In the first year of the Republic of China (1912), affected and affected by the independence of Outer Mongolia, the people in Inner Mongolia were unstable and the situation was turbulent. Large-scale disturbances also occurred in Hulunbuir, the Right Front Banner of the Zhelimu League, the Right Rear Banner of the Branch, and the Left Banner of the Zalut of the Zhaowuda League. So far, the academic community has studied these changes to a certain extent, published some articles, and even published monographs. Due to the limitations of historical data, the research on the Zalut Left Banner Incident is relatively weak, many historical facts have not yet been clarified, and many opinions are biased. This article attempts to make a more systematic account of this incident on the basis of its predecessors, and to put forward its own views on certain issues. Due to the limitations of knowledge and historical materials, if there is anything inappropriate, please correct it.
One. What happened
In August and September of the first year of the Republic of China (1912), the Duke of the Left Rear Banner of the Zhelimu League, Nasun Albijihu (commonly known as Alhuagong), who defected to the Kulun government of Outer Mongolia and was named Beile, came to the Zhaowuda League to encourage the banners to support the independence of Outer Mongolia. Zalut Left Banner Associate Taiji Official Bu Zabu (also known as Guan Bao Zabu, Stick Bu Zabu, etc.), second-class Taiji Tumen Uleji (also known as Tumen Uleji, etc., commonly known as Tumen Erjida), Meilun Protector Seal Counselor Anyang Ga, Taiji Minggata, and others then forced the deputy head of the League, Zha Sak Lin Qinnoyi Lubu, to come forward and respond to the Kulun government. When Lin Qin Nuo Yi Rubu did not comply, the official Bu Zabu, Tumen Ulji and others destroyed the Zasak Mansion, and took Lin Qin Nuo Yi Lubu and his son and the deputy head of the alliance Yin Xin, the assistant Taiji Huasheng A, Mei Lun Zhangjing Ta Qing A and the members of the Guan Cang Committee together, and Beitou Kulun. The other banners did not dare to respond for fear of the armed forces of the Republic of China, and the Ao Han Left Banner Zasakdoro County Wang Bangbu Zabu also expelled Al Huagong.
In late September, about several hundred refugees from the Korqin Right Front Banner (Zasaktu Wang Banner) and the Right Rear Banner (Zhenguo Gong Banner) of the Zhelimu League (Zasaktu King Banner) and the Right Rear Banner (Zhenguo Gong Banner) of the Zhelimu League in response to the independence of Outer Mongolia came to the Zhaowuda League area. At the beginning of October, Kunyuan, the capital of Rehe, reported to the government of the Republic of China and planned to send troops to suppress it. On October 9, Kunyuan sent another telegram to the government of the Republic of China, saying: "According to the reports of Suidong and Kailu counties, each Mongolian banner echoed Kulun with the intention of causing trouble, and Dongmeng Alha (i.e., Kezuohouqi Alhuagong) took 4 to 500 Mongolian bandits into Kailu and Suidong to burn and loot, claiming to expel Han officials." At this time, the officials Bu Zabu and Tumen Ulji, who were made dukes by the Kulun government and supplemented with guns, were ordered to lead hundreds of people back to the flag to raise the matter, and were supported by some officials of the flag government and the high lama and Wu Lama of the Zhaoge Temple and many banner people. They gathered with the fleeing Mongols of the Zhemeng, numbering more than 1,000 people, and first killed the Han profiteers, who were usually the most hated, plundered their property, and together with the responders of the neighboring banners, drove and pursued the Han people, in an attempt to regain the original land of the Mongol banner. He also killed more than 10 people including Yao Ningga and Huang Gener, officials of the banner government who were unwilling to cooperate.
On October 28, Tumen Ulji and others led a number of people to break into the palace of the right banner of Zalut, "arbitrarily harassing and robbing other things." Resumption of ...... The loyal and honest people will not relax when they are tortured." In the banner "Nalitu place, the banner Zasakqi Qiaoying Zabu family disturbed the unrest, and the son of Zahaqi, Sayingnorb, and Melun Baiyin, Shige, and Zahaqi, a total of three people, were tied up." At that time, the king of the banner Zasakdarhan County, Duobuchai, had heard the news and went to the Kailu County Commercial Office to arrest him, and he was spared.
At the beginning of November, Zalut's left banner Melen "Deliglahi, escort Balema and others were selected to take ...... More than 100 people fled to the banner of Zasaktu Wangmeng, occupied the uninhabited home of the trader, and sent people to kill the Han people in nearby Ulan Sulug and other places, packed up their wealth, and chased several groups of Han people who fled to ...... (Alukorqin Banner) Portiaru and Saraga, and several people were shot dead. Or when the Han people are captured, and robbed ...... (Alu Korqin Banner) eight horses in armor Tubudan horses, two Delegal horses, four Aothhan horses, one Zhulgar Zabule horse, and more than 70 Taijinigmut large and small livestock". In the middle of that month, the Zalut Left Banner Lama led the crowd to rob Yuan Sichang and other six Han businesses in a fancy place in this banner, "robbing more than 8,000 cattle and horses and more than 10,000 sheep, and the goods and other pieces were all gone."
Beginning on October 24 (September 15 of the old calendar), "more than 50 unidentified horse thieves broke into the homes of Sizarut Banner Jianjian Ding Rahi Nyima and others, alleging that the Aruhua Gong Nasun Arbijihu was staying in the army", and then broke into the villages of Alu Korqin Banner Taijipok Jige, the three villages of Bahrain's Right Banner "Xia Duoketahu, and the village of Xie Xingchang and Taiji Durbo" to "loot horses, property, and kidnap tickets." On the 29th, he was chased to the Agusi Desert by troops led by the fourth-class Taiji Mark Sur Sorong, Guan Qizhang Jingnat Mutma, Taiji Shakdur, Taiji Sot Namu, and the staff leader Shao Haozi to the Agushi Desert and killed three people.
After Zhong Yuan, the governor of Kailu County, heard of the chaos in the area of Zalut, Shang Tong and the two battalions of the Rehe patrol garrison led Che Jiesan (Che Dianyuan) and Dong Futang (Dong Shulin) to drive the common people to dig trenches and strengthen the defense. and asked for reinforcements from Rehe Dutong in case of an emergency. According to Zhong Yuan's telegram on October 26, he had "secretly discussed the defense battalion and sent troops to block" the Alhua Gong troops, "and flew to the township to patrol and set up a card." The bandit made a detour to the west. Fearing that the bandit would incite Mengqi, he sent a translator Wei Haichi to Sanqi to express his consolation, and captured a soldier of Alhuagong's subordinate at the Erten Dam. On October 29, Zhong Yuan sent another police telegram, saying: "According to the report of the Three Banners Banner Officers and Township Patrol, the Mongolian bandits Erjida and others, together with thousands of bandits, have been divided into the East and West Zalut Palace, tied up the East Banner Baylor, Fujin and others, and killed many officials along the way, which is unspeakably miserable. Please come with the Speed Dispatch Brigade. Yang Cheng flew to the nearest gun teams, with tents, day and night, to quickly come to the rescue and kill." On November 1, Zhong Yuan sent another urgent telegram, and then called the police to Rehe Dutong for help, saying, "According to the report of the banner officer of the Zhaowuda League, there are 2,000 Mongolian bandits as a response." And the Naiman Banner in the south has transferred troops, and its heart does not know where to live. Kailu is in the midst of the Mongolian flag, and it is bound to become trapped. At present, the villagers are fleeing one after another, and if the soldiers are opened, the place will not be protected. Earnestly Enfei's troops stationed in Chifeng arrived at the same time, and asked the Governor to send troops to help." Rehe Dutong Kunyuan was shocked when he heard the news, and on the one hand, "Zhang Mu (i.e., Zhang Hongsheng) in Chizhou was dispatched to the Chifeng Army in front of the army, and went east to Kailu to assist." And Zhang Tong on the North Road took the Yuchun camera to respond, and sent a telegram to the superintendent to assist in the defense". On the one hand, he continued to ask the government of the Republic of China for help, with "Rehe's own territory wants a list of soldiers, and now it is investigating many things in Mongolia and dealing with poverty." It is proposed to ask the central authorities to dispatch troops at their discretion to support them." Zhang Yuchun, the commander of the patrol of Rehe North Road, heard the order, "Immediately pull out the five battalions and fly to help." Unexpectedly, when they arrived at the densely wooded "tree tube boundary, bandits set up blockages, and there was no way to proceed," so they had to try to make a detour, thus delaying the fighters. In the territory of the Khalkha Left Wing Banner, Lian General Zuo Shiyi also led the crowd to help, and when passing through the Naiman Banner Territory, he clashed with the soldiers of the banner near the grandmother's temple in Hecheng, and failed to arrive in time. Only Jianping County Inspector Wang He heard the news and led 33 patrol police to come to the aid and threatened to guard Kailu.
On November 5, Guanbu Zabu, Tumen Ulji, and others occupied the place of Donghala Modao (now Xiaojieji Town) in Kailu County, and burned down "the houses and crops outside Kailu City." The peasants of the four townships all fled to the county street". The horsemen in the city lost the battle and had to retreat to the lonely city. Guanbu Zabu, Tumen Ulji and others did not dare to attack, but they were trapped outside, clamoring and drinking, casting cold guns, and killing Wang and one of his subordinate patrol policemen. The people in the city were panicked and had no fighting spirit. At this time, Tong Baosan, a classic historian in the city who was "not on good terms with all walks of life," seized the opportunity to act in his personal anger and "colluded with the Dong Yingbu Brigade on November 78 and other days, instigating the robbery of merchants and the division of property." The prefectural governor and the merchants knew that the army could not defend against the enemy, and that it was enough to cause trouble to the people, so they had to abandon the city and flee on November 11." "Seeing that the people had fled, the canonical history and the infantry team looted on a large scale, and secretly set up a card in the county's Xizaran camp (now Dayushu Town) to rob the refugees' property." "At that time, if (no) Jianping County Inspector Wang He led the patrol police to protect along the way, the people of Heyi would have died without a trace." It is said that the county governor Zhong Yuan also ordered the guards to "kill Mongolians if they encounter them" during the escape, and as a result, more than 30 Mongolian men and women were innocently killed. The next day, Guanbu Zabu, Tumen Ulji, and others found out the truth and led the crowd into the city, "robbing the rich merchants, searching and killing the Han people, and burning the houses, which was extremely vicious." "The shops on the county streets are scorched, and the village houses are only ashes. All the wells that draw water are filled with corpses. Where the great dwells, there are no chickens and dogs." The people of Kailu County suffered from this catastrophe and hated the corruption and incompetence of the officials, so a folk song circulated: "The car is not pulled, Dong is not beaten, the general office of the bell, the horse is so fast; Wang and Bao opened Lu County, came thirty-three, and went back thirty-two."
After the loss of Kailu, Suidong, Jianping, Chaoyang, Chifeng and other places were under martial law one after another. The government of the Republic of China was greatly disturbed when it heard the news, and ordered the Rehe Metropolitan Governor and the Fengtian Governor to divide the subordinate armies to advance rapidly and work together to encircle and suppress; and raised 10,000 yuan to provide relief to Kailu refugees. On November 29, the government of the Republic of China received a telegram from the 14 subordinate councils of Chengde Prefecture, which stated: "Bao Zabu, the assistant governor of the East Zalut Banner, and others rebelled against the Republic of China and wantonly killed and killed, killing and wounding thousands of people in the East and West Zalut Banner, and burning and looting the shopping mall. Tens of thousands of fugitives from the two Zalu lands, the weather is cold, there is no food and clothing, and those who are freezing and starving on the way, and the miserable feelings are unspeakable. Ke has united with the Mongolian bandit Amen Erjida to spread rumors in all directions, and the momentum is huge. Beggar to send troops to the conquest and suppression, otherwise not only Rehe will not be owned by me, but even Inner Mongolia may not be out of control. Hurry, hurry". At that time, the people were panicked, rumors were rampant, and it was rumored that the right banner of Zalut "also joined forces with the official Bao Zabu and divided into a force to attack Suidong"; Naiman Qizha Lan is also ready to move, "more than 1,000 people have gathered, entrenched in Boli to burn the temple, and it is rumored that the Ku bandit Agchang has joined with him"; "The Mongols in neighboring Suidong also wanted to unite and expel the Han people...... The people in the area around the Tumut Banner are willing to take advantage of the opportunity to coax"; There are even shocking rumors such as the Mongolian army advancing into Chaoyang and Chifeng having been lost. For a while, the rumors were loud, and the women and children were shocked. Bandits and unscrupulous people in various places also took advantage of the chaos to rise up and rob homes and houses, and the place was in chaos.
After Guanbu Zabu, Tumen Ulji and others captured Kailu, their morale was even stronger, and they were divided into four units and held a big move. He once "burned houses, looted livestock, and killed 50 Han people and 3 Mongolian people" in Hailiutu of Wengniute Zuoqi. Later, it was repelled by the banner soldiers led by Fu Ming'an, the assistant director of the banner, and the Yisheng Battalion horse team of Chifeng Prefecture and Li Chengxiao of Wudan Chengzhou Judge. Because many people in this banner lived in the vicinity of the Zhelimu League's Kezuozhong Banner (Darhan King Banner), Tumen Ulji led hundreds of his troops to the banner's Tange Temple, Jiayan (about now Huatu Gula Sumu Zaruda) and other places to drive away the Han people, and it is said that the banner also plundered the wife and daughter of Rongbeizi. Kezuo Zhongqi Taiji Lily Bili "conspired to rob the old Fujin and the son of the king" in order to coerce the king of Darhan to respond to Tumen Ulji. However, it was discovered by the uncle of the prince of the banner, the Gegen Lama of the Tengning Monastery, Sewang Norbu, and secretly told the military defense camp to capture and kill the lily Bili soil.
In order to understand the enemy's situation and prepare to attack and suppress, the Rehe army sent "detectives to the area of the North Tree Tube in the North Mountain Root for more than 40 cases, and no one returned." As a result, "the battalions of the forbidden Yi Fengzhi and the Rehe defense army arrived before and after, although there were many soldiers, the cowardly were afraid of difficulties, and the story was serious; The brave are afraid of sin, and Moken strikes first. The power of affairs is different, the dispatch is ineffective, the soldiers are like wart hanging, and the bandits are like carbuncles. The place is frightened, and the flag is shaken". The forbidden army even disobeyed the military order and refused to go to the front, and the government of the Republic of China did not dare to suppress it for fear of triggering a mutiny, so it had to be transferred back to Beijing. At this time, Zalut Left Banner Zasaklin Qin Nuoyilubu and other officials Bu Zabu and others were busy with the war, and fled to the alliance commander Alu Korqin Banner Zasak Ba Er Jiri to complain about grievances, "Please tell the urgent government to quickly allocate troops to rescue." Due to the delay of the official army, Lin Qin Nuoyilubu was "depressed and stupid, and his spirit was sick", and he died of illness in the Zhaoge Temple of Benqi in the spring of the following year.
After the officers and troops of all walks of life were basically assembled, they began to move separately and marched towards Kailu. In the northeast, there is Wu Junsheng, the patrol commander of Fengtianhou Road, who led four battalions of soldiers and carried two cannons. To the southeast and south, there is the 28th Division of the Army, Feng Delin. Among them, Brigade Commander Jiang led the three battalions of the infantry army from Zhangwu County to Kailu by way of Wafang; Brigade Commander Zhang Haipeng led the 4th Battalion of Horse Infantry Artillerymen to attack Kailu from the north of Kulun Banner through Suidong County, and to contain the Mongols from moving south; Division commander Feng Delin led the rest of the troops to respond, and the grain station was set up in Suidong County Street; In addition, the regiment commander Shi Kuiyuan led two battalions of troops to conduct guerrilla attacks in various key passes, and was responsible for strictly arresting the fleeing Mongols. In the southwest, the fourth battalion of the Rehe Army patrol horse infantry artillery marched from Jianping County; On November 28, the second battalion of the infantry army, the horse team, and the artillery team of the Mi Zhenbiao Department of the Yi Army, which arrived in Chifeng, marched from the small river in the north of Jianping County to Kailu.
Wu Junsheng's division of the Fengjun Army on the Northeast Road made the fastest progress. On November 27, the two battalions of Nomen Batu and Wan Fulin of the division won the first battle and occupied the Dagan Temple. The next morning, except for a sentry of the Liubu Brigade to guard the temple and protect the wounded soldiers, the rest joined forces with the other two battalions (led by the Wang and Li battalions) and marched separately to the Gahai Temple of the Left Banner of Guanbu Zabu, Tumen Ulji and other base areas. When they reached the camp before they took charge, they were attacked by six or seven hundred people including Tumen Ulji. The infantry and artillery teams of the officers and soldiers were in the center, and the horse teams were outflanked from both flanks, and after two hours of fierce fighting, Tumen Ulji and others began to retreat. The officers and soldiers took advantage of the victory to chase to the Gahai Temple, and the Mongols resisted desperately. The officers and troops could not resist the storm, so they first shelled it with artillery and then surrounded it with horse troops. The Mongols could not resist it, and scattered and fled. The officers and soldiers went out to chase and suppress, chasing and killing for more than 30 miles, until the sky was dark. In this great victory, the officers and troops not only occupied the Gahai Temple, killed many Mongolians, but also captured 28 Mongolians (all of whom were shot and killed because they did not accept restraint). He also killed more than 30 enemy horses, and obtained 12 fast guns and 20 bayonets. He only lost four soldiers, one wounded sentry commander, four regular soldiers, and more than 20 horses. At the same time, in the southwest, Zhang Yuchun, the commander of the North Rehe Patrol Road, Li Lianyuan of the East Road, and Song Daofeng, Che Dianyuan, and Dong Shulin of the Pipe Band, together with Wang and Chen, the eight battalions of the Zhili Lian Army, attacked from the boundary of the Eight Immortals Tube in Suidong, and fought for two days, and won a small victory.
In view of the large strength of the official army, it was difficult to resist, so they took the initiative to abandon Kailu and led the people to retreat north. On December 1, the officers and soldiers regained Kailu without blood. In order to prevent the Mongolian people from coming back, Feng Delin's troops were ordered to temporarily station in Kailu to suppress them; Mi Zhenbiao's department is responsible for chasing down the fugitive uprising and preventing future troubles. The Rehe Metropolitan also appointed Wang Wenhan as the new governor of Kailu County to handle the aftermath of the incident.
Although the defeat of Guanbu Zabu and Tumen Ulji has been decided, the people in the uprising are still stubbornly resisting, "gathering and scattering, plundering from east to west, and haunting impermanence." "Zhaoge Temple Gao Lama and Wu Lama led three or four hundred people," forcing a certain Qi Grandpa to make peace with Pi Lian. There are 50 or 60 impostor patrol policemen living in the house of Dajir in Naiman Banner, pulling cattle, horses, camels, tobacco leaves, melon seeds, and other things, and it is impossible to distinguish whether they are bandits or people, or soldiers." The uprising became known to all and the Kailu refugees began to return home, "and they hunted and killed everywhere." There are many robberies in the Naiman Banner Realm, and when they meet women, after committing adultery, they are stabbed to death." Soon, in view of the irreversibility of the defeat, Guanbu Zabu, Tumen Ulji and others led the crowd to flee to "the great green mountains in the north of the Uzhumuqin Banner, and the remnants of the party looted the place". Although the commander of the Xi League repeatedly asked to send troops to suppress it, the officers and soldiers finally gave up because of the cold weather and the unfamiliar geography. Later, Guanbu Zabu and others led the remnants of the people to the north to surrender to Outer Mongolia.
This incident, which lasted about two months and affected the area of the Zhaozhe and Zhe Alliances, finally ended with the complete victory of the Republic of China government. In the war, the Mongolian and Han people suffered great disasters. "At that time, the father did not care about the son, and the husband did not care about his wife, and each fled for his life, and it was unbearable. There are those who freeze to death, those who are shot, those who starve to death, and those who are burned to death; The fire was shining in the sky, and the mourning shook the ground; The villages are in ruins, and the corpses are everywhere." In Kailu County alone, "about 780,000 taels of property were lost, and more than 2,000 people were killed or injured." Many Mongolian people also "panicked and fled from all over the world" to avoid the scourge of war, and "those who starved to death and froze to death were incapacitated." Zhou Zhengchao, a consolation officer sent by the Republic of China government to the Zhaowuda League, met Mongolian refugees many times, and gave relief to more than 400 Mongolian refugees who "brought their children with children" and "begged for relief" near the lama temple in the southwest of Zhao'agula Mountain in Bahrain's Left Banner. In addition, thousands of Kailu refugees fled into the Naiman Banner Territory, "begging for food and clothing, and leaving all their warehouses empty", which also caused great difficulties to the lives of the local Mongolian people.
The vendetta between the two ethnic groups has caused great suffering, and the official army is raging, causing even more harm to the people. The citizens of Kailu County bitterly revealed: "Unexpectedly, the troops gathered, and the water and fire deepened, and the disaster of ravaging was even worse than that of bandits." The cattle and horses of the people have been fighting for them; The thieves burned, killed, raped, and captive, and turned a deaf ear. The people hate the soldiers, especially the bandits. In the meantime, it can fight against the bandits, and it can be a protector for a while, but it is an army of the province. The battalions of the Rehe Defense Battalion, the Standing Battalion, and the Zhili Training Army will be invincible, undisciplined, cruel, and cruel, and will take the lives of the people as child's play. Mourn that the people have been harmed by bandits and soldiers, so why are the people innocent? It's poisonous." Zhou Zhengchao also said in his report: "Only those who suffer, the troops are slow to come to help, and there is no benefit, and the ground is ravaged." The flag (Weng Niute Left Banner) is shouted to the sky by the people, and it is unbearable to hear." In his submission to the government of the Republic of China, the head of the Zhaowuda League also said: "Due to the turmoil in Kailu County, the army defense battalion came to the alliance one after another, and the Han and Mongolian languages were incomprehensible and estranged from each other, resulting in each other being regarded as enemies and conflicts overlapping"; He also demanded that the government of the Republic of China issue passports and explicitly ordered officers and soldiers everywhere not to disturb the Mongolian flag.
Two. The cause of the incident
Both the government of the Republic of China at that time and the current academic circles generally believe that the cause of the incident of the independence of Inner Mongolia and the Mongolian flag at that time was instigated by Outer Mongolia, and in the final analysis, it was planned and directed by Tsarist Russia. Only a few articles believe that the cause of the Zarut Left Banner incident was mainly due to the intensification of the contradictions between the Mongolian and Han nationalities at that time, and that "some indigenous people (that is, Mongolia residents) lost their production bases, were exploited by usurious merchants, harassed by groups of blind streams, and lived in peace." Examining the historical facts of the time, we believe that the former view is both superficial and one-sided, exaggerates the role of Tsarist Russia, is inconsistent with historical facts, and is therefore incorrect; Although the latter view is not comprehensive and its expression is not clear and precise, it captures the main contradiction and should be affirmed.
At the end of the Qing Dynasty, after the large-scale reclamation and establishment of Mongolian land, with the influx of Han people and the expansion of the powerful power of Han officials and gentry and landlords, the previous autonomy of Mengqi was destroyed, and the status of Mongolia princes and nobles gradually declined, the pasture land was sharply reduced, and the life of the banner people became more and more impoverished. In particular, the exploitation and bullying of the Mongol Banner by the Han officials, the landlords, and the usury merchants intensified the contradictions between the Mongols and the Hans.
In the 32nd year of Guangxu, Chen Zuyuan, a Han official who inspected the allied banner in eastern Inner Mongolia with Prince Su, wrote in his book "Chronicles of Eastern Mongolia": "In the old case of the Mongolian banner, serious cases of murder and theft were handled by the local department. If the household marries the land and the land debts are detailed, they will be handled by the banner itself. The case of the negotiation between the Mongolian and Han people was settled impartially by the magistrate and the flag officer. Recently, the power of the flag officer has been encroached upon by the magistrate, and in case of negotiation, not only do they not know about it, but even the third or fourth flag officer can lock it at will. However, many Mongolian people do not understand Chinese and are afraid of seeing the government, so they often have very strong council members, but they are aggrieved. The errand resumed to extort money, and did everything, and the Meng and Han people were incompetent. If we do not urgently rectify and affirm our authority, I am afraid that the accumulated grievances will become deeper and the disaster will become more serious."
Wu Luzhen, an official of the three eastern provinces, also said with emotion in his "Actual Record of Mongolia in the Eastern Four Alliances": "The courtesy of the state to Mongolia is also honored with the prince's silver (141,102 per year) and satin (2,483 horses per year), and the favor is to walk in the inner court. And the states and counties set up are regarded as less than a gentleman. If there is a suspicious lawsuit, the assistant can be detained, so he is afraid of it. If the generals are all in charge, then Zazak will not be able to see the color. Seeing the alternate road, the master took a seat, and the prince sat next to him, and if he didn't agree with each other, he reprimanded him. This is also the general practice of the Eastern Province".
What is particularly hated by the general Mongolian people is that the rents and taxes for the reclamation of Mongolian land should be divided into Mongolian flags, and the Han people "do not pay rent for many delays, and local officials cannot seriously supervise them"; set up a government office and the nearby Han people, and often arbitrarily gathered people to cut down the Mengqi mountains and forests and steal mines; As a result, Mengqi lost his land and profits, and was bullied.
Taking the Zhuo Suo Tu League as an example, in 1913, according to Lu Zhongdai, a consolation officer sent by the Republic of China government to the Zhuo Suo Tu League, he reported that "the most collected flags of the Zhuo Suo Tu League were only four or five out of ten, and the few were only two or three out of ten." In addition, according to the report of the Karaqin Left Banner of the League: The banner "originally set up the Tazigou Taxation Bureau to cover the ground of the banner, and the tax collected by the bureau was allocated to twenty and a half percent, and handed over to the office funds of the banner." After Jianchang County set up a salt card, the salt tax was deducted, and the public used salt to tax the unpaid, and the masses opposed it, resulting in people's lives. When the flag sent a person to persuade the missile to suppress, and showed that the tax should be returned to the flag in half of the way, and the subsidy funds were also due to the light reduction of the burden of the Mongolian people, the flag belonged to the ground party and set up a card to collect. After the matter was over, he still did not follow the rules, and the public was troubled." For another example, the Heida Mountain of the Right Banner of the Zhuosuotu League Tumut is the most important place for the flag garden, and there is an explicit order from the government prohibiting the cutting down of trees. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, a large number of Han people "gathered in groups with weapons, went to the mountains to steal trees to burn charcoal, and secretly dug up golden sand." If Shanda and others go to check and prohibit, they will be charged with guns." As a result, the officers and men of the banner, in anger, took cruel revenge by sharpening and bending the trunk of the small tree, inserting it into the anus of the person arrested in violation of the ban, and then letting the small tree bounce straight up, pushing it in the air and falling to his death.
The Zalut Left Banner Incident was also a product of this intensification of national contradictions. According to the report to the government of the Republic of China by the banner of Zha Sak Lin Qin Nuo Yi Lubu and others, "In July of this year, the assistant director of this banner, Taiji Stick Bu Zabu, the second-class Taiji Tumen Ulji, the Meilun Protector Counselor Aneyang Ga, and the Taiji Minggata, were accused by the Han people in Kailu County, and when they were about to be punished, more than 50 members of the Taiji and other bandit parties went north to rampant." Why did Guanbu Zabu, Tumen Ulji and others commit serious cases of human life? The author has not found a clear document. However, from what the head of the Zhaowuda League, Alu Korqin Banner, Zasakba Ergiridi, said to Zhou Zhengchao, the consolation officer of the Republic of China government: "First, dozens of refugees went to the East Zalut Banner to eat and grab things, estimate cattle and horses, and disturb public order. After Beile (i.e., the banner of the banner of Saklinqin Nuoyilubu) requested the management of the yamen (i.e., the Kailu County Yamen) to be expelled, but there was no response. Seeing that the government despised the Mongols, they were all angry. Judging from the rumors that Tumen Ulji and others had instructed soldiers to kill hundreds of Han refugees, the oppression of the lawless Han people was the reason for the murder of Guanbu Zabu, Tumen Ulji, and others, and was also the fuse for the outbreak of this incident. However, in his submission to the government of the Republic of China, Bazargiridi also said: "The reason for the incident in Kailu County and other places is that the county magistrate (i.e., Zhong Wu) bribed the bandit to surrender, that is, he was the commander of the officers and soldiers, and used the bandits as soldiers to build a thief's road. Choose the good from the herd of the beloved, and drive it straight into the county street. The victim rushed after him, and falsely accused the victim of being a thief and confined him to a dark room. The officers and soldiers known as "the bandit" don't know who they are, but they are obviously the backstage of those lawless Han people. Although the report of Lu Zhongdai, a consolation officer sent by the Republic of China government to Zhuo Suotu League, is different from Mengqi's account, it also confirms the oppression of Mengqi by the Kailu County government. He said: "I also heard the fact of Kailu, because the magistrates, errand officers, and flag officials were usually harsh and blackmailed, and they have been angry for a long time. This time, a refugee passed by, and because of a dispute over a vehicle, he shot the person dead, and falsely accused him of being the co-ordination of the flag, which led to a radical change and provocation, and the bandits took the opportunity to harass him." He also said: "The reason for the provocation of the Kailu Incident was that the officials swallowed up the taxes that should be paid half the price and should be paid by the famine, and the bandits disturbed it, so that the officials fled and the people were scattered, and it was not easy to clean up." Even the refugees from Kailu County, who were retaliated against by the Mongols and hated the Mongols very much, admitted in their third opinion to the government of the Republic of China: "The malpractice of the Mongols and Hans has a deep history. The Mongolian people are stubborn in nature, and the Han people are too oppressive. In the past, when the autocracy was still in the hands of authoritarianism, the frontier officials were not only soothed, but the pastoral orders were rarely educated, and all kinds of abuses were abused, and there were many people who dared to be angry but did not dare to speak. Han does not sympathize with Mongolia, and Mongolia hates Han".
It can be seen from this that national oppression is the fundamental reason why the flags of Outer Mongolia and Inner Mongolia are separated and ultimately seek independence, while the intervention and use of Tsarist Russia are only external factors, which are produced through internal causes. Lenin brilliantly pointed out: "The policy of national oppression is the policy of national separatism." At the same time, it is a policy that often corrodes the consciousness of the people". History eloquently proves this.
In this regard, the government of the Republic of China and some people of insight also have some understanding. Lu Zhongdai said in his "Speech of President Cheng Da and Prime Minister": "The Mongolian people are intellectually incomprehensible, and they are not only limited by the lack of understanding of language and writing, but also by the afterburns of the former autocracy. The foolish are willing to be the untold people, and the strong are reckless. The turmoil that has been caused by Kailu and the unfinished changes in Suidong are all clear proofs." "Then I may be kissed, and I will not be kissed. There is no actual childcare, and there is no equal treatment, and Mongolia will treat me as a Japanese and Russian one. Peter took the opportunity to reach the gap, and lured him in many ways, turning his pro-me into being better than being pro-Japan and Russia, then Outer Mongolia will go and Inner Mongolia will go with it, and the country will not be able to do anything! In 1920, the government of the Republic of China issued an order on the teaching of Mongolian and Tibetan languages in schools in Mongolia and Tibet and nearby areas, which said: "The Mongolian nomadic desert is north and south, and the Tibetans are far west of the Hengduan Mountains. And the officials and merchants of the upper kind use their oppressive and foolish means to seek huge profits. The Mongolian and Tibetan people have been holding grievances for a long time, that is, there is no instigation from outsiders, and those who know it have foreseen that there will be a danger of separating Mongolia and Tibet."
For a long time, there has been an extremely erroneous view in academic circles, believing that ethnic friendship and unity have been the mainstream of ethnic relations on the mainland since ancient times, and even using class oppression to erase the existence of national oppression. For example, Tian Zhihe and Feng Xuezhong's book "A Study on the Incident of the 'Strong Establishment' of the Mongolian Banner in the Early Years of the Republic of China" ignores historical facts and uses "the essence of ethnic relations is still class relations" to deny the national oppression that existed at that time, and describes the Mongolian Banner's remarks exposing national oppression as "instigating ethnic disputes and intensifying ethnic contradictions with ulterior motives," and believes that this is a Marxist viewpoint. Marx made it clear: "For nations to be truly united, they must have common interests." In order for their interests to be aligned, it is necessary to eliminate the existing relations of ownership, which are the cause of the exploitation of others by some peoples". Here, Marx not only affirmed the existence of national exploitation and oppression, but also pointed out that as long as private ownership exists, there can be no truly consistent interests and unity among all nationalities. Past history has fully proved this wise assertion of Marx. Therefore, the view that denies the existence of national oppression and holds that all nationalities have been friendly and united since ancient times is not in line with Marxism and is extremely absurd. Objectively, it covers up all national oppression in history and prevents us from correctly understanding history and drawing lessons from it. If this viewpoint is not eradicated, the study of ethnic history on the mainland will not be able to become a real science.
Three. A little bit of awareness of events
Saying that the ethnic oppression and beautification of ethnic relations in history at that time led the academic circles to come to the simple conclusion that the independence incident of Outer Mongolia and Inner Mongolia was "a product of Russia's policy of aggression against China, a separatist incident that endangered the national interests of the country and affected territorial integrity and sovereignty unity." We don't think that's precise enough. Since the policy of national oppression of the ruling class is the root cause of these incidents, it is unjust to accuse the people of the uprising of "endangering the interests of the country and the nation" and "splitting the motherland", and it is unreasonable to completely deny that the uprising has the aspect of resisting national oppression. As a matter of fact, the main culprits in endangering the national interests of the country and splitting the motherland are, first of all, the ruling cliques of successive generations who have pursued the policy of national oppression, although they have often flaunted the banner of "patriotism" and "safeguarding national unity." It is precisely because of the national oppression policy pursued by them that the oppressed nationalities have a centrifugal tendency and that foreign enemies who covet China have an opportunity to take advantage of. Therefore, the real Marxist science of history should first nail them to the pillar of shame in history, instead of standing with them and blindly blaming the oppressed nations who were forced to rebel. Moreover, it is also inconsistent with historical facts to attribute all the blame to Tsarist Russia's policy of aggression against China. ”
Note: This article was published in the Journal of Chinese Frontier History and Geography, No. 04, 1995