A batch of cultural relics handed over by the Xiangning County Public Security Bureau on June 19, 2003, was located in Zhongyang Village, Beiyuan, Xiangning City. A total of 19 pieces of green glazed pottery were handed over, namely Hansi Animal Foot Green Glazed Pottery Building (1 piece), Han Green Glaze Pottery Well (1 piece), Han Green Glaze Pottery Case (1 piece), Han Green Glaze Pottery Three-Eyed Stove (1 piece), Han Green Glaze Four-Foot Pottery Spoon (1 piece), Han Green Glaze Pottery Spoon (4 pieces), Han Green Glaze Pottery Saucer Plate (4 pieces), Han Green Glaze Pottery Ear Cup (3 pieces), Han String Pattern Green Glaze Pottery Bowl (1 piece), Han String Pattern Green Glaze Pottery Bottle (2 pieces).
Today, let's start with this batch of Han Dynasty green glazed pottery. This batch of green glaze pottery as a whole is mottled green glaze, glaze color light green, with a layer of silver light on it, like mica as bright and moving, preservation is still complete, are made of ordinary clay as a tire, in addition to the pottery spoon throughout the body to apply green glaze, the rest of the utensils can be seen at the bottom or back of the exposed red tire.
They are as a kind of ming instrument appeared in the tomb, the ming ware is the underground vessel, is specially made for the burial of the deceased and utensils, from the Neolithic age to the dynasties, with the Ming ware burial is a form of expression of ancient funerary customs, people will be buried with the burial of the utensils and items used in the burial, such as houses, wells, pigsty, wells, pavilions, living utensils and other model utensils into the tomb, for the living people to live the same life after death. The Book of Rites says, "Its ming instrument, the affirmation of it." Tu Che Jiao Ling, since ancient times, the way of the Ming Instrument is also. ”
People in the Han Dynasty advocated superstition, believing that "people who die are known to gods and ghosts", "what the living need, the dead also need", they have a funeral ritual system of "death is like life", the Han Dynasty Lujiang Taishou Cheng Hengkuan's "Salt and Iron Theory" contains, "Now thick and rich, the use of instruments is like a living person", coupled with the idea of feathering into immortals and Huang Laozhi, the ancient Ming dynasty was buried thickly at the time of the prosperity of the two Han Dynasties, becoming a special culture. In the early and middle periods of the Western Han Dynasty, the practical utensils were mainly used before burial, and after the middle period, a variety of ming utensils specially burned for burial were added.
The "Book of Han and the Table of Hundred Officials and Secretaries of State" contains that "the eastern craftsmen and ministers are the main utensils in the mausoleum", indicating that after the rulers died at that time, there were also full-time officials to preside over all the funerary objects needed to build the tomb of the underworld treasure. During the two Han dynasties, the economy developed rapidly and the society was stable and prosperous, which was the heyday of China's feudal society. As a carrier of culture and a symbol of civilization, Han Dynasty green glaze pottery is a special craft between pottery and porcelain, a new variety invented and burned by the Han Dynasty, which was popular throughout the country during the Eastern Han Dynasty.
It with its heavy, majestic, magnificent and exquisite characteristics of the Shang Zhou porcelain glazing technology, the next enlightenment of the Tang and Song Dynasty three colored ware magnificent, unpredictable decorative style, representing the highest level of Han Dynasty ceramics production, unique in the ancient Chinese ceramics group of fang spectrum, is incomparable to the glazed pottery of various dynasties in the history of Chinese porcelain, its emergence and development is the main witness of the funeral reform of Chinese funerary customs from thick burial to thin burial, completed the successful transition from primitive porcelain to current porcelain, giving people a refreshing feeling.
Green glaze pottery, is the surface of the pottery hanging glaze, its glaze with iron oxide and copper oxide made of color agent, lead oxide as a flux, after 700-900 degrees of oxidation flame roasting under firing, the applied green glaze glaze bright, colorful, very decorative. Due to long-term burial underground, affected by the humid environment of the tomb, by oxidation,
In the glaze to produce a layer of sediment, this layer of sediment to a certain thickness due to the interference of light, it produces a silvery-white luster, some scholars call it "silver glaze". It is generally believed that those who have green glazed pottery in the tomb are large families and rich families. Judging from this batch of green glazed pottery, whether it is pavilions, wells, stoves, living utensils, etc., its manifestations have distinct local characteristics and regional characteristics, and have a strong atmosphere of life. The following is a description of this batch of pottery.
1. Hansi beast foot green glazed pottery building. This pottery building is 46cm high, 38cm wide, 11.5cm thick and weighs 9.430kg. The appearance of pavilion models in tombs is one of the prominent features of burials in this period of the Han Dynasty, and it is a symbol of the landlord's residence. The pottery building is divided into two floors, the shape is simple and generous, the first floor of the base front and back along the four corners of each has a base made of animal feet, the roof is the top of the mountain. Reflecting the architectural style and characteristics of the Han Dynasty pavilion style, intuitively reproducing the architectural characteristics and architectural skills of the Han Dynasty, because the ground architecture of the Han Dynasty has long disappeared in the long river of history, it is precious as a style that can reflect the ground architecture of the Han Dynasty in China, and it is a rare physical specimen for studying the history of ancient Chinese architecture.
2. Han green glazed pottery well. The pottery well is 27.5cm high, the bore diameter is 13.3cm, the bottom diameter is 13.0cm, the weight is 1.310kg, the shape is simple, the well body is flat, the shallow abdomen, the flat bottom, the exposed red tire, the well rail well body is integrated, the upper beam-shaped derrick is placed, the derrick is equipped with a peak shed cover, and there are pulleys, the lower third is the well body, and two-thirds of the well rail is the well rail, which truly reproduces the water extraction facilities at that time, outlining the panoramic picture of the flourishing and vigorous development of agricultural production in the Han Dynasty. Tao jing is a common funerary product in the Han Dynasty, the invention of the well, is one of the signs of ancient society into civilization, "well storage to irrigate the field", the well of the Han Dynasty is not only an effective supplement to water conservancy, but also an effective use of water power, and is closely related to the lives of the people, inseparable, the well in the tomb is absolutely indispensable or lacking, it plays an increasingly important role in the industrial and agricultural production life of the Han Dynasty.
3. Han green glazed pottery three-eyed stove (Figure 3). The stove is 26 .6cm long, 29.2 cm wide, 9.0 cm high and weighs 2.630 kg. The stove is rectangular, with a nearly square stove door on the front, that is, a fire mouth, a circular smoke hole on the other side, and three "pin" glyphs on the stove for supporting the pot. "Book of Han , Five Elements " said : " Stove , the basis of birth and nourishment " , Liu Xi wrote in the "Interpretation of the Name of the Palace Room" at the end of the Han Dynasty: "Stove, creation, creation of food also", the pot stove is used for cooking, seemingly simple utensils, life and death are indispensable, it is a rare material for studying the han Dynasty burial system and dietary life.
Fourth, Han green glazed pottery pigsty toilet. Judging from the photograph of the pottery pigsty toilet in the collection, it is a miniature model of the building shared with the toilet, which is a typical artifact of the Han Dynasty burial items. The utensils are divided into circles and toilets, which are built on the top of the hill, the circle is rectangular, and a pig is built-in, which has a long mouth and fat ears and strong limbs. Han Dynasty schoolchildren's textbook "Anxious Article", "Six Animals and Pigs",
Yan Note: "豕者, 彘之總名也." "Shuowen", "豕, 彘也" So pigs, also known as 彘, dolphins, and pigs, are one of the animals that were domesticated earlier by the primitive ancestors. During the Two Han Dynasties, "raising pigs to get rich" has become an important measure for the government to develop the economy and improve people's livelihood, and its domestication method has also developed from the original simple and extensive nomadic way to an advanced domestication method integrating captivity, captivity and polyculture.
"Shi Ming Shi Gong Room", "Toilet, yan people mixed in the upper non-one also, or Yue, yan yu also." Or to say, where it is dirty, it is advisable to always cultivate and cure it, so that it is clean and pure. "In the Han Dynasty, the more common toilet style was to connect the circle and the toilet, so that feeding and fat accumulation were equally important, of which pig, horse, and sheep pen toilets were the most popular." "Flocking out of toilets" has become a relatively standard way of life in the Han Dynasty.
5. Han green glaze four-breasted pottery. The pottery is 10.5 cm high, 19.5 cm caliber, straight mouth, barrel-shaped, deep belly, red tires on the bottom of the abdomen and abdominal wall, four breast feet, regular shape, belongs to the ancient vessel that held women's toiletries. It also doubles as a container for storing sake and food.
The Book of the Later Han Dynasty and the Chronicle of the Empresses reads: "Huibi, the emperor prostrated himself on the imperial bed from the front of the seat, looked at the things of the empress dowager's mirror, moved by sorrow, and was fully equipped with fat. 奁, mirror box also, sound lian. The Song Dynasty female lyricist Li Qingzhao's "Phoenix Stage Memories Blowing Flute" of "Ren Bao's dust is full, the moon is hooked", and there is the Song Dynasty poet Wang Yijian's "Touching the Fish: Purple Cloud Mountain House To Give It" verse "Lovesickness at dusk, hate Luopu Louting, Fang Diancui scissors, shadow illumination." ”
6. Han green glazed pottery ear cup (Figure 6). There are 3 pieces of such artifacts. It is 10.5cm long, 7.8cm wide and weighs 0.290kg. These three ear cups, simple shape, flexible and compact, oval shape, each side has a curved ear, flat bottom, the bottom exposed red tire.
Because of its shape like a knight, two ears like the wings of a bird, when drinking, the cup can be inserted with feathers, intended to urge people to drink quickly, so the Tao Ear Cup is also known as "Feather Cup", "Feather Cup", etc., as a "ceremonial instrument", it is a Han Dynasty magnate drinking instrument, the average person can not use, only in the high-level tomb will appear, belongs to the inheritance of an ancient culture, is not the inherent cultural customs of the farming and settled people, because of this, this ear cup soon disappeared.
Seven, Han string pattern three-hoof foot green glazed pottery bottle. These two pieces of pottery bottles are 10 cm high, 19.5 cm in diameter and weigh 1.10 kg. The abdomen is covered with two layers of concave string patterns, flat bottoms, and three animal feet, which belong to the utensils for holding wine. The Han Dynasty "Ancient Song": "Go to the Golden Temple, write a jade bottle." Welcome your guests and enter the Golden Gate. Li Bai's poems: "Spring breeze comes and goes by suddenly, and the golden bottle of green wine is born microwave", "The wine bottle is placed in the middle of the thousand", "The golden bottle of sake is ten thousand".
Du Fu's poem: "Panyi City is far from tasteless, and the bottle restaurant is poor and only old." Su Dongpo's poem "A bottle is also a bottle of rivers and moons". Appreciating the bottle, the reader of these verses, let people think of the ancient history of Chinese winemaking, think of the folk customs of the ancestors to drink, as a physical witness of China's long-standing wine culture, not only can let people recall the legacy of historical civilization, but also let people vaguely see the living customs of predecessors, aesthetic value of the charm.
8. Han green glazed pottery case. The pottery case is 46 cm long, 31 cm wide, 2 cm thick and weighs 2.630 kg. It is rectangular in shape and has a red tire at the bottom.
9. Han green glazed pottery dish. There are 4 pottery plates of this vessel type, three of the same size, one slightly larger than the third, round, flat bottom, exposed red tire at the bottom, the diameter of the large dish is 7.5cm, and the weight is 0.310kg. The small dish is 4.5cm in diameter and weighs 0.560kg.
10. Han green glazed pottery spoon. The vessel has a total of 4 ceramic spoons, with a length of 13.4 cm, a width of 6 .6cm, and a weight of 0.490 kg. Apply green glaze throughout.
11. Han green glazed pottery bowl. The pottery bowl is 7 cm high, 15.5 cm in diameter, 8 cm in diameter and weighs 0.430 kg. Open, curved abdomen, flat bottom, exposed red tire at the bottom, and a circle of concave string patterns on the abdomen.
In short, from the perspective of this batch of green glazed pottery collected by Xiangning County, whether it is pavilions, wells, circle toilets or pottery and pottery bottles, or stoves, cases, bowls, spoons, cups, plates and other living utensils are to study the production process of Han Dynasty glazed pottery, the shape of Han Dynasty architecture, the burial system, political and economic life, industry and agriculture, animal husbandry, etc. The development provides a valuable physical model, which has high cultural relics and archaeological value, and adds an important stroke to the academic research of Han Dynasty archaeology in Xiangning County. At the same time, you can also find the long history of Xiangning purple sand culture!