All opioid agonists (morphine, durrhotine, etc.) are tolerated with repeated application in the short term, and the dose needs to be gradually increased to produce the original effect. This is because the opioid receptor is usually under the action of endogenous opioid peptides at the basic level, when the continuous administration of opioid receptor agonists, opioid receptors are "overloaded", through the negative feedback mechanism to reduce the release of endogenous opioid peptides, opioid receptors in order to compensate for the reduction of endogenous opioid peptides, more opioid receptor agonists are needed to maintain the original analgesic effect, which creates tolerance. At the same time, due to the reduction of endogenous opioid peptides, dependence on drugs has developed. If the drug is suddenly discontinued, endogenous opioid peptides are too late to release the supplement, and withdrawal symptoms occur, which are manifested as irritability, insomnia, muscle tremor, vomiting, abdominal pain, mydriasis, drooling, sweating, etc. Opioid agonists generally do not develop tolerance and dependence.
Opioid agonists have strict regulations. In general, only an anesthesiologist or pain doctor with authority can prescribe it. Users need to provide identification and filing, and there are strict management processes for the amount of drug use, residual drug dosage, empty ampoules, etc. The indiscriminate prescribing and abuse of such drugs may even involve violations of the law.
【Source: Department of Anesthesiology】
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