The Romance of the Three Kingdoms is written by people with "three absolutes": wisdom, righteousness and adultery.
One of these "traitors" is Cao Cao.
In the book, Cao Cao is treacherous and cunning, and people hate to read it and cannot stab others.
Why can the author portray Cao Cao as such a "traitor"?
This has to admire the author's whimsy and re-creation talent.
First of all, "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" is not simply a repetition of the historical figures and historical facts of the Three Kingdoms, but the author chooses materials according to his own love and hatred preferences, consciously highlights or deletes some aspects, and even does not hesitate to transfer flowers and trees, transfer the deeds of this person to the head of that person, and then exaggerate and render them through artistic processing, then the character image is not only smoothly established, but also vivid, impressive, and unforgettable.
The main theme of the Romance of the Three Kingdoms is "Yang Liu suppresses Cao", which not only vigorously promotes Liu Bei's "benevolence", but also almost unscrupulously smears and vilifies Cao Cao's "adultery".
As a result, many things in the book, true and false, are confused and sometimes confusing.
Here, I specifically talk about a well-known thing - Cao Cao's life.
The first introduction to Cao Cao at the beginning of the Romance of the Three Kingdoms has an explanation: "For the first flash, a general flashes out: seven feet long, thin eyes and long hair; guanbai riding lieutenant; Pei Guo Yu junren, surname Cao, name Cao, the character Mengde." Cao Song's father, Cao Song, was originally surnamed Xiahou, and because he was the adopted son of Cao Teng, he assumed the surname Cao. ”
Ha, such a writing, Cao Cao's life and Liu Bei are exactly in stark contrast.
Liu Bei was originally after the Han Jing Emperor, the root is Miao Hong, the absolute dragon branch phoenix vein; but by his generation, he has fallen to the identity of a commoner, relying on selling straw shoes for a living, which makes people sigh.
Cao Cao's father was the adopted son of Cao Teng, so although he himself rose to the top of society, as a knight lieutenant, he came from a family of demons, castrated and ugly, and was a bad embryo of a "chaotic courtier and thief".
Then, after reading the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", the impression of Cao Cao's "original surname Xiahou" and "assuming the surname of Cao" was deeply rooted.
How can this make the feelings of countless self-proclaimed "descendants of Cao Cao"?
If this is just a groundless smear and scandal of the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, it is also easy to criticize and refute. The problem is that the Romance of the Three Kingdoms is written in this way, but it has a historical basis.
Chen Shou's Romance of the Three Kingdoms? The Wudi Ji describes Cao Cao's origins as follows: "Emperor TaizuWu, Pei Guo Ren Ye, surnamed Cao Cao, Zhen Cao, Zi Mengde, Han Xiang Guo Shen Hou. Emperor Huan, Cao Teng was the Great Changqiu of Zhongchang, and was enfeoffed as the Marquis of Feiting. The adopted son Song Si, the official to the lieutenant, can not judge his birth to the end. Song Sheng Taizu. ”
This passage is ambiguous and contradictory.
He first said that Cao Cao was a descendant of Cao Shan, the Xiangguo of the Western Han Dynasty, and later said that Cao Cao's father Cao Song was only Cao Teng's adopted son, and as for Cao Song's origins, "Mo Nengqi gave birth to the end", no one can say where he came from.
So, why did Luo Guanzhong say that Cao Cao was "originally surnamed Xiahou"?
Originally, Chen Shou's "Romance of the Three Kingdoms? Pei Song's note in the Book of Emperor Wu: "Wu Ren composed the Cao Concealed Biography and Guo Zhi's Shiyu and Yun: (Cao) Song, son of Xiahou, uncle of Xiahou Huan. ”
That is, both the "Biography of Cao Qi" and Guo Feng's "Wei and Jin Dynasty" both say that Cao Song was inherited from the Xiahou family, and Cao Song was Xiahou Huan's uncle.
In addition, Chen Shou said that the origin of Cao Song and Cao Cao's father and son was that "Mo Neng judged his birth to the end", but when he compiled the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", he put Zhu Cao and Xiahou Together and wrote the "Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms" Volume IX "Biography of Xiahou Cao". It seems that there is something difficult to say, and it has to be implied in this way: Zhu Cao and Xiahou Shi were originally a family.
Therefore, the Qing Dynasty scholar Pan Mei said in his book "Examination of the Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms": "Chen Zhi in the "Records of Emperor Wu" Yun 'Mo Neng's birth and death', Yu Liechuan takes The Marquis Cao as a volume, and the Xiahou clan is obviously the Xiahou clan as the clan. ”
Some people expressed dissatisfaction with Pan Mei's statement. They based their book on the Romance of the Three Kingdoms? In the biography of Xiahou Cao, "(Xiahou) Yuan's wife, Taizu (Cao Cao's) inner sister", "Taizu (Cao Cao)'s daughter(Xiahou) 楙, that is, Princess Qinghe" and other words put forward a rebuttal: If Cao Cao's original surname is Xiahou, how could he marry his sister and daughter into the Xiahou family? Doesn't he know that marrying with the same surname and marrying a close relative is against morality and will be punished by heaven?
No, the Qing Dynasty scholar He Zhuo proposed in the "Notes on the Reading of the Yimen": "Princess Shangqinghe, the son of Xiahou Huan, and Yuanzi Heng also married Cao Shi, then called 'Song, son of Xiahou Clan', the enemy country rumors, Cover is not enough to believe." ”
He Zhuo directly dismissed "Song, son of Xiahou" as an enemy rumor, denying its credibility.
However, the famous Three Kingdoms scholar Wu Jinhua noticed and proposed in the book "Three Kingdoms Chronicles": "Romance of the Three Kingdoms? The "Biography of Lord Wu" quotes the Wei Luo as saying that Sun Quan and Hao Zhou Shu said, "Now the son should enter the service, but there is no concubine coupling, and Xi Jun read it, thinking that he could be attached to the Clan Room Ruo Xiahou Clan".
It should be noted that "Wei Luo" was written by Wei LangZhongyu Feng, but it cannot be said that it is "enemy country rumors".
What is said here is that Sun Quan claimed to be subject to Wei, and Wei ChenHaozhou believed that Sun Quan's son "could be connected to the Clan Room Ruo Xiahou Clan"—it can be seen that the Cao clan and the Xiahou clan are the same clan.
In addition, another Qing Dynasty scholar, Yao Fan, also refuted He Zhuo's statement in his "Thirty-Three Kingdoms Chronicle of the Notes of the Aiding Quail Hall", saying: "Yu according to the Chen clan is listed in the same volume as Xiahou and Zhu Cao, is there no doubt? According to Chen Jiao's son Liu, and married to Liu Song, he did not have the Wu people to make a transmission and thought it was vain. ”
What Yao Fan said was, "Romance of the Three Kingdoms? Pei Songzhi's commentary on the Biography of Chen Jiao quotes the Spring and Autumn of the Wei Clan: "The son of Liu Shi of the Jiaoben Dynasty, married to his own clan after leaving his uncle's clan. That is, Chen Jiao was originally from the Liu clan, and after being raised by his uncle as an heir, he also married the daughter of a person surnamed Liu of his own clan.
The later Qing Dynasty scholar Zhou Shouchang also supported Yao Fan's view in his Notes on the Three Kingdoms, saying: "Chen Jiaoben Liu Shizi, born from gu (should be his uncle), changed his surname to Chen, and later married Liu Songnu. ”
Zhou Shouchang's final conclusion was: "I married with the same surname. Forbidden to negotiate is to be private. ”
That is, Cao Cao married his sister and married his daughter to Xiahou's clan, just to clear his "Cao" relationship from "Xiahou" and block the mouths of the people of the world.
In fact, pay attention to the Romance of the Three Kingdoms? Emperor Wu's Chronicle and Romance of the Three Kingdoms? The "Biography of Chen Jiao" describes Cao Song and Chen Jiao's succession to others, one is "adopted son Song Si", the other is "out of the uncle's clan", and the word "Yang" and "out" are added in front of the word "Si", which shows that Cao Song was not originally surnamed Cao, and Chen Jiao was not originally surnamed Chen.
Because, the ancients attached great importance to etiquette, if Cao Song was originally surnamed Cao, and Chen Jiao was originally surnamed Chen, then it should be expressed as "Si Zi Song" and "Si So-and-so".
In addition, we see that in addition to Cao Cao's trust in the eunuch Cao Teng's family, Cao Ren, Cao Hong, and others, he also had great trust in the Xiahou family.
However, many "descendants of Cao Cao" were still unwilling, and they studied deeply and believed that Cao Teng's father, Cao Meng, had four sons: Boxing, Zhongxing, Shuxing, and Jixing.
Among them, the uncle Xing's name is Cao Bao, Ji Xing's name is Cao Teng, and the brothers have a particularly good relationship.
Cao Teng later entered the palace as a eunuch and developed, but the reproductive tools have been confiscated, there is no son, and a large amount of wealth cannot be passed on.
Cao Zhao had three sons: Cao Chi, Cao Song, and Cao Yin, and in order not to let his brother's wealth be confiscated because of the discontinuity, he passed on his second son Cao Song to Cao Teng.
Cao Song later gave birth to Cao Cao.
So, Cao Cao was originally the grandson of Cao Teng's father Cao Meng, who has always been surnamed Cao, and when it comes to it, he is still a proper descendant of the Cao family, after the Western Han Dynasty name Cao Shan, yes!
and eggs.
Romance of the Three Kingdoms? The Records of Emperor Wen contains Yan Kang's first year "Xiahou Huanxue", Pei's annotation quotes the Book of Wei as "Wang (Cao Pi) Sufu Xingyi East City Gate Lamentations", and Sun Shengzhi's comment that "In the ceremony, Tianzi wept with the same surname outside the zongmiao gate." Cry at the gates of the city, and lose sight of themselves.".
Sun Sheng directly referred to Cao Pi and Xiahou Huan as "the same surname", which shows that Cao Song's origin in Xiahou's family was a well-known thing in the Wei and Jin dynasties.
In addition, the Cao's tomb bricks excavated in the south of The county of Hao County, Anhui Province in the 1970s, are impressively engraved with the words "Xiahou Right", which can be described as ironclad evidence.
That is, Cao Song should be from the Xiahou clan.
But when the time comes to the 21st century, some people think that science and technology have developed and can make waves again.
No, on November 11, 2013, the joint research group of history and anthropology of Fudan University released the latest results on the DNA research of the Cao Cao family, claiming that "for the first time, 100% determination of the Cao Cao family DNA overturned the claim that Cao Cao was raised by the Xiahou family."
Needless to say, DNA identification is the most scientific and authoritative.
However, their identification process is a bit hilarious.
1. Although on December 27, 2009, the relevant departments officially announced that the Xigao Cave Tomb in Xigaoxiao Village, Anfeng Township, Anyang County, Henan Province was confirmed as Cao Cao's Gao Mausoleum. The Henan Provincial Bureau of Cultural Relics and other departments have also used a variety of ways to prove that the tomb is Cao Cao's tomb, but the doubts have been continuous.
2. Under the premise that there are doubts about the "Tomb of Cao Cao", it is determined that the two teeth excavated from the "Yuanbaokeng No. 1 Tomb" of the Cao clan in Bozhou, Anhui Province, in the 1970s are derived from Cao Cao's "uncle", Cao Ding.
3. On January 22, 2010, 280 males from 79 Cao families and 446 male volunteers with the surnames of Cao were collected from all over the country for research.
The above conclusions were reached through the study of these three processes.
High-tech things, we can't understand, we don't dare to ask.
On the one hand, the Book of Wei and the Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms say that he was Cao Hong's uncle and Cao Xiu's grandfather, that is, Cao Teng's sons and nephews; the Book of Later Han also said that he was Cao Teng's younger brother and may not have been related to Cao Cao; plus the 280 men of the 79 Cao families collected in various places only called themselves "descendants of Cao Cao" (they were based on some modern created genealogies), and the 446 Xiahou, Cao and other surnames can not guarantee that they are the descendants of the Xiahou family at that time, how can they prove that "100% certainty of Cao Cao's family DNA overturned the claim that Cao Cao was raised for the Xiahou family"?
Looking left and right, I still think that the records of the ancients are more reliable - Cao Cao was originally surnamed Xiahou.