One, Carl Popper
Carl Popper (1902–1994), male, philosopher. Born on 28 July 1902 in Vienna, Austria (then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire) to a jewish middle-class family, he graduated from the University of Vienna. He received his Doctor of Philosophy degree in 1928 and taught at the secondary school from 1930 to 1936. In 1937, nazi power rose and Popper emigrated to New Zealand. He is a lecturer in philosophy at the University of Canterbury in Christchurch, New Zealand. He moved to England in 1946 and taught logic and scientific methodology at the London School of Economics, earning the title of professor in 1949. He was knighted by Empress Elizabeth II in 1965 and elected a fellow of the Royal Academy of Sciences in 1976. After retiring from the church in 1969, he remained intellectually active.
1. It is not so much that people need good people as it is that people need good institutions.
2. Infinite tolerance will inevitably lead to the disappearance of tolerance.
3. Those who promise us heaven on earth have done nothing but hell.
4. True ignorance is not a lack of knowledge, but a refusal to acquire knowledge.
5. Freedom is more important than equality. Attempts to achieve equality endanger freedom. If freedom is lost, there will be no equality even among the unfree.
Hannah Arendt
Hannah Arendt (1906–1975) was a German-American political philosopher best known for her monographs on totalitarianism and on Jewish affairs. Arendt spent his early years in Marburg and Freiburg before receiving his doctorate in Heidelberg. When Nazism began to rise in 1933, she was forced to flee to Paris to become a social worker. He fled again in 1940. After moving to the United States, his book The Origins of Totalitarianism (1951) was published, and Arendt became famous. In her book Aizman in Jerusalem (1963), she argues that cooperation among leaders of Jewish society, to some extent, assisted in the genocide of the Jews by the Nazis in World War II, causing great controversy.
1. Evil is something that has never been thought about. Thinking has to reach a certain depth, to approach its roots, and the moment when evil is involved, where there is nothing, brings frustration to thinking, which is "the mediocrity of evil."
2. A sad fact is that the most evil things are done by those who are not sure in their hearts that they are good or evil.
(3) Wherever there are masses, there is a possibility of totalitarian movements.
4. When a person is unattractive, inoffensive, and unshakable, there is something fascinating about him.
5. Even if the times are dark, we have the right to expect a kind of illumination, which does not necessarily come from theories and ideas, but mostly from the uncertain and often faint light in life.
Iii. Jaspers
Karl Theodore Jaspers (1883–1969), male, German existentialist philosopher, theologian, and psychiatrist. Jaspers focuses on the phenomenological description of the inner self, as well as self-analysis and self-examination. He emphasized the uniqueness and freedom of each person's existence.
In the 1949 issue of Origins and Goals of History, a well-known proposition was put forward——— "Axial Age".
"If I abandon you, my whole philosophy will be meaningless."
After the Nazis came to power, jaspers, a well-known German existentialist philosopher, was implicated in his wife's Jewish identity and faced persecution by the authorities. The famous philosophy professor was about to lose his job and his works were banned from publication. His wife offered to give him up and save his academic future at the expense of severing his relationship, and the above sentence is Jaspers's answer.
Philosophy is born for the sake of truth and goodness, and if it survives by means of untruthful means, then what is the point of all philosophical thinking?
1. Love elevates life to the realm of true existence, which transcends the intuition of the senses. Love cannot wait to manifest itself in the world, in education and in human practice, and engraves in it a picture of the essence of what it sees; according to Plato, love is a witness to beauty.
2. If man is one with a clearer and more fulfilling world, he can truly become himself.
3. There is no science to guide practice, just like a ship travels without a rudder and compass.
4. Literature is really of little use compared to science, but perhaps the greatest usefulness of literature is that it is useless. The same is true of education, the so-called scores, academic qualifications, and even knowledge are not the essence of education, the essence of education is: a tree shakes another tree, a cloud pushes another cloud, a soul awakens another soul.
5. I am responsible for all the sins committed in the world unless I have done everything I can, even at the expense of my life, to stop it. I am sinful because I was alive when sin happened and will continue to live. Therefore, in all the sins that occur, everyone is an accomplice.
4. Schopenhauer
Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) was a famous German philosopher. He was the first person in the history of philosophy to openly oppose rationalist philosophy and pioneered the philosophy of irrationalism, and was also one of the founders and main representatives of voluntarism, believing that the will to life is the force that dominates the operation of the world.
Schopenhauer was born into a family of bankers in Danzig, Germany (now part of Poland, renamed Gdańsk) and grew up in a reclusive nature. His father, Heinrich Floris Schopenhauer, was a very successful businessman who later went mad and committed suicide by throwing himself into the water. His mother, Johanna Schopenhauer, was a well-known writer of the time, associated with literary heroes such as Goethe. His relationship with his mother has been bad, the estrangement is very deep, and finally the relationship broke down. Schopenhauer inherited his father's property, which led him to live a wealthy life, and after Schopenhauer died of pneumonia, he donated all his property to charity. He can be seen in many books.
1. Everyone is claustrophobic in their own consciousness.
2. The so-called glorious life is nothing but a prisoner of desire.
3. Wealth is like seawater, the more you drink, the more you thirst. The same goes for the reputation.
4. One of the most special weaknesses of human nature is that it cares about how others perceive itself.
5. The things that man can really understand and appreciate in the end are only some things that are essentially the same as himself.
V. Nozick
Robert Nozick (1938-2002) was a prominent philosopher and thinker of the 20th century, and the most important representative of classical liberalism since the end of World War II.
1. I think that when Socrates says that he does not know the answer to the question, he does not mean that he does not know the truth, but that he does not "possess" the truth, that he does not even possess true conviction.
2. The search for truth arises from confusion. People who believe that most of their views are true are unlikely to engage in the exploration of these issues.
3. Why do contemporary intellectuals feel that society should give them the highest treatment, and hold grudges when they do not? Intellectuals feel that they are the most valuable people, and they also have the noblest virtues, and society should treat them accordingly according to their values and virtues. But a market economy society does not practice the principle of "distribution according to virtue or value". In a free society, in addition to individual talents, ancestral inheritance and luck can make a person successful, the market will only favor those who can capture and meet the needs of others, as to how much profit, depends on how much demand, how many competitive suppliers. So failed businessmen and workers do not resent capitalism as much as humanistic intellectuals. Only when the sense of superiority is not accepted by society and special rights are not recognized by society will resentment arise in the hearts of intellectuals.
4. Philosophy is not only a thought, but also a way of life, a way of life that is filled and changed by thought. The so-called "philosophical survival" is not "not to be happy with things, not to be sad with oneself", but to grow in the footsteps of exploring knowledge, freedom, and life.
5. Thinking about new problems and proposing new approaches are the driving forces that motivate me to move forward. That was true in the past and remains so today.