1. The Battle of Sekigahara, Japan, broke out
On this day, 421 years ago, on October 21, 1600 (September 15, 1600 in the lunar calendar), the Battle of Sekigahara, Japan, broke out.
On October 21, 1600, the Battle of Sekigahara, Japan, broke out. The Western Army led by Ishida Misei and the Eastern Army led by Tokugawa Ieyasu (about 80,000 men on both sides) opened up a battlefield in Sekigahara near Gifu. In the course of the fierce battle between the two sides, the 15,000 troops under the command of Hideaki Kohayakawa, who originally belonged to the Western Army, suddenly defected, and triggered a chain reaction of many Western Generals defecting, resulting in a total rout of the Western Army. The main generals of the Western Army, Otani Yoshiji, Shima Zuojin, and others were killed one after another, and the Western Army lost more than 40,000 people, and Ishida Sansei and others were arrested and beheaded. This battle determined the historical trend of Japan, and Tokugawa Ieyasu succeeded Toyotomi Hideyoshi and gained control of all of Japan.
2. Battle of Trafalgar
On this day, 216 years ago, on October 21, 1805 (August 29, 1805 in the lunar calendar), the Naval Battle of Trafalgar.
Battle of Trafalgar (French: Battle of Trafalgar), in 1803, napoleon's French-ruled France and the British-led anti-French alliance broke out again, Napoleon planned to march into the British mainland, in order to contain the powerful British navy, Napoleon sent the combined French and Spanish fleet led by Vice Admiral Wernerhof to negotiate with the British navy. On 21 October 1805, the two fleets met off the coast of Cape Trafalgar, Spain, and a decisive battle was inevitable, lasting five hours, and due to the superiority of the British command, tactics and training, the Combined Franco-Spanish Fleet suffered a decisive blow, with commander Villeneuve captured and 21 warships captured. British commander Admiral Horatio Nelson was also killed in battle.
After this battle, the elite French navy was destroyed, and Napoleon was forced to abandon his plan to attack the British mainland. Britain's position as maritime hegemon was consolidated.
3. Nobel was born
On this day, 188 years ago, on October 21, 1833 (September 9, 1833 in the lunar calendar), Nobel was born.
Noble, Alfred Bernhard, Swedish chemist. Born in Stockholm on 21 October 1833, he died 10 December 1896 in Sanremo, Italy. In 1842, Nobel went with his family to live in St. Petersburg, Russia. In 1850, he went to Paris to study chemistry for a year, and then worked under J. Erikson in the United States for four years. After returning to St. Petersburg, he worked in his father's factory.
Nobel operated oil fields and explosives production and accumulated great wealth. At the time of his death, he used most of his estate as a fund, with an annual interest (about $200,000) prize given to those who had made great contributions to humanity in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and peace in the previous year, the Nobel Prize, which was first awarded in 1901. From 1968 onwards, the Nobel Prize in Economics was added, financed by the Swedish National Bank.
4. The birthday of patriotic overseas Chinese Chen Jiageng
On this day, 147 years ago, on October 21, 1874 (September 12, 1874 in the lunar calendar), the patriotic overseas Chinese Chen Jiageng was born.
On October 21, 1874, Chen Jiageng was born into an ordinary merchant family in Jimei Town, Tong'an County, Fujian Province. In his early years, he went to Nanyang with his father to run industry and commerce, and successively opened more than 30 factories, more than 100 shops, reclaimed more than 10,000 acres of rubber and pineapple gardens, and employed tens of thousands of workers. But living overseas, he never forgot his motherland.
Chen Jiageng was the first overseas Chinese to integrate political, economic, social and cultural activities, and Mao Zedong once praised him as "the banner of overseas Chinese and the glory of the nation." On August 12, 1961, Mr. Chen Jiageng died in Beijing.
5. Tainan is about to fall Liu Yongfu crossed the mainland
On this day, 126 years ago, on October 21, 1895 (September 4, 1895 in the lunar calendar), Tainan fell to the mainland of Liu Yongfu.
On October 21, 1895, tainan was about to fall, and Liu Yongfu crossed the mainland by Ying Ferry.
Liu Yongfu (1837-1917), Ziyuanting. A native of Qinzhou, Guangdong (present-day Guangxi). In his early years, he participated in the Guangxi Tiandihui Uprising. After the defeat of the Taiping Rebellion, the Black Flag Army was organized on the border of Guangxi and Yunnan, which was not controlled by the Qing court. In 1873, the French army invaded Hanoi and other places, and at the request of the Vietnamese government, he led troops to resist the French, killed the French general An Ye, and annihilated the entire army. In the following year, he was made the deputy viceroy of Sanxuan by the King of Yue. After repeated battles with the French army, he killed the French general Li Weili and was made a first-class male by the King of Yue.
During the Sino-French War, he was recruited by the Qing government, participated in the battle, and made many military achievements. After the war, the Black Flag Army was reduced to more than a thousand people and served as the commander-in-chief of Nan'ao Town in Guangdong Province. In 1894, during the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War, in order to assist in the defense of Taiwan, he moved to Tainan and still called the Black Flag Army. When the Taiwanese military and civilians resisted the invading Japanese army, they were pushed to be the leaders of the anti-Japanese resistance. The Black Flag Army fought bravely against the enemy in Miaoli, Changhua and Chiayi. In October, he fought against the Japanese army in Tainan and returned to Guangdong alone. In 1902, he was the commander-in-chief of Jieshi Town, Guangdong Province. After Guangdong became independent in November 1911, he was promoted to be the chief of the Guangdong Militia League, and immediately resigned and returned home.
6. Chiang Kai-shek launched the campaign of 100,000 intellectual youth to join the army
77 years ago today, on October 21, 1944 (September 5, 1944 in the lunar calendar), Chiang Kai-shek launched the 100,000 Intellectual Youth Enlistment Movement.
Chiang Kai-shek delivered a speech in Chongqing to the soldiers who went on expedition
On October 21, 1944, Chiang Kai-shek raised his fist at the meeting of intellectual youth to join the army, and excitedly issued a slogan that made the youth's blood boil: "One inch of mountains and rivers and one inch of blood, one hundred thousand young people and one hundred thousand troops!" ”
In view of the serious shortage of middle- and lower-level cadres and special forces of the Chinese Army stationed in India and the Expeditionary Force aiding Burma, and the urgent need for translation by a large number of Allied troops in China, Chiang Kai-shek decided to launch a campaign of 100,000 knowledgeable young people to join the army.
7. The United States broke out into a peaceful march toward Washington
On this day, 54 years ago, on October 21, 1967 (September 18, 1967 in the lunar calendar), the United States broke out into a peaceful march toward Washington.
In the 1960s, the U.S. government continued to intensify its aggression against Vietnam, but it was strongly opposed by its own people. On October 21, 1967, thousands of demonstrators from all over the United States flocked to Washington, D.C., to assemble in front of the Lincoln Monument. They held aloft placards such as "Withdraw the army immediately," "Abolish the conscription system," and "We will not go to Vietnam (to fight)." In the afternoon, a rally attended by more than 100,000 demonstrators was held to strongly condemn the war of aggression against Vietnam carried out by the Johnson administration and to condemn the conscription system. After the meeting, the demonstrators sang anti-war songs and shouted slogans against the war of aggression and marched toward the Pentagon, where the US Department of Defense is located. Demonstrators surrounded the Ministry of Defense building and stormed it. They clashed with military police armed with various weapons, and some of the crowd stormed the Pentagon to fight with military police in the corridors. About 700 people were arrested and 1,400 injured.
8. China resumes the college entrance examination one month later
On 44 years ago today, on October 21, 1977 (September 9, 1977 in the lunar calendar), China resumed the college entrance examination a month later.
Reinstate the college entrance examination
On October 21, 1977, the major Chinese media announced the resumption of the college entrance examination, and revealed that this year's college entrance examination would be conducted nationwide in one month.
Admission ticket for 1977
On October 21, 1977, the Ministry of Education held a national conference on enrollment in colleges and universities in Beijing. This meeting determined and approved by the State Council to reform the enrollment system of colleges and universities from 1977 onwards. In the future, the principle of comprehensively measuring morality, intellect, and physique and selecting students on the basis of merit will be implemented, and the methods of voluntary registration, unified examination, municipal primary selection, school admission, and provincial, municipal, and autonomous region approval will be adopted. This kind of enrollment system, compared with the enrollment method of "voluntary registration, mass recommendation, approval by the leadership, and school review" during the "Cultural Revolution", has the following characteristics: First, the enrollment target is extensive. Second, the requirements for cultural level have increased. Third, we have attached importance to cultural examinations, so that the quality of new students has been greatly improved.
9. Independence of the Marshall Islands
On this day, 35 years ago, on October 21, 1986 (September 18, 1986 in the lunar calendar), the Marshall Islands became independent.
On January 14, 1986, the Treaty of Free Association was ratified by the United States Congress. In May, the UnAnnounced Trusteeship Council formally agreed to suspend the Trusteeship. On 21 October, the Treaty on Free Association entered into force. Under this treaty, the Republic of the Marshall Islands becomes independent and the Republic of the Marshall Islands is recognized by the United States for its autonomy in its internal and foreign affairs and autonomy, but its foreign policy must be consistent with the guiding principles set out in the Treaty, and the United States will retain full authority over the security and defense of the Islands, i.e., defense is the sole responsibility of the United States. At the same time, new immigration and nationality laws were introduced, with citizens holding passports from the Republic of the Marshall Islands, but immigration to the United States was not restricted.
The Marshall Islands are located in the central Pacific Ocean as an island nation, part of the Micronesian Archipelago. It is about 3,200 kilometers southwest of Hawaii and about 2,100 kilometers southeast of Guam. The areas bordering the sea are Wake Island in the north, Nauru in the south, the Federated States of Micronesia in the west, and Kiribati in the southeast. The capital is Majuro.
10. For the first time, human beings have achieved hot air balloons floating over Mount Everest
On this day, 30 years ago, on October 21, 1991 (September 14, 1991 in the lunar calendar), mankind achieved the first hot air balloon to float over Mount Everest.
On October 21, 1991, two huge hot air balloons successfully floated over Mount Everest, achieving the feat of the first hot air balloon floating over the world's highest peak.
Two hot air balloons sponsored by British Star Electronics Limited are one large and one small. The larger one, called the "Himalayan Challenge Star", has a volume of 6792 cubic meters, and the small one, as a photographic auxiliary ball, is only 1/4 of the former. The hot air balloon crossing the world's highest peak was hosted by the China International Sports Tourism Corporation and the Tibet Autonomous Region Sports Tourism Company. 43-year-old Australian Chris Duhurst served as the lead pilot, British and British Andy Elson and Eric Jones served as pilots, and famous British photographer Leo Dickinson took the high-altitude expedition photography.