavation site of this chime was in The village of Guluogou and was discovered by local villagers while digging a kiln to extract soil. One side of the chime is smooth, the other side is uneven, the smooth side is the natural form of the stone, and the other side is made. The chime body is 99 cm long, 12.3 in the thickest place, 9 in the outer diameter of the overhang, and 2 cm in inner diameter (Fig. 5).
8. Xia County unearthed Erlitou culture east down Feng type special chime. It is now in the Museum of Chinese History. This chime was excavated in 1974 at the site of Dongxia Feng in Xia County, corresponding to the late Summer and early Shang Dynasty. The body is made, unpolished, and has a overhang hole. Length 69, height 27, thickness 9.5, suspension outside diameter 5.7, inner diameter 1.6 cm gas
9. Wutai Yangbai unearthed special chimes. Numbered 87SWYH111:1, the earth is located in the West Duntai Liang of Yangbai Village, Wutai County, and is now in the Xinzhou District Cultural Management Office. The era of H111 is the early and middle period of the Yongsan culture, and scholars believe that "the time of the special chime from Hill is between 4300-4400 years ago", "the Yangbai special chime is made of light gray slate, the plane is nearly unequal edge trapezoidal, and the surface is relatively flat." Compared to other sites of the same period, the vessel was slightly smaller and thinner, and gradually thickened from the strands to the drums. The length is 41.5, the height is 24.5, the thickness is 0.87-2 cm, and the whole shape is relatively regular." This chime has a fixed percussion point, and the processing method is based on the main gas
10. The Shang Dynasty Special Chi from Yangcheng (recorded in the museum). It is now in the Yangcheng County Museum. Because this chime is sealed in a glass cabinet, the author was unable to take the measurement and sound measurement during the investigation, and then Mr. Guo Yifeng of the Cultural Relics Section of the Jincheng City Cultural Bureau operated on his behalf. According to reports, this chime was collected from the people in 1949, and the specific land point can no longer be examined. The chimes are made with traces of pondering on the surface, the spine is relatively flat, the drum part is curved downwards, and the length is about 80 cm and the height is about 30 cm (Fig. 6).
11. Pinglu unearthed Shang Dynasty special chimes. According to reports, this chime was excavated in front of The Slope Township; The Shang Dynasty ruins of Zhuang village were collected by the China History Museum at the end of 1992. The stone of this chime is sedimentary argillaceous marble, the body is ground, the surface is smooth, and it has a later chime shape, but it is not very regular. The drum is wide, the strands are narrow, the bottom edge is flat, and the overhang is drilled on both sides. Length 101.7, bottom length 96.2, drum length 48.2, drum width 19, upper strand length 55.5, strand width 3, body thickness 3.8 ~4.K hole outer diameter 3.8 ~ 5, hole inner diameter 2.2 cm (Figure 7).
12. Fish-shaped shang chimes unearthed in Lucheng. It is a collection of products, the original excavation records can not be examined, and the existing records are marked as the Shang Dynasty. According to reports, this chime is from the town of Weizi, more than 10 kilometers northeast of the county seat, which was once the city site of the Weizi State in the Shang Dynasty. The chime is irregularly shaped , the body is engraved with a fish motif , and the shape of the chime resembles a fish. The body has a ground component. From the overall point of view, this chime is a relic of the Shang Dynasty has greater rationality, and does not have the possibility of moving forward the upper age limit. It is 100 cm long, 28 high, 5.3 thick, 5.3 outside diameter of the overhang and 1.5 cm inner diameter (Fig. 8).
13. The Spirit Stone was unearthed. It is now in the Shanxi Provincial Museum. In November 1976, in the Shang Dynasty cemetery of Jingjie Village, Lingshi County, many artifacts such as copper bells were produced. The chime body is relatively small, and relatively thin, irregular in shape, and mainly made. Length 38.8, height 18, thickness 2.5 cm.
Two
The most important feature of these pre-Shang Dynasty special chimes seen in shanxi's recent census is that they are more arbitrary, mainly based on playing, and have little thought. Some are simply drilled with a natural stone and overhanged, and its shape is difficult to say to be standardized. In the Shang Dynasty, people have begun to pay attention to the contemplation and modification of the special chime.
From the perspective of material selection, the special chimes of the Shang Dynasty and the Shang Dynasty showed diversity. We have noticed that the special chimes at this time are very different from the two-week period in the selection of stone materials, and the special chimes of the Shang and Shang Dynasties include breccia, angle shale, sedimentary rocks, andesite, etc., mostly hard-textured stones. Although it has been buried underground for thousands of years, it can mostly maintain the shape of the year, rarely corrode, and some can even show the knock marks of that year more clearly. The stone quality of the two-week period is more limestone, the stone is more delicate and the hardness is poor, although the burial time in the ground is shorter than the former, but the degree of corrosion is much greater than the former.
The Shang Dynasty special chimes developed to refinement in the production process, and the shape and system were gradually standardized. And on the chime body is carved with ornaments, such as the Yin Xu tiger pattern large stone chime, Lucheng fish-shaped chime and so on. From the beginning of the appearance of the chime, its overhang seems to be consciously opened on the side near the strand, because the hanging instrument of the chime string can only be relatively stable when it is suspended and struck, which reflects the wisdom of the ancestors.
Regarding the sound measurement of the special chimes seen in Shanxi, the author used the SONYM-5 professional interview recorder for actual measurement in the census, and then analyzed the original sound on the computer in the Music Acoustics Laboratory of the Music Research Institute of the China Academy of Arts. The analysis and monitoring of sound measurements were Han Baoqiang, Xiang Yang, Wang Zichu and Zhao Wenjuan.
When we measure sound, we try to select the points on the chime body that have percussion marks for recording. These special chimes listed above, except for the two pieces of billets, are practical instruments. Although they vary in shape, the original tap marks of the chimes can basically be seen. In addition, we have done experiments in which two kinds of wooden hammers are used when tapping, one is larger and one is slightly smaller, and when tapping with the same force, the actual pitch measured is basically unchanged. Naturally, when tapping, it should be appropriate to make the chime vibrate fully.
The sound measurement data of the new census in Shanxi and the previous Dragon Watch's Shang Dynasty and Shang Dynasty special chimes are listed in the table - we found that the pitch of the special chimes at this stage is not uniform.
This was the case before the Shang, and it was also true in the Shang Dynasty. An investigation of the special chime shows that at this time, if there is a relatively fixed absolute pitch concept in a certain local range, such as a clan, a fang country, and a community, it is difficult to say that there is a fixed absolute high concept in a wider range. Because from table 1, it can be seen that even in Shanxi Province, the pitch of these special chimes is not relatively unified. We can also limit the area to a smaller size, in Xiangfen, Xia County, Wenxi, such a radius of a hundred miles, the Xia culture concentrated distribution area, through the investigation of the 7 pieces of special chimes in the soil, the measurement results show that the sound quotient is different. Perhaps, the two pieces of billets in the Dagang Pile Stone Yard should be excluded because they are not yet practical, but even so, it is still difficult to determine that there was a relatively uniform and fixed absolute pitch standard at that time. The difference in pitch between the two special chimes excavated from the Dongxia Feng site in Xia County is also relatively large. In addition, at the site of the Tao Temple, the four pieces of special chimes excavated from the four adjacent jia tombs are also of the same pitch. From this point of view, even the special chimes of the same site show considerable differences. We can also expand this scope, the Lucheng, Pinglu, Lingshi, Yangcheng Shangzheng, Lvliang Zhongyang, Wutai Yang Baite Chi sound measurement data to compare, still can not show that before the Shang and Shang Dynasty people used the chime as a standard instrument of plate-like vibration as a standard instrument, and the instrument as a plate-like vibration should be relatively stable compared with other types of musical instruments.
As a musical instrument before the Shang Dynasty, at that time it was only based on the individual of the electrical part, the pitch was also a single dagger, and in a tomb there have been no two pieces of the earth so far, m total H) 34) • Chime c This is to say, the chime may have been used at that time only a single individual, and not a composition. Judging from the existing excavations, it was not until the late Shang dynasty that the special chime gradually transitioned to a choreography and was added to the combination of melodic instruments. At this time, there are already many kinds of melodic instruments, such as yu, bone flute, etc., and even string instruments. Drums as percussion instruments also had more types at this time, such as upper drums, pottery drums, and drums. There is a record in the history books of "hitting the stone and dancing with the hundred beasts", indicating that the stone instruments at this time had a strong rhythmic function, but as far as the chimes were concerned, compared with the functions that later became melodic instruments, this kind of instrument was obviously still in its infancy at that time.
Some believe that it may have evolved gradually from production tools such as stone knives. At the dawn of the Neolithic age, with the increase in the level of productivity, people realized in practice that the sound emitted by different stones was different, and finally found stones with beautiful and pleasant sound quality and timbre. Thus developing its function as an instrument. At that time, stone production tools already had a high level of grinding, but the chimes were mostly made, and some were simply a whole natural stone, not processed or carved slightly. It was ground on a large scale and formed into a woven chime, which was only discovered in the late Shang Dynasty. Artifacts such as neolithic stone knives have been highly stereotyped, and the hole near the back of the knife is used for tie and fixation, which should have a considerable impact on the production of chimes. From the perspective of form, the two do have similarities, and stone knives and stone axes are produced in the front, and special chimes are produced in the back, and if the height is fixed before the same period, the latter has just been born and is relatively rough, so we agree with the statement that the production of special chimes is affected by artifacts such as stone knives.
We believe that the chime as a melodic instrument was influenced by other melodic instruments, and more importantly, after entering the Bronze Age, it gradually flourished with the development of bell instruments. The Xia and Shang dynasties were the formative years of the Golden Stone Musical Instruments. Judging from the pre-Shang Dynasty special chimes currently unearthed nationwide, the Tao Temple special chimes are the earliest, but only about 4400 years ago, and the Wutaiyang Bai te chien era is between 4300-4400 years ago, that is to say, the earliest chimes seen so far appeared in the early and middle stages of the Longshan culture. The earliest bronze seen so far was found in the Jiangzhai site of the Yangshao culture, and bronze artifacts were also found in the Qi family culture, but the Zhenzhi entered the Bronze Age marked by the bronze lord and the brass in the Erlitou culture of the Xia Dynasty. The emergence of the special chime began with the Longshan culture, which coincided with the time when bronze ware entered the development period. It is worth noting that the two sites where bronzes appeared in the early days of Shanxi, namely the ruins of Dongxiafeng and Xiangfen Tao Temple in Xia County, were accompanied by special earth. Copper chisels (red copper), copper yu (bronze), etc. have been excavated from the site of Dongxiafeng in Xia County, and ten .00% of them have also been unearthed in this area. A stone fan of bronze was cast in the Xia Dynasty; a piece of bronze with a copper content of 98% was excavated in the ruins of tao temple, and a bronze ware cast with a composite fan was excavated. "These archaeological data indicate that at that time the southern part of Shanxi had entered, the Bronze Age, and other areas should be copper and stone and used in the era" ®o And the southern region of Shanxi is also the earliest date of the excavation of the special chime. The most numerous and concentrated region.
The full entry into the grinding stage of the special pipe was in the late Shang Dynasty, and this understanding can be obtained from the soil. In the Shang Dynasty, Chinese bronze musical instruments already had bells, scratches, buttons, duos, bells, etc., and the chimes were also compiled at this time, which can be confirmed from the chimes unearthed from the Yin Ruins. Therefore, we say that the strengthening of the function of chime as a melodic instrument should start from the Shang Dynasty, and it was gradually established in conjunction with bell instruments.
Further, the choreography flourished under the egg wing of the "ceremonial system", so that the function of its melodic instruments was highlighted, and the middle and late Shang Dynasty was the development period of its musical instrument functions. It should be pointed out that the combination of ceremonial vessels, sacrificial vessels and musical instruments in the Xiangfen Tao Temple reflects the indiscriminate coveting of the Chinese liturgical music system, and it is also the largest number and variety of musical instruments unearthed in a Longshan cultural site so far. However, although the special chime had the function of a rhythmic instrument in the 11th issue at that time, it should mainly exist as a signal instrument. Its relatively fixed pitch and timbre become a signal that unites one family and distinguishes it from other families. Naturally, this signal is pleasant to the ear, which is its musicality. We say that the relationship between the two is complementary when the nature of the chime as a ceremonial instrument is further strengthened, and precisely when its function as an instrument is enhanced.
Another problem that should be mentioned is that the Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and the Institute of Music of the Chinese Academy of Arts found a very interesting phenomenon when measuring several pieces of special chimes excavated at the site of Xiangfen Tao Temple in Shanxi Province, that is, two different pitches can be measured on a special chime (Table 2).
On this point, our view is that since the special chime is the initial stage of the chime type of musical instrument, the irregular shape is one of its main features, and the surface of the special chime is uneven and uneven in thickness. In this way, differences in pitch occur when tapping different parts. Of course, when measuring sound, it is necessary to find the original percussion point as much as possible, which will be closer to the truth of history. In this regard, the sound detectors of the Tao Temple special chimes noticed exactly and carried out more experiments. "In view of the fact that the stone chime is a kind of vibrating instrument of the stone plate that strikes and emits sound, the texture of the stone used and the choice of the shape, size, thickness and percussion of the chime are very related to the pitch. Where the marks are not easy to identify, the various parts of the strand and drum are hit with a mallet, and the comparison is made to determine the accurate location of the best hit. Then test and record the original marks on this point or on the chime" It should be pointed out that not all out of ten, the special chime has two obvious percussion points, we should also pay more respect to the truth of history when measuring the sound, which is only the reason why the measurement data of each special chime is mostly one tone. However, whether the pitch strike point found by this "all-over" method was widely used at that time is still worth considering. Because as far as the author actually investigated the chimes, although the special chimes at this time are more irregular shell I", most of the chimes have only a relatively fixed percussion point. This seems to indicate that a special chime was not consciously used as a polyphonic instrument at that time. Moreover, the four special chimes from the Tao Temple, "M3002:6 chime percussion drum upper corner and drum lower horn pitch are the same, only one tone is emitted.". "M3016:39 chimes emit two tones, but because the middle of the chime is curved and curved, it is not conducive to plate vibration, and its sound has no stable process, rapid attenuation, and the sound quality is the worst. M3002:6 Chime, due to the thicker stock, the sound attenuation process emitted by the drum end is also very short, and the sound quality is not good. Comparatively speaking, the sound quality is better, the decay is slower, and there is a stable process, the first to promote M3072:10 residual chimes, followed by M3015:17 ChiMe Shi Ling should pay attention to is that the M3072:10 special chimes, which are the most obvious one-tone and two tones, are precisely - only half of the remaining residual chimes °, so we say that the probe of the special chime sounding method, for the special chimes in the production period, in the case of irregular shapes and uneven thickness, researchers consciously "attack" the special chimes. It is useful to explore whether different pitches can be made on a chime, which can be compared with the pronunciation of the regular chime in the next two weeks. But we should not lose sight of whether at that time this one-tone, two-tone form was recognized and applied.
Through the preliminary investigation of the shanxi excavators before and the Shang Dynasty, we seem to be able to draw the following understanding: that is, before the middle of the Shang Dynasty, the special chime was more of a relatively fixed pitch signal instrument with rhythm instrument functions, and its stone quality was diverse, indicating that people were still in the exploration stage of the production of such artifacts at that time. There is no more unified - understanding of the 'Shang Dynasty before the chimes are mostly based on playing, the technology of the surface of the Gong Gong has not been widely used, which is not the same as the contemporary Ren Shili and other production tools have been widely used and the technology is more advanced grinding methods, the chimes into composition, with the function of melodic instruments in the late Shang Dynasty, this 1. The sound measurement data of the previous and Shang Dynasty special chimes of the Yu pieces of the shang show that there was no relatively uniform and fixed absolute sound standard at that time. The production of police also has a strong arbitrariness and non-standardism.
This shows that with the Shang Dynasty as the standard, it is difficult to say that people in this period have formed a relatively fixed concept of absolute pitch in a relatively wide range; and in the scope of the -definite area, such as within a tribe, a clan, it is possible to have a relatively fixed and relatively unified absolute pitch standard.
We can imagine that in a certain clan tribe in the pre-Shang period, the special chime that existed as a signal instrument, its unique and fixed sound also became a symbol that distinguished it from other clans, and became a sound signal that condensed the members of the community. In the years that followed, the function of the chime as an instrument in the modern sense gradually increased, and it grew together with bell instruments, thus becoming an indispensable member of the Zhou Dynasty liturgical music.
P.S. At the end of this article, the author understands that in the recent new Shang Dynasty and Shang Dynasty special chimes in Henan, Gansu, and Shaanxi, their pitches are also inconsistent, which also provides a new weep for Mao's arguments.