In the 5,000 years of China, drums are closely related to people's production and life. Above the temple, the Yellow Emperor fought against Xuan You, "killing the hammer, with its skin as the drum, the sound is heard for five hundred miles"; the Zhou metric system is composed of music, with the drum as the first of the eight tones. Folk affairs, the grand gathering of the Shrine of the Gods, the village community has a social drum; wedding and funeral celebrations, music people specialize in advocating; wine order drumming flowers, opera drum board leading; agricultural affairs drumming and planting seedlings, hunting with drums to drive away animals. Thousands of miles without clouds to pray for rainy days; thousands of lights lantern night. The sound of drums is indispensable. Drums bring people either blood, or dynamic vitality, or sadness, or fierce perseverance. The sound of drums penetrates five thousand years, where is its origin? Where can we connect the trajectory of its history? Where is its rich living display? Walk into Xiangfen County, Linfen City, let's find the answer here.
Ancient legends and documents record that the earliest drum was the shrew drum
The production of drums, the most popular saying is that the Yellow Emperor took the "chui" drum. According to legend, during the Yellow Emperor's conquest of Xuanyou, "the Yellow Emperor killed the emperor, used his skin as a drum, and heard five hundred" (Taiping Imperial Records, vol. 582, citing "Imperial Century"). The ancient texts of "夔" and "鼍" are connected. The Classic of Mountains and Seas. In the Great Wilderness East Classic, there are: "Lei Ze has a god, the head of the dragon, the drum of its belly and Xi", and "like an ox, the body of the sky and without horns, one foot, in and out of the water there will be wind and rain, its light is like the sun and the moon, its sound is like thunder, its name is called ". The "Lü's Spring and Autumn Ancient Music" also records that "Emperor Mo Nai is the first to make the mole advocate, and the mole is to sleep, with its tail drum belly, and its sound is Yingying." "Later generations believe that the so-called shrew is actually a giant crocodile, which strikes its stomach with its tail and emits good music. With the hardness of crocodile skin, even if it can't be "sounded for five hundred miles" after making a drum, it must be very loud when it is struck.
The site of Xiangfen Tao Temple has found the earliest physical object of the drum
In 1980, archaeologists found 8 pieces of shrew drums and 6 pieces of earth drums in the tomb of the Tao Temple site in Xiangfen County, Linfen City, which are 4300-4500 years old, which is extremely rare in terms of quantity and specifications.
A ceremonial instrument excavated from the ruins of the Tao Temple
The drum cavity of the Tao Temple Shrew Drum is an erect cylinder shape, scraped with a natural trunk to scrape off the bark, hollow out the inner cavity, and the exterior is painted with a painted drawing, and the upper mouth of the drum cavity is covered with crocodile skin, and the whole is cylindrical. According to ancient documents, the Yangtze crocodile was called "shrew" and "dragon" in ancient times, and the drum was a drum covered with crocodile skin. From the Tao Temple Kingdom to the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the drum was always an important ceremonial instrument for the royal family, princes, and leaders of the Fang Kingdom.
The earth drum is a clay pottery, shaped like a long-necked gourd, with a barrel-shaped high neck on the top, a rounded belly in the lower part, a mid-pointed bottom of the abdomen, and a protruding hole to communicate with the upper mouth. There are three small holes in a circle around the drum abdomen, and there are ears between the neck and abdomen, which can be lifted. Through comparative research, it is almost certain that this is found in the Book of Rites. Etiquette" and "Etiquette. In the Ming Dynasty, "Earth Drum, 蒉桴, Reed Hole, Izuku No Rakya." "The drum of the Xia Hou clan (there is) foot." According to the records, the "earth drum" used by the ancestors of prehistory in the sacrifice activities of the early origin. This is also the object of the earliest drum found in China's current archaeology.
Along with the earth drum, there is also a stone chime, which is one of the most characteristic symbols of Chinese civilization as an ancient Chinese ritual instrument. Through the three ancient "musical instruments" of earth drum, shrew drum and stone chime, we can vaguely see the majestic and solemn performance atmosphere at that time. This shows that during the tao temple kingdom, the drum has become an important instrument for people to hold major ceremonial events.
As a result, Xiangfen Tao Temple became the source of drum music.
Exploring the origins, Xiangfen drum music strings together a history
From the Diyao era of the Tao Temple site to today in the 21st century, time has passed for more than 4,000 years,
After the vicissitudes of the years, today, several drum music popular in Xiangfen can still connect the history of a drum at many nodes.
In the Xia Dynasty, the site of Xiangfen Zhanghuai unearthed stone chimes from that era.
During the Zhou Dynasty, during the Spring and Autumn Period, the Jin Dynasty staged a war of "Wu Gong Cutting Wings". According to legend, the drum running car known as "rural wild running" in Xiangfen was born in this war. 2700 years ago, the Marquis of Jin (姬郄, a capital) was the monarch of the Princely State of Jin during the Spring and Autumn Period. Fleeing from "Eyi", in order to resist the enemy's pursuit and suppression, he established a military fortress in Wei Village, Fencheng Town, Xiangfen County, called "Egong Fort", arranged garrisons, practiced vehicle warfare, and beat drums to march. In the sixth year of the Marquis of E, the Marquis of Ehou was born. Some of the garrisons left, some stayed, military equipment was abandoned here, and the war drums used for military rehearsals were changed by the locals for play and entertainment. Later, Egongbao evolved into a village, Weicun, and the war drum became the beginning of the earliest drum cart in Xiangfen County.
Beixu Village, Nanxindian Township, Xiangfen County, manufactures copper loudspeakers
Drums are made in Beixu Village, Nanxindian Township, Xiangfen County
In the Han Dynasty, during the Three Kingdoms period when the masses competed for hegemony, the drumming of Xiangfen became the climate. The "Xiangling County Chronicle" says, "Northern Xu Shi is engaged in creating copper musical instruments, and the Zhuang people are more than ming seven-tone people." According to research, around 210 AD, that is, in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, the village had bronze manufacturing. A Cheng surname cooker to make copper cookers for the industry, at that time due to the continuous war for many years, the two armies are at war, there will be gongs and drums to help the battle, beat the encouragement, sound the gong to collect the troops, Cheng clan changed the hammer to a gong, changed the pot lid to cymbals and cymbals, through the gongs and drums he made refined beautiful, the sound is pleasant. When the news reached Cao Ying, Cao Cao did not hesitate to spend a lot of money to build a fortress and a temple in Zhuangdong, and made the general Xu Chu a marquis, stationed in the fortress, made bronze tools, and practiced martial arts. After Xu Chu's death, in order to commemorate him, his descendants changed the name of Bajiazhuang to Beixu Village, and since then, Beixu Gonggu has been famous in Huaxia. Since then, the manufacturing technology of Beixu gong and drum has been passed down for more than 300 generations in accordance with the two inheritance lines of father to son and master and apprentice.
In the Tang Dynasty, the Xiangfen Flower Cavity Drum, known as the "Northern Puppet Opera", was produced. Tang Duyou's "General Classic" says: "The clapboard, long and wide as a hand, weighs more than ten pieces, with Wei Lianzhi, striking instead of shooting." The Old Book of Tang and Music II says: "The board, long and wide as a hand, thick and more than an inch, with Wei Lianzhi, hit to shoot instead of shooting" Song Chen's "Book of Music" also said: "The plate, long and wide as the palm, the big nine plates, the small six plates, wei compiled." ...... The Tang dynasty may have used it as a phrase" can be witnessed. According to legend, during the Tang Zhenguan period, Tang Taizong Li Shimin's Yangshou had ended, and the judges of the underworld, feeling that Emperor Taizong was in love with the country and the people, could not bear the chaos of the world because of the Lord, so he privately changed the book of life and death, and violated the heavenly rules for him to increase the number of lifespans, and according to the law, the Jade Emperor felt his original intention of serving the people, and gave him a light haircut and showed the public to the countryside. There was a drum master named Hua Qing, moved by the judge's actions, after returning home, he meditated bitterly, and after seven days of water and rice, he suddenly woke up on the seventh day, so he played the drum and left this sonorous, bright rhythm and unique exquisite drum music for posterity, and later generations named him "Huaqing Drum" in honor of him, also known as "Flower Cavity Drum".
In the Song Dynasty, Xiangling folk gongs and drums originated. It was adapted and innovated by local folk artists based on the "Flower Drum" music. It is loved by the people with simple instruments, convenient performances, short and concise songs, compact drums, and bright rhythms. As a result, it has been passed down for hundreds of years. At the same time, the brick carvings excavated from the Xiangfen Golden Tomb have the image of an "inspiration" person.
In the Ming Dynasty, Lingbo Village and Xialiang Village in Xiangfen County turned around and produced drums. The turning drum is performed exclusively for the gods during the worship of the gods and is an important part of the solemn ceremony and the huge ceremony. For many years, it has been unique to the two villages of Lingbo and Xialiang.
In the Qing Dynasty, represented by Xiangfen Yanli and Nanjia Dongzhang and Xun Dongcun, the yin and yang drums were formed.
After the reform and opening up, the Xiangfen County Weifeng Gong and Drum Team was selected to Beijing together with other county and district teams to participate in the celebration of the 40th anniversary of the National Day and the opening ceremony performance of the 11th Asian Games.
The drum music is unique, and many information is preserved
Xiangfen's drumming culture is not isolated, scattered, single pearl, but a sparkling, brilliant necklace. Millennium development, horizontal view, Xiangfen drum music includes drum instrument production, performance, innovation, promotion, talent training and other content, vertical view, thousands of years of development, drum art in this land to draw sufficient nourishment, its drum music performance is varied, unique.
Running drum car, drum and car combination. The 500-kilogram vehicle carried a drum with a diameter of 1.8 meters, three strong men drove a car, and twenty or thirty young adults pulled ropes on both sides, dragging the drum truck through the wind. The drum car runs out of speed, runs out of spirit, and runs out of a kind of tough, wild, magnificent momentum and the cultural heritage of the monk Wu Chongwen la drum car. Every year in the middle of March of the lunar calendar, Xiangfen County Wei Village will hold a drum car festival, in which the car and drum are perfectly combined, and drum music and sports competitions are unveiled at the same time. It has attracted the attention of many media at home and abroad and the flock of many people inside and outside the county.
The turn drum is named after the main drumming action of turning around. The four-sided flat drum is placed on the rack, and 8 drummers hit one drum for each of the two people, using methods such as knocking, hitting, plucking, picking, rubbing, touching, bumping, etc., using drumming heart, drum edge, drum gang and other techniques to play a variety of sounds, and at the same time of drumming, make dexterous steps, leisurely steps, pulling legs, drumming, turning, transposition, turning, rotating and other difficult drumming movements, drumming dance closely combined, complement each other. Drumming and dancing, turning around the mallet, making people dazzled, dizzying, changeable drum music, light dance posture makes people breathtaking, feel more pleasant.
Flower cavity drum, commonly known as "yin drum". Performers and accompanists wear masks of "Yin Cao Ghosts" and use four instruments: flat drums, squirrels, small gongs, and splints, without gongs and cymbals. The "Five Ghosts Haunted Faction" and "The Judgment of the Ghosts" reflect one aspect of Shanxi's Wu culture, punishing evil and promoting good, educating people.
Gong and drum manufacturing, since the 1980s, Beixu has set up 9 gong and drum factories, 8 gong and drum performance supporting clothing craft factories. The drum models, whose diameter range from the world's first drum with a diameter of up to 2.5 meters to the children's drum as small as 15 cm in diameter, have more than 20 different specifications and types. Today, Beixu Village has become a veritable "First Village of Tongle in China".
The unique and continuous development of drum music art has enabled many historical information to be preserved in a living state. The running drum car has been included in the list of national intangible cultural heritage protection, allowing us to vaguely see the war scenes of the spring and autumn warring states period of the car and the horse XiaoXiao; the flower cavity drum, listed in the top ten discoveries of the Shanxi Provincial Intangible Cultural Heritage Census, breaking the traditional understanding of "no one in the north"; the yin and yang drum, one large and one small, representing one yin and one yang, which gives the Taoist idea to the shape and performance of the drum. There are also the mighty gongs, flower drums, and waist drums all over the city and countryside, and the mass base from three-year-old children to elderly people who can "beat and dance" ...
The drum originated from Xiangfen; the drum developed and changed on this fertile land of history and culture; and the drum carried forward and flourished in this land full of vitality. It is the love that people here have deduced in their blood, and the pride that they care for in their hearts. Get close to it, and a living museum of Chinese drum history will come into your heart.