This is the west city gate of Tangqu City, which was excavated from the site of Qu county in Dazhou City, Sichuan Province, photographed on July 28.
This is a scene taken on July 28 of the chengba ruins of Chengba Village in Tuxi Town, Qu County, Dazhou City, Sichuan Province. This newspaper reporter Hui Xiaoyong took a photo
Archaeological excavation site at the site of Chengba, Quxian, Dazhou City, Sichuan Province, taken on July 30. Photo by reporter Wang Xi
Beijing, 20 Aug (Xinhua) -- On 20 August, the Xinhua Daily Telegraph published a book entitled "Visiting the Ruins of 'Gongqu City': The Mysterious Ancient Capital city of Pakistan is about to come out?" report.
The water of the Chengdu Plain has bred such a splendid ancient Shu civilization as Sanxingdui and Jinsha, and the Ba civilization nourished by the bashan mountains in the sichuan basin is more mysterious because there is less excavation and research at present. The reporter recently came to the eastern Sichuan region to explore the traces of the ancient Pakistani country.
The first Gujin Pass discovered in the country witnessed the prosperity of "Gongqu City"
The reporter wants to go to the ruins of the Quxian Dam discovered in recent years. According to historical records, during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Chengba was the capital of the state of the Ancient People, a branch of the Ba people. The "Fortune Teller" is good at martial arts and good at war, has a bold temperament, and is good at singing and dancing, and has participated in the wu king's cutting.
Located in Chengba Village, Tuxi Town, QuXian County, Dazhou City, Sichuan Province, the chengba ruins have been archaeologically discovered in Jinguan, Tangqu City, Eastern Zhou cemeteries, etc., and in 2016, they were included in the list of important sites during the "13th Five-Year Plan" period by the State Administration of Cultural Heritage. Driving into Tuxi Town, the car stopped at the side of the Canal River, looking across the river, opposite a peninsula with a back to green mountains and surrounded by water on three sides, that is, the ruins of Chengba.
At this time, the upper reaches of the Yangtze River are in the period of abundant water, as the largest tributary of the Jialing River, a tributary of the Yangtze River, the Largest Tributary of the Jialing River, under the background of the summer sun, the flood waves are surging. The reporter boarded a boat and crossed the river, and we were greeted by one of the important discoveries of the Chengba site - Gujinguan. At the end of the peninsula and the northeast of the Chengba site, Chen Weidong, a researcher at the Sichuan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology and the leader of the archaeological excavations in northeast Sichuan, is waiting for us.
Jinguan is a pass set up in ancient times in the area of water and land. "The chengba Jinguan site is dated from the Western Han Dynasty to the Wei and Jin Dynasties, and the passage from the Qujiang River to the Yangtze River must be registered and taxed at Jinguan, which is the first Jinguan site found in the country." Chen Weidong said.
In 2018, archaeologists at the Sichuan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology found more than 300 Han Dynasty Jian Mu here. This batch of bamboo and wood janes is rich in content, not only the legal documents and letters of the time, but also the Han Dynasty's enlightenment literacy textbook "Cangjie Chapter". This is the third time that bamboo wood jian has been found in Sichuan after the Qingchuan Warring States Mu Mu and the old Guan Shan Han tomb "Bian Que" medical Jane, which has very important historical value.
Chen Weidong told reporters that this area was a small number of residential areas in the Han Dynasty, and this batch of Jian Mu contained official documents reported by subordinates to their superiors at that time, reflecting how the central government of the Han Dynasty managed ethnic minority areas. Among them, there is also a wooden coffin, with the front book: "Li Wen holding a chicken in the ditch", and the back book: "Li Jiang holding a writing and cultivating one".
This wooden stone is equivalent to the "customs declaration form" of the Han Dynasty, "Tangqu" is the place name of this place in the Han Dynasty, "Li Wen" and "Li Jiang" are likely to be a pair of brothers, Li Wen brought a chicken into the city, and Li Jiang brought a farm tool into the city.
In addition, there are letters, Xi Zi Jian, "hukou book" for 60-year-olds to be exempted from hard labor, Han Dynasty signs engraved with "trademarks", "style plates" for viewing celestial phenomena, and so on.
"This batch of Jian Mu is large in number and rich in content, and the social style of the ethnic minority areas in the southwest during the Han and Jin Dynasties 'leaps and bounds', and the prosperity and liveliness of the ancient Gongqu City can be seen." Chen Weidong said.
The Hanjing of 2,000 years ago still nourishes the descendants of the Ba people
After watching Gujinguan, walking through a tall corn field, rice fields, lotus ponds, and farmhouses come into view, and the fragrance of rice and lotus fragrance is in the heart. Local villagers told us that there were still 15 days to go before the rice could be harvested. The field path was covered with golden corn kernels, and stepping on it kazkaz sounded, worried about trampling the corn, but the eldest sister who dried the corn told: "Step deeper, don't slip!" ”
It didn't take long to see a site protected by a fence, and Chen Weidong said that this was the western gate of the tangqu city found by archaeology, which was divided into two parts: inside and outside the city. A west city gate and a drainage ditch were found outside the city, which is the earliest brick and wood structure city gate found in China.
According to historical records, after qin and bashu in 316 BC, Tangqu County was set up in the northeast region of present-day Sichuan, and the ruling area was in the ancient state of The City. The Eastern Han Dynasty general Feng Qi, commonly known as Cheqicheng, prospered for more than 700 years, during which it was repeatedly the seat of the prefecture, county and county. From 2014 to 2018, the Sichuan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology conducted systematic archaeological investigation, exploration and excavation of the Chengba site, cleaning up more than 400 relics including tombs, wells, ash pits, city walls, city gates, housing sites, ditches, kilns and other relics, and unearthing more than 1,000 pieces of various cultural relics. Among them, the most important thing is to confirm that this place is the site of the city of Tangqu City, and the ruins such as the city gate have been discovered.
Under the guidance of Chen Weidong, the reporter saw that the only remaining west city gate was made of patterned Han bricks, and on the side of the city gate, a masonry drainage canal was intact, and thousands of tiles were piled next to it. Chen Weidong told reporters that the tiles and tiles on the roofs of the residents of the Han Dynasty Tangqu City were found here, and some of the tiles were clearly engraved with the word "Dangqu", and archaeologists confirmed that this place was a documented Dangqu City based on this wadang.
Enter the city along the gate built by the ancients and see the remains of an ancient street 9 meters to 10 meters wide, with three deep horse-drawn carriage ruts on the street, and the ruins on both sides of the street show that there were once many houses here, which can be imagined to be prosperous at that time.
When we visited, the local villagers took the initiative to inform that the older generation said that there were 48 car wells in this place, that is, "car riding wells", that is, the locals believed that feng qi dug them. There are still a few mouths in use, their "age" is more than 2,000 years old, and the locals have used them from the Han Dynasty to today.
Lu Pi, a 65-year-old villager in the 6th group of Chengba Village, led us to see one of them. Next to the verdant bamboo forest, this Han well is moistly cooling out, and the Han Dynasty pottery bricks and moss on the walls of the well are all over the place. The rusty iron reels at the mouth of the well have long been abandoned, relying on a small pump placed in the well, and to this day several nearby families use well water to irrigate their fields and drink. Lao Lu said that at the most, this well used to supply drinking water to more than 800 villagers at the same time, and there were a total of 48 Han wells here, which can be imagined how popular the city was at that time.
Unveiling the Mystery of Pakistan's Capital The history and reality of Pakistani culture
According to current archaeological exploration, Tangqu City and Jinguan are only part of the Chengba ruins, with a total area of 5.6 million square meters, and archaeologists have also found high-grade tombs from the Warring States period.
From October 2019 to 2020, with the approval of the State Administration of Cultural Heritage, the Sichuan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology found four rectangular earth pit tombs of higher value in the Warring States period on the other side of the Chengba site, of which 3 tombs were well preserved, and some of the burial tools were ship coffins.
Of the three well-preserved tombs, the one numbered M45 is the largest, measuring 7.9 metres long, 1.8 metres wide and 1.6 metres deep, with a pit of artifacts in the lower part of the chamber with 11 bronzes. M45 unearthed more than 70 pieces of bronze, pottery, jade, etc., including tiger new hammers, chimes, bronze hammers and other ancient Ba people's unique artifacts, as well as dragon pattern jade pendants, dragonfly eye glass beads, golden sword grid willow leaf shaped sword and other exquisite cultural relics of bashu culture fusion.
Chen Weidong believes that the M45 tomb is larger in scale, more excavated cultural relics, and the grade is higher, which is a newly discovered medium and large tomb within the core area of Pakistani culture, filling the gap of large and medium-sized tombs in pakistan in the middle and late Warring States period. The high-grade cultural relics unique to the Ba people, such as the Tiger New Hammer, the Chime Bell, and the Copper Plutonium, not only show the prominent aristocratic status of the owner of the M45 Tomb, but also a valuable material for the study of ancient Pakistan, and the legendary ancient state is likely to be at the site of Chengba. Due to the geographical conditions of the Gorge River, the ruins of the city sites or central settlements in the Cuban culture have been rarely found so far, so the archaeological community has high hopes for further excavation of the Chengba site.
In contrast, next to the ancient post road across the river from the Chengba ruins, there are 6 7 Han Ques, such as Feng Huanque, Shenfu Junque, and Pujiawan Wumingque. In 2001, the State Council merged the six Hanques in Quxian County under the name of "Quxian Hanque" and announced them as the fifth batch of national key cultural relics protection units.
Que is a kind of high-rise building in ancient China, scholars believe that it appeared in the Western Zhou Dynasty at the latest, fixed and flourished in the Han Dynasty, and most of them have disappeared from the ground so far, leaving only a few ruins for posterity to see. Among the existing stone ques, there are 29 basically complete, and QuXian accounts for nearly a quarter, so QuXian is also known as the "Hometown of China's Han Que".
Chen Weidong told reporters that the ancient remains of Quxian County are very rich, and some villagers' chicken coops and pig pens are made of Han bricks, which can be said to be very "luxurious". In the Chinese HanQue Culture Museum in Quxian County, the reporter saw more than 7,000 well-preserved scattered Han bricks, which are all tenon and tenon structures, with diamond-shaped patterns, bird and fish patterns and other exquisite ornaments.
It is understood that after field investigation, many archaeologists believe that the current discovery is only a corner of the mysterious veil of the Cuban capital, and the ruins of Chengba will definitely have more big discoveries worth looking forward to. With more archaeological discoveries and research, the ancient capital of Pakistan is about to emerge.
China is a country with a vast territory and many nationalities, and the origin of Chinese civilization is just like "full of stars", brilliant and rich. "Sichuan and Chongqing are located in the corridor of ethnic integration in the southwest and cultural interaction between the north and the south." Mr. Tan Jihe, president of the Sichuan Historical Society, said, "In the process of origin and development of the long river of history of thousands of years, the Ba culture and The Shu culture have formed a Bashu civilization with deep roots and complementary differences. They not only maintain significant and unique regional characteristics, but also belong to the matrix of Chinese civilization, and are the center of ancient civilization in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and one of the important origins of Chinese civilization. ”
With a population of more than 7 million, Dazhou City, Sichuan, where the ruins of "Tangqu City" is located, is the third most populous city in Sichuan and has a profound cultural heritage. The great Tang Dynasty poet Yuan Shu became an official in Dazhou (ancient Tongzhou), not only left behind poems such as "I want to live in the mountains in my life, and the heavens and Tongzhou go around the county mountains", but the local people still use the custom of "Yuan Jiu ascending to the heights" to remember his meritorious achievements; the famous painter Luo Zhongzhong also created the famous oil painting "Father" based on his life experience in Dazhou and the peasants of Daba Mountain. To this day, Dazhou is still active in a number of well-known domestic poets and painters, and various art exhibitions and studios have also sprung up.
Many people believe that after Chongqing was divided from Sichuan in 1997, the Bashu culture also separated. In fact, this is a misunderstanding, in Dazhou, Nanchong, Guang'an and other northeastern Sichuan regions, the influence of Pakistani culture is even deeper. Li Bingxue, director of the Dazhou Municipal Bureau of Culture, Sports and Tourism, believes that "from a practical point of view, the central government has deployed the national strategy of building a twin-city economic circle in the Chengdu-Chongqing region, and has clearly proposed the construction of wanda Kaichuan-Chongqing integrated development demonstration zones in Dazhou, Chongqing, and Kaizhou." The archaeological excavations at the ruins of Tangqu City have also further confirmed the characteristics of the Bashu culture. Strengthening the study of Pakistani culture will not only help to promote Sichuan and Chongqing to jointly promote the construction of the Bashu Cultural tourism corridor, but also lay a solid cultural foundation for Sichuan and Chongqing to better implement the national strategy. (Participating reporters: Lu Youyi, Li Mengxin, Wang Xi)