I believe that people who have watched the TV series of the Kangxi Dynasty and the Yongzheng Dynasty have some understanding of the historical event of the Nine Sons' Seizure of the Concubine, and know the general context of the party relations between the Princes and the development of the event, but few people know much about the prohibition of Catholicism caused by the Nine Sons' Seizure of the Wife.
Nine sons and wives
In the later period of the Kangxi dynasty, due to the improper handling of the contradiction between the imperial power and the reserve power, the conflict between the emperor and the crown prince was expanding day by day, and it was impossible to reconcile, which eventually led to the twice deposed the crown prince and the reserve position being vacant for a long time. After The Princes were abolished, they competed fiercely for the throne, and finally ended with the succession of the fourth brother Yinrong. After Succeeding to the throne, Yin Chan carried out a brutal political blow to his former political enemies, the Eight Brothers Yin Yu and the Nine Brothers Yin Yu. The Portuguese missionary Mu Jingyuan, as Yin Yu's confidant, once used various means to win over his henchmen and develop party forces, and was eventually implicated and executed by Yongzheng. After Mu Jingyuan's death, Yongzheng feared that Catholics would take advantage of the opportunity to interfere in China's internal affairs in the name of missionary work, so he ordered a ban on the spread of Catholicism in various places.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="35" > missionary Mu Jingyuan and the ninth son</h1>
Mu Jingyuan, the word John, Portuguese missionary (Catholic), Kangxi thirty-nine years in China. After Mu Jingyuan arrived in the capital, he began to make friends with various celebrities and magnates as a missionary, and with his excellent language skills, he was entrusted with the heavy responsibility of Kangxi and was appointed as a translator in foreign languages. According to the diaries of Western missionaries: "After Mu Jingyuan came to Beijing, he won the trust of the imperial court, and the ministers of the DPRK and China competed with each other, jingyuan served as the emperor's parliamentarian for several years, and he toured the outside of The Cyprus several times with his car." In the Qing Dynasty, most of the people who could accompany the emperor on the tour outside Sai were important members of the imperial court, and Mu Jingyuan was able to enjoy this honor and accompany the driver out of the customs many times, which shows that the Kangxi Emperor was quite important to his talents.
In the process of Mu Jingyuan's friendship with various celebrities and magnates, jiu'a ge yinyu, who loved to study Western characters, praised him, and the two had a very intensive exchange, and Mu Jingyuan gradually became an important confidant of jiu'a ge yinyu. In the matter of the Ninth Brother plotting to seize the throne, Mu Jingyuan spared no effort to plan for his operation. Mu Jingyuan vigorously promoted Yin Yu's personal and political ability in front of Kangxi, and pleaded with Kangxi to make Yin Yu crown prince, and Kangxi severely reprimanded him, reprimanding him for not interfering in the internal affairs of the country. However, Mu Jingyuan did not take Kangxi's rebuke to heart at all, but instead intensified his efforts and went around as Yin Yu's network henchmen. Mu Jingyuan had a good relationship with Nian Xiangyao's brother Nian Xiyao, and once won the opportunity to meet with Nian Xiangyao in the palace by virtue of Nian Xiyao's introduction, and Mu Jingyuan vigorously preached Yin Yu's merits in front of Nian Xiangyao, "Saying that Yin Yu is very blessed, it must be him who will inherit the throne in the future." Try to persuade Nian Qianyao to serve Yin Yu. Nian Qianyao had already thrown himself into the hands of the Fourth Brother Yinchen at that time, and righteously rejected Mu Jingyuan's entrapment, and told Mu Jingyuan that Yin Yu's conspiracy with the Eight Brothers to seize the throne had deeply offended Kangxi, and advised him not to run around for Yin Yu again, so as not to cause trouble. However, Mu Jingyuan did not care about this, and did not take Nian Qianyao's advice to heart at all, but instead spread kindness in the name of Yin Yu, so as to buy people's hearts and strengthen the party's power.
The Ninth Prince Yin Yu
Yongzheng succeeded to the throne, announcing that he had defeated the remaining competitors as a winner and ascended to the throne, and at the same time officially opened his political reckoning, dealing a cruel political crime against several competitors. He assigned the long-hated Yin Yu to Xining Rencha, in fact, he took the opportunity to suppress Yin Yu's political power in the court and disintegrate his partisan cohesion. At this time, Mu Jingyuan's act of plotting to seize the throne for Yin Yu had long been known to Yongzheng, and Yongzheng did not have a good feeling for the Catholic Church, so he sent Mu Jingyuan to Xining together, and sent an edict to Nian Qianyao, asking him to monitor the two people's every move in Xining and report it at any time. Nian Qianyao showed in the secret recital with Yongzheng that Yin Yu and Mu Jingyuan were honest and did not act rebelliously, but Yongzheng still did not relax his guard, and instructed Nian Qianyao to keep strict supervision of the two, keep a close watch, and if there is any misdeed, play at any time. According to foreign documents, Yin Yu once placed a few thousand taels of silver in the distance of Mu Jing, and asked him to use the money to open shops and make friends with local magnates. According to the Records of Emperor Shizong of the Qing Dynasty, "Seth Hei once ordered Mu Jingyuan to call him magnanimous and wanted to buy people's hearts and seek a great position." Mu Jingyuan's loyalty was evident in the fact that he still had to collect party henchmen and establish local prestige for Yin Yu when he was unable to protect himself.
There is no impermeable wall in the world, not to mention that the two of them are so blatantly enveloping people's hearts. Under Yongzheng's close surveillance, the two men's actions were transmitted to Yongzheng through the secret music of local officials, and Yongzheng immediately ordered Yin Yu's title to be stripped of his title and removed from his side. Yongzheng iii in July. Inspector YiDuli of Shanxi beat up the students in Pingding Prefecture. He reprimanded Yun for accepting party support, for not keeping his duties, for his poor character, and for his arrogance and self-esteem. He also took two thousand taels of silver to Xining to buy people's hearts, and local people were called the Nine Princes. Remove the shells and remove their subordinates." Later, Yin Yu was escorted back to Beijing. On the way back to Beijing, Yongzheng ordered the governor Li Fu to interrogate him severely.
missionary
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="34" > Yongzheng was suspicious of Mu Jingyuan's missionary motives in China</h1>
On the way back to Beijing, Yin Yu was temporarily imprisoned by Yongzheng in Baoding because he talked and laughed all the way and did not repent, and then returned to Beijing to discuss the crime after his repentance. Yongzheng searched Yin Yu's correspondence and accused Yin Yu of his sins because Yin Yu corresponded with his son in a secret language. "Exhortation to Yun Yu: From the people of the former enemy country, they sent treacherous contacts, stole information, and made up hidden words to prevent people from being aware. Yun Yu was there, and He had forbidden him to send books, nor had he forbidden him to come and go. If guo'an obeys the law, then the book sent must be common, why not create a font, just a convenient format... Actually for the enemy country's treacherous trip also." Yongzheng's edict clearly pointed out that Yin Yu used Western characters to communicate with others in order to prevent information leakage, which was also a countermeasure planned by Yin Yu under YongZheng's close surveillance. However, Yin Yu's move forced Yongzheng to turn his suspicious eyes to Mu Jingyuan, a Western missionary who had a good relationship with Yin Yu. At this time, Mu Jingyuan, who was in Baoding, in order to rescue Yin Yu, bought off the official in charge of the guards and infiltrated the prison to discuss important matters with Yin Yu. This was detected by the spies arranged by Yongzheng to be by Yin Yu's side, and quickly reported to the capital. It is reported that "the Westerner Mu Jingyuan came in and out of the window to discuss with Seth Black, such a reckless behavior, Chu Zong hid it all, and could not play the news." Previously, Mu Jingyuan's efforts to win people's hearts and teach Western characters for Yin Yu had already made Yong Zheng hold a grudge against him, and Yong Zheng's handling of Yin Yu was already the biggest warning to him. However, Mu Jingyuan turned a blind eye, and in order to protect Yin Yu's vital interests, he completely sided with Yongzheng, which also made Yongzheng speed up the political liquidation of him. After this incident, Yongzheng ordered mu Jingyuan to be escorted back to Beijing, intending to liquidate the crimes he had committed before. According to historical records: "On the way back to Beijing, Mu Jingyuan prostrated his head in pain at Yin Yu's residence, but later in the course of interrogation, Mu Jingyuan pretended to be bowing down to God in order to obtain God's mercy." In the face of the teaching of Western characters, Mu Jingyuan strenuously denied it. "I have a book of poor reasoning, he read and said that some of the russian words can be changed, I don't want him to change later, I don't know about writing a letter." However, Yongzheng firmly believed that the secret language used by Yin Yu for political contacts with his cronies was completely taught by Mu Jingyuan, because Yin Yu was far away in Xining and there was only one Westerner around Mu Jingyuan, so he listed him as an important criminal in Yin Yu's crime of collaborating with the enemy. Mu Jingyuan's actions were undoubtedly against the dragon scales, which made Yongzheng even more resentful of Mu Jingyuan himself and his Catholicism. YongZheng once said: "As long as the Westerners who come to China are cautious and abide by the law, and their actions are not ashamed, they will certainly be kind and compassionate." It can be seen that there are many Western missionaries who do not abide by the law in China. For Mu Jingyuan, Yongzheng was even more blunt: "I expelled the unfortunate priest Mu Jingyuan because he incited the crowd and intervened in affairs that had nothing to do with him." Yongzheng's remarks made it clear that Mu Jingyuan had carried out political activities to help Yin Yu seize the throne under the pretext of preaching, to deceive the masses, to buy people's hearts, and to win over the party henchmen, and this was the main reason why he was blamed on Yongzheng.
In the fourth year of Yongzheng, the Punishment Department ordered Mu Jingyuan to be executed. In order to rescue Mu Jingyuan and other Western missionaries and return them to their homeland to preach, the King of Portugal sent the diplomat Madraeus to China with a large number of precious gifts to show respect for the Chinese emperor. When Yongzheng learned of Madle's mission to China, he killed Mu Jingyuan before he arrived (fearing that Mu Jingyuan would leak political information about China after returning home). It can be seen that Mu Jingyuan was already a mortal man in Yongzheng's eyes, and it was useless to let the king send messengers to make friends. After the execution of Mu Jingyuan, Yongzheng sent an edict to various places, demanding that the spread of Catholicism in China be banned and that a large number of missionaries be expelled from China. In the middle and late period of the Reign of Yongzheng, the Catholic Church completely lost its missionary means in China.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="25" > a long summary</h1>
As a Western missionary, Mu Jingyuan's purpose in coming to China was undoubtedly to propagate Catholic doctrine, to colonize China in a form of cultural gradual change and annexation, and to take the opportunity to investigate China's political, economic, and cultural development and report it to the Western rulers on the other side of the ocean. The Yongzheng Emperor was deeply alarmed by this, and his obstruction of Catholicism can be seen in his measures to imprison missionaries and prohibit their missionary work. But what prompted the Yongzheng Emperor to completely ban the spread of Catholicism in China stemmed from Mu Jingyuan's involvement in the imperial power struggle. Before and after Yongzheng's succession, Mu Jingyuan, as a supporter of Yin yu, helped Yin Yu to win over his henchmen and plot to seize the throne, completely standing on the opposite side of Yongzheng and harming Yongzheng's vital interests. In order to avoid the opportunity for missionaries to interfere in China's internal affairs under the guise of missionaryism, Yongzheng did not hesitate to cut off the spread of Catholicism in China and safeguard China's political rights and interests from foreign aggression.
bibliography:
Fang Hao. History of Transportation between China and the West[M].Changsha. Yuelu Book Club, 1987.
The First Historical Archive of China. Records of Emperor Shizong of the Qing Dynasty[M].Zhonghua Bookstore,1985.
Yan Jiale. Letter from China (1716-1735)[M].Zhengzhou. Elephant Press, 2002.
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