During the Shang Dynasty, the "royal power" in the hands of the Shang king was constrained by "clan power" and "divine power", and did not have a highly centralized authoritarian power.
It was not until the time of Di Xin (King of Shang) that the kingship was freed from the shackles of divine power,
However, the practices of the king of The Gong "fainting and wantonly worshipping" (ignoring the sacrifices of the ancestors) also aroused the resentment of the tribal leaders.
In 1027 BC, King Wu of Zhou led a huge alliance of princes across the Yellow River.
An oath-taking meeting was held in the Shang suburb of Makino, counting the sins of the Shang King, indicating that he would punish the Shang King on behalf of the heavens.
After that, the two major military groups of Shang and Zhou launched a fierce battle in Makino.
Because the Shang army had no intention of fighting for the king of Lu, the whole line collapsed, and also counterattacked with the Zhou army to counterattack the king,
King Shang fled back to Chaoge and set himself on fire, and then King Wu of Zhou quickly occupied the Shang capital.
The Shang Dynasty, which has dominated the East for hundreds of years, has come to an end.
The King of Zhou became the co-lord of the world and opened a new era, the Western Zhou Dynasty.
The history of the Western Zhou Dynasty spanned about 276 years, and a total of twelve kings took turns on the throne, and they were in turn:
Wu Wang Ji Fa, Cheng Wang Ji Shu, Kang Wang Ji Zhao, Zhao Wang Ji Feng, Mu Wang Ji Man, Gong Wang Ji Ji Huan, Yi Wang Ji Yuan, Xiao Wang Ji Pei Fang, Yi Wang Ji Xie, Li Wang Ji Hu, Ji Jing, You Wang Ji Gong Xiang.
Victory was not easy to come by, why did the Western Zhou Dynasty go from the Wu King's soldiers to the LoneLy King, who was isolated and helpless, and gradually went into decline?
Among the twelve kings of the Western Zhou Dynasty, who dragged the hind legs of the dynasty?
<h1 class="pgc-h-center-line" data-track="251" How did > the wu king stabilize the situation after the destruction of shang? </h1>
After King Wu of Zhou destroyed the King of Shang, although he won a military victory, in fact, the Yin clan at that time was still more civilized than the Zhou clan, and the strength was still stronger than the Zhou clan.
It is unrealistic to want to turn the entire Yin clan into slaves, and the Zhou clan can only appease them.
This forced the Zhou Dynasty to inevitably bow to the Yin Shang canonical system.
I also have to secretly accept the ideological culture of the losers, that is, the so-called "Zhou Yin Yu Yin Li",
Therefore, after King Wu of Zhou occupied Chaoge, he held a solemn sacrifice ceremony to declare that the Zhou people would inherit the Mandate of Heaven and establish the Zhou Dynasty.
Immediately afterwards, measures were taken to stabilize the situation:
First of all, Wu Geng, the son of King Shang, was given the title of King of Shang, and let him continue to command the remnants of the Shang Dynasty, sacrifice the ancestors of the Shang clan, and send his brothers Guan Uncle, Uncle Cai, and Uncle Huo to Yindi, called auxiliary, but actually for surveillance.
Subsequently, the people imprisoned by the King of Sui were released, and the shang dynasty sage Shang Rong, who was deeply popular with the people, was renovated, and the tomb of Bigan was renovated, and the treasures and millet were distributed to alleviate the poor, showing the treasure of the country, "Jiuding", and the treasure jade of the Shang Dynasty.
After that, a large-scale sub-sealing was carried out, with the record:
After the canonization of the ancient sages - Shennong after Yu Jiao, the Yellow Emperor after Yu Zhu, Di Yao after Ji, Di Shun after Chen, and Dayu after Yu Qi.
Feng Gong - Shang Father (Jiang Shang) Yu Yingqiu, Qi.
Relatives of the Fengzong clan - Brother Zhou Gongdan in Qufu Yuelu, Fengzhao Gongyi in Yan, Fengdi Uncle Xian in Guan, and Brother Du in Cai.
In the second year of the destruction of the Shang, King Wu of Zhou died of illness, and his son Shu succeeded to the throne as King Cheng of Zhou.
<h1 class="pgc-h-center-line" data-track="531" > King Cheng of Zhou and King Kang of Zhou, the punishment was more than forty years and was not used</h1>
Because King Zhou Cheng was fashionable and young, his uncle Zhou Gongdan resolutely stood up for regency,
This was a natural thing, but he did not want this move to arouse the suspicion of other brothers, among which the most fierce resistance was Uncle Guan and Uncle Cai, who stayed in Yindi to monitor Wu Geng.
They spread rumors everywhere that Zhou Gongdan was going to be detrimental to King Cheng.
And Wu Geng, who has been paying attention to the wind and grass of the Zhou royal family, learned that there was a rift in the Zhou royal family, and felt that the opportunity had come.
Therefore, they took the opportunity to collude with Uncle Guan and Uncle Cai and others, as well as the remnants of the Shang Dynasty such as Huaiyi, Xu, Xiang, and Bogu to launch a rebellion.
This was the first counterattack encountered by the Zhou Dynasty since its establishment,
For the Zhou Dynasty, whose heels were not yet firm, if it could not be quickly suppressed, the early efforts would be in vain.
Zhou Gongdan was worthy of being an outstanding politician, and he was not in a hurry to gather troops to quell the chaos.
Instead, the ideological tendencies of the members of the royal family and the princes of all walks of life were first clarified.
Zhou Gong first issued the "Great Commandment" to analyze how serious the situation was, and the old forces of Yin Shang could not be taken lightly.
After that, through divination, the will of heaven was obtained, and the rebellion was quelled by force, and the bu zhao was auspicious, and the Zhou people and the princes who originally belonged to the Zhou must follow the will of heaven.
After Zhou Gongdan did a lot of propaganda and agitation work, he finally made the members of the royal family and the princes realize the necessity of counterinsurgency.
Therefore, The Duke of Zhou was able to successfully assemble a counterinsurgency army, personally marched east, killed Wu Geng and Uncle Guan, exiled Uncle Cai, and then he continued to march east.
After three years of bitter fighting, he finally defeated many Of the Dongyi countries involved in the rebellion.
Only then did the Zhou Dynasty completely eliminate the remnants of the Shang Dynasty, control the old land of Yin Shang, and complete the cause of destroying the Shang Dynasty.
After the Eastern Crusade, the zhou dynasty's ruling area expanded, and in order to consolidate its rule, the Zhou Duke carried out a second division:
Divide Yindi in two,
Part of it was given to King Huan of Shang's brother-in-law Wei Ziqi, who continued to rule the remnants of Yin Shang and worship his ancestors, which was the State of Song;
The other part was given to Uncle Kang, the brother of King Wu, who was given the task of managing the remnants of Yin Shang, which was the WeiGuo.
At the same time, the Duke of Zhou built the Royal City and the City of Tuesday in Luoyi, "under the heavens", which is the Eastern Capital.
The Yin people who participated in the rebellion were forcibly moved to Chengzhou City by the Duke of Zhou.
Wang Cheng, on the other hand, garrisoned the Eighth Division's army.
As the so-called "whip is too long to reach", the Western Zhou Dynasty established this eastern capital solely to strengthen its control over the eastern region, but it was later used as a refuge by the King of Zhou Ping.
After experiencing the rebellion of the old forces of Yin Shang, Zhou Gong realized that the system still needed to be strengthened.
Subsequently, a series of ritual music systems that can be called "Zhou Li" were improved, such as the patriarchal system, the sub-feudal system, and the well field system.
After 7 years of regency of the Duke of Zhou, King Cheng of Zhou (who reigned for 30 years) had grown up, and the Duke of Zhou resolutely returned to power and continued to assist King Cheng of Zhou.
After the death of King Cheng, Crown Prince Zhao succeeded to the throne as King Kang of Zhou.
King Kang reigned for more than 20 years, at this time the world was peaceful and prosperous,
This was also the most prosperous period of the Zhou Dynasty, and the history records that "when chengkang was formed, the world was peaceful, and the punishment was more than forty years without use."
<h1 class="pgc-h-center-line" data-track="453" > King Zhao of Zhou and King Mu of Zhou marched south to the north and consumed national strength</h1>
After King Kang's death, he was succeeded by King Zhao of Zhou.
This Zhou Tianzi was extremely fond of expeditions, and according to the Records of History and the Chronicle of the Bamboo Book, King Zhao's expedition to Jingchu failed, losing a large number of Zhou troops, and himself died on the southern tour.
Jing Chu, also known as the State of Chu, was enfeoffed by King Wen of Zhou in Chu, and it is said that after Zhu Rong, Chu was given the title of Viscount during the reign of King Cheng.
It can be seen that although the Chu state belonged to the "Southern Barbarians", the relationship with the Zhou Dynasty at that time was very friendly.
The bad is bad in King Zhou Zhao, King Mu of Zhou, two Zhou Tianzi who like to go south and north,
After them, the State of Chu was excluded from the "Fang", gradually became an enemy of the Zhou Dynasty, and even called itself "King" in the later period.
It can be seen that the Zhou royal family has long lost control of it, fortunately, later there is a Jin state to resist it and curb its pace of going north.
The next history of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty will elaborate on this issue.
After the death of King Zhao, he was succeeded by King Mu of Zhou.
King Mu reigned for about 50 years, and he was equally keen on using troops abroad, and his main goal was to conquer Inuyasha.
This made the princes feel very dissatisfied, the last Zhou Tianzi had already tossed enough, and had not eased up, this came another one, so the Zhou Dynasty appeared "self-deprecating people do not arrive" situation.
The so-called absurd servants are described in detail in Zuo Qiuming's "Sacrifice of the Gong Gong Zheng Inu Rong", that is, the "five clothes" system:
It refers to the drawing of five concentric circles with Tianzi as the core according to distance and intimacy, and the area directly ruled by Tianzi (within five hundred miles of Wang Qi) is called Dianfu;
The nations established around the Son of Heaven (five hundred miles outside Wang Qi) were called Houfu;
In addition to houfu, it is called Suifu or Binfu,
Barbarians and barbarians other than the guests, called to serve,
The place to be served outside the Rong and Di is called the deserted garment.
In this "five services",
"Dianfu" - offerings to the Son of Heaven to sacrifice his grandfather and father, once a day;
"Hou Fu" - offerings to the Son of Heaven to sacrifice gao and great-grandfather, once a month;
"Guest dress" - offerings to the Son of Heaven to sacrifice distant ancestors, once a season;
"To be served" - offerings to the Son of Heaven to the gods, once a year;
"Deserted clothes" - princes, then meet the Son of Heaven, once in a lifetime.
However, King Mu of Zhou abandoned the system set by the previous kings of the Zhou Dynasty and went to recruit Inuyasha for the crime of "deserting", although he brought back ridiculous "booty" - four white wolves and four white deer.
But since then, the princes of the "deserted clothes" have not come to see each other,
During the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the Dog Rong who killed King You of Zhou occupied many western parts of the Zhou royal family, not only that,
Powerful forces approaching the Central Plains, if it were not for the Qi Huangong to raise the banner, the Chinese civilization would almost "cut off the flow", which is also discussed in detail in the next Eastern Zhou History.
The above two Zhou Tianzi ruined the diplomatic strategy of the Zhou Dynasty and added a lot of trouble to future generations, although the positive aspect was to expand the influence of the Zhou Dynasty.
In fact, it also pays the price of depleting national strength.
<h1 class="pgc-h-center-line" data-track="529" > king of Zhou and Yi of Zhou, the western Zhou royal family was declining</h1>
After King Mu's death, he was succeeded by his son Shu Hu (繄扈) as King Gong of Zhou (周恭王).
Although since King Zhou Zhao's "wang dao is slightly lacking" and King Mu of Zhou has "declined the royal road", the family foundation of the Zhou royal family is still very strong, and it can still be ok.
But from the King of Zhou and beyond, the Western Zhou royal family gradually declined,
The first two Zhou kings have almost tossed the family bottom, and when the Zhou Gong king took over, the economy was already relatively tight.
However, on many occasions, we have to maintain the posture of the Son of Heaven, especially when we want to "reward", the common lord of the world, there is no way to save,
Forced to do so, the Gong King had no choice but to divide the land near the capital to the princes and doctors.
As a result, the Territory at the disposal of the Zhou Royal Family became smaller and smaller, which meant that the income was also less and less.
After the death of King Gong of Zhou, his son Yuan succeeded to the throne as King Yi of Zhou.
For this Zhou Tianzi, there are not many records in the history books, and there are only twelve words in the "Records of History": At the time of King Yi, the royal family declined, and the poets made a slash.
Obviously, King Yi of Zhou became a clear starting point for the "decline of the royal family", and since then, the Zhou Dynasty has begun to embark on the road of decline.
As for what the poet stabbed, it is not explicitly stated in the "Records of History", but the "Book of Later Han" mentions: Because of the invasion of the fox, King Yi was unable to resist, and the people were homeless.
By the time of King Yi, the grandson of King Mu, the royal family had declined, Rong Di had invaded, and China had been abused, and China had suffered from it.
A: The Jingmuro family, the reason for the fox. Isn't it the day of the day, the thorns of the holes. (Also known as "Poetry Xiaoya Tsevi")
According to the "Bamboo Book Chronicle", during the reign of King Yi of Zhou, he was harassed by Rong Di, and "Wang Zizong moved to Huaili" and was forced to move the capital.
"In the life of king Yi, there is no way to live in the world, and from time to time, the Hu clan cannot share their duties, so the princes bring virtue", the princes were dissatisfied with the king of Zhou Yi,
It can be seen that at that time, the situation of internal and external troubles was very severe, and King Yi of Zhou did not take any effective measures except to abandon his former capital, Hojing.
<h1 class="pgc-h-center-line" data-track="578" > King Xiao of Zhou, strengthened his in-laws with Xi Rong, and stabilized the western border</h1>
After the death of King Yi of Zhou,
Originally, it was supposed to be succeeded by the crown prince Ji Xie, but Ji Xie was weak and incompetent and could not revive the Zhou Dynasty in a time of crisis, and Yi Wang's brother Peifang took the opportunity to seize the throne as King Xiao of Zhou.
It can be seen that at this time, the only exception in the history of the Western Zhou Dynasty that did not observe the primogeniture system was not observed.
After King Xiao of Zhou succeeded to the throne, he ordered Marquis Shen to lead an army to the west.
However, at that time, Shen Hou did not want to send troops, and also came up with an idea, asking King Xiao of Zhou to let Shen Hou's grandson Cheng inherit the throne of Da Luo, and strengthen the marriage relationship between Xi Rong and the Zhou Dynasty, so that the western border could be peaceful.
Why is this idea so bizarre?
In this way, the ancestors of shenguo once married a daughter into Xi rong and gave birth to a son named Zhongzhuo,
(Zhongzhuo's son, Xiao Lian, was a chancellor at the end of the Shang Dynasty, and His two sons, Xie Lai and Ji Sheng, were the ancestors of the monarchs of Qin and Zhao, respectively.)
When Zhongzhuo was alive, because his mother was from the Central Plains, he submitted to the Zhou Dynasty.
Now, Shen Hou also married his daughter to Zhongzhuo's descendant Da Luo, and gave birth to a concubine Cheng,
But what made him anxious was that The minister in charge of animal husbandry around King Xiao of Zhou, FeiZi, because of the good horse breeding technology (sacrifice, farming, war all require a large number of good horses), the horse herd increased greatly, and he was very popular with King Xiao of Zhou.
Fei Zi was still the eldest son of Da Luo, and Shen Hou was worried that he would compete with his grandson for the throne, so he had the above suggestion.
King Xiao of Zhou felt that this was a good idea, but he did not want to treat FeiZi badly, so he sealed him in Qin Yi and asked him to continue the sacrifice of the Yin clan, known as Qin Wei.
Shen Hou came forward to make peace with Xi Rong, and Xi Rong accepted mediation and agreed to make peace with Western Zhou.
A war on the brink of extinction was thus defused.
Compared with the above Zhou kings, King Xiao of Zhou is also a rare and wise one, but unfortunately he reigned for only sixteen years and died.
During this period, the Western Zhou Dynasty struggled a little,
But with the next King of Zhou taking office, his previous achievements were abandoned.
After the death of King Xiao of Zhou, the princes restored King Yi's son Ji Xie (姬燮) as King Yi of Zhou.
Don't look at King Zhou Yi reigned for only eight years,
But he has experienced many storms, and he has been robbed of the throne by his uncle before, not to mention,
It is said that after he succeeded to the throne, some princes have begun to stir up trouble, and the records of "princes are not dynastic" are endless in books.
The princes may come to the dynasty, he does not dare to sit and accept the worship, and Zhou Tianzi, who was high above in the past, still has to "go down to the church and see the princes".
Many of the institutions formulated in the early Western Zhou Dynasty had already been undermined.
After the death of King Yi of Zhou, his son Ji Hu succeeded to the throne as King Li of Zhou.
<h1 class="pgc-h-center-line" data-track="460" > King Li of Zhou and King Xuan of Zhou, and the royal family has declined</h1>
King Li of Zhou was also one of the most famous greedy and brutal monarchs in Chinese history.
According to the "Records of History", King Li was good at profit, and appointed Rong Yi as a secretary of state, and seized all the benefits of the mountains, forests, rivers and rivers that originally belonged to the public as his own.
This act of privately appropriating the wealth and resources of society provokes criticism from the nobility and the dissatisfaction of the working people.
Instead of repenting of this, King Li intensified his efforts and continued to march south to Jingchu, where he had many contradictions with the surrounding ethnic minorities.
He also found a wizard from weiguo to supervise people's words and deeds, and found that there were people who dared to criticize, and immediately sentenced them to capital punishment.
So much so that "the people of the country do not dare to speak, the road is the eye",
The people endured under King Li's repressive policy for three years, and finally a large-scale riot broke out, driving King Li out of the palace.
The "People's Rebellion" was the first large-scale mass armed insurrection in history.
Its direct result was to shake the foundation of the Western Zhou Dynasty's rule and accelerate the process of the demise of the Western Zhou Dynasty.
After King Li fled, the princes replaced Zhou Tianzi in taking charge of the imperial government, known in history as "republican administration".
The year was 841 BC, and since then Chinese history has begun to have an accurate chronicle.
Fourteen years into the republic, King Li died in his fugitive land,
At this time, his son Jing had been raised by The Summoning Duke, so the princes made him king, for King Xuan of Zhou.
Originally, King Xuan, with the assistance of the Xianchen, exerted great efforts to govern, so that the strength of the Western Zhou state was restored.
King Xuan also took the opportunity to march south and north to consolidate the border, but the good times were not long, and the national strength that had been hard to accumulate after many years of conquest was once again consumed.
In his later years, he also interfered in the incident of the prince of luguo, which led to civil unrest in luguo.
This caused great dissatisfaction among many princes and the disobedience of the king's orders by "the order of the king of Many Banks",
It can be seen from this that the power of the Zhou royal family has declined, on the contrary, the princes are strong and no longer submit to zhou tianzi.
At this point, the seeds of the ruin of the Western Zhou Dynasty were sown.
King Xuan of Zhou also failed to reverse the decline of the Western Zhou Dynasty, but only temporarily delayed the pace of its demise.
King Xuan reigned for 46 years, and after his death, he was succeeded to the throne by his womb Tang as King You of Zhou.
<h1 class="pgc-h-center-line" data-track="675" > The King of Zhou You fainted and the Western Zhou perished</h1>
In the second year of the reign of King Shi Zai of Zhou, the western three rivers were shaken, the Jingshui, Weishui, and Luoshui were exhausted and cut off, and the Qishan Mountains collapsed.
This is worse for the Western Zhou Dynasty.
Faced with such a severe situation, King Zhou You, far from taking any remedial measures,
On the contrary, "I don't care about myself", I still indulge in the sound and color of dogs and horses,
Even spoiling concubines and destroying wives, ignoring the patriarchal etiquette system and the opposition of courtiers and princes, obstinately abolishing Shen Hou and setting up a favored concubine as a queen,
He also deposed the crown prince of YiUsu, the son of Empress Shen, and made bofu, the son of Empress Dowager, the crown prince,
This directly angered Shen Hou's father, Shen Hou, causing him to join forces with Yu Guo and Inuyasha to attack Hokyo.
Due to the previous loss of morality of the Youwang, the princes were not willing to send troops to rescue, and the Zhou army was defeated.
The Youwang had to flee eastward with the Jurchens, the Bofu people, and the treasure, and fled to the foot of Lishan Mountain, where the Yuwang and the Bofu were killed by the pursuing soldiers, and the Baoyu and the treasure were taken captive.
After that, the deposed crown prince Yi Usu was made king by Shen Hou and others, and was made the king of Zhou Ping.
When King Ping succeeded to the throne, the hoaxe capital was broken, and Rong Di was still looking at the tiger,
At this time, the Western Zhou Dynasty was no longer able to resist.
King Ping of Zhou was forced to move east to Luoyi, and at this point, the Western Zhou Dynasty ended.
Shi Zai said: "At the time of King Ping, the Zhou Dynasty was weak, the princes were strong and weak, Qi, Chu, Qin, and Jin were great, and the government was governed by Fang Bo",
Chinese history entered the turbulent Spring and Autumn Warring States period.